{"id":70,"date":"2015-02-06T23:15:46","date_gmt":"2015-02-06T23:15:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/ospsych\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=70"},"modified":"2024-05-17T02:14:56","modified_gmt":"2024-05-17T02:14:56","slug":"ethics","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/chapter\/ethics\/","title":{"raw":"Ethics in Research","rendered":"Ethics in Research"},"content":{"raw":"<div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Explain how research involving humans and animals is regulated<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nToday, scientists agree that good research is ethical in nature and is guided by a basic respect for human dignity and safety. However, as you will read in the Tuskegee\u00a0Syphilis Study, this has not always been the case. Modern researchers must demonstrate that the research they perform is ethically sound. This section presents how ethical considerations affect the design and implementation of research conducted today.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2>Research Involving Human Participants<\/h2>\r\nAny experiment involving the participation of human subjects is governed by extensive, strict guidelines designed to ensure that the experiment does not result in harm. Any research institution that receives federal support for research involving human participants must have access to an <strong>Institutional Review Board (IRB)<\/strong>. The IRB is a committee of individuals often made up of members of the institution\u2019s administration, scientists, and community members (Figure 1). The purpose of the IRB is to review proposals for research that involve human participants. The IRB reviews these proposals with the principles mentioned above in mind, and generally, approval from the IRB is required in order for the experiment to proceed.\r\n<figure>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"325\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224526\/CNX_Psych_02_06_irb.jpg\" alt=\"A group of people seated around tables in a meeting room.\" width=\"325\" height=\"260\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. An institution\u2019s IRB meets regularly to review experimental proposals that involve human participants. (credit: modification of work by Lowndes Area Knowledge Exchange (LAKE)\/Flickr)[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\nAn institution\u2019s IRB requires several components in any experiment it approves. For one, each participant must sign an informed consent form before they can participate in the experiment. An <strong>informed consent<\/strong> form provides a written description of what participants can expect during the experiment, including potential risks and implications of the research. It also lets participants know that their involvement is completely voluntary and can be discontinued without penalty at any time. Furthermore, the informed consent guarantees that any data collected in the experiment will remain completely confidential. In cases where research participants are under the age of 18, the parents or legal guardians are required to sign the informed consent form.\r\n\r\nWhile the informed consent form should be as honest as possible in describing exactly what participants will be doing, sometimes deception is necessary to prevent participants\u2019 knowledge of the exact research question from affecting the results of the study. <strong>Deception<\/strong> involves purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment, but not to the point where the deception could be considered harmful. For example, if we are interested in how our opinion of someone is affected by their attire, we might use deception in describing the experiment to prevent that knowledge from affecting participants\u2019 responses. In cases where deception is involved, participants must receive a full <strong>debriefing<\/strong> upon conclusion of the study\u2014complete, honest information about the purpose of the experiment, how the data collected will be used, the reasons why deception was necessary, and information about how to obtain additional information about the study.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/d01d53f3-1ca5-4fcf-85ee-2334b8a4c6b8\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/f670b32f-323c-47ff-a66d-58bd9cda2800\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"Dig Deeper\">\r\n<div data-type=\"title\">\r\n<div data-type=\"title\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Dig Deeper: Ethics and the Tuskegee Syphilis Study<\/h3>\r\n<div data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"Dig Deeper\">\r\n<div data-type=\"title\">\r\n\r\nUnfortunately, the ethical guidelines that exist for research today were not always applied in the past. In 1932, poor, rural, Black, male sharecroppers from Tuskegee, Alabama, were recruited to participate in a study conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service, with the aim of studying syphilis in Black men (Figure 2). In exchange for free medical care, meals, and burial insurance, 600 men agreed to participate in the study. A little more than half of the men tested positive for syphilis, and they served as the experimental group (given that the researchers could not randomly assign participants to groups, this represents a quasi-experiment). The remaining syphilis-free individuals served as the control group. However, those individuals that tested positive for syphilis were never informed that they had the disease.\r\n\r\nWhile there was no treatment for syphilis when the study began, by 1947 penicillin was recognized as an effective treatment for the disease. Despite this, no penicillin was administered to the participants in this study, and the participants were not allowed to seek treatment at any other facilities if they continued in the study. Over the course of 40 years, many of the participants unknowingly spread syphilis to their wives (and subsequently their children born from their wives) and eventually died because they never received treatment for the disease. This study was discontinued in 1972 when the experiment was discovered by the national press (Tuskegee University, n.d.). The resulting outrage over the experiment led directly to the National Research Act of 1974 and the strict ethical guidelines for research on humans described in this chapter. Why is this study unethical? How were the men who participated and their families harmed as a function of this research?\r\n<figure>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_7300\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"600\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2015\/02\/13165851\/TuskegeeExperiment.gif\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-7300\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2015\/02\/13165851\/TuskegeeExperiment.gif\" alt=\"A person administering an injection.\" width=\"600\" height=\"409\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 2.<\/strong> A blood sample is taken from one of the participants in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study.[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"Link to Learning\">\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tuskegee\/timeline.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Learn more about the Tuskegee Syphilis Study on the CDC website<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Research Involving Animal Subjects<\/h2>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><section data-depth=\"1\">Many psychologists conduct research involving animal subjects. Often, these researchers use rodents (Figure 3) or birds as the subjects of their experiments\u2014the APA estimates that 90% of all animal research in psychology uses these species (American Psychological Association, n.d.). Because many basic processes in animals are sufficiently similar to those in humans, these animals are acceptable substitutes for research that would be considered unethical in human participants.\r\n<figure>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"325\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224529\/CNX_Psych_02_06_rat.jpg\" alt=\"A gloved hand holding a lab rat.\" width=\"325\" height=\"217\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. Rats, like the one shown here, often serve as the subjects of animal research.[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\nThis does not mean that animal researchers are immune to ethical concerns. Indeed, the humane and ethical treatment of animal research subjects is a critical aspect of this type of research. Researchers must design their experiments to minimize any pain or distress experienced by animals serving as research subjects.\r\n\r\nWhereas IRBs review research proposals that involve human participants, animal experimental proposals are reviewed by an <strong>Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)<\/strong>. An IACUC consists of institutional administrators, scientists, veterinarians, and community members. This committee is charged with ensuring that all experimental proposals require the humane treatment of animal research subjects. It also conducts semi-annual inspections of all animal facilities to ensure that the research protocols are being followed. No animal research project can proceed without the committee\u2019s approval.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/1136458f-4d96-4cc5-b3af-c16ad65e5e5e\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/a3fa8b02-3529-40cb-8c0b-4cf5931019cc\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/d7fa88f3-770b-4e70-b8c2-43a1008443a2\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/7275b5d0-4e80-4817-b014-2557736636e9\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<div data-type=\"glossary\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<section>\r\n<div data-type=\"note\">\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>debriefing:\u00a0<\/strong>when an experiment involved deception, participants are told complete and truthful information about the experiment at its conclusion<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>deception:\u00a0<\/strong>purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>informed consent:\u00a0<\/strong>process of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment, any risks involved, and the implications of the research, and then obtaining the person\u2019s consent to participate<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC):\u00a0<\/strong>committee of administrators, scientists, veterinarians, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving animal participants<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>Institutional Review Board (IRB):\u00a0<\/strong>committee of administrators, scientists, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving human participants<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Explain how research involving humans and animals is regulated<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Today, scientists agree that good research is ethical in nature and is guided by a basic respect for human dignity and safety. However, as you will read in the Tuskegee\u00a0Syphilis Study, this has not always been the case. Modern researchers must demonstrate that the research they perform is ethically sound. This section presents how ethical considerations affect the design and implementation of research conducted today.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2>Research Involving Human Participants<\/h2>\n<p>Any experiment involving the participation of human subjects is governed by extensive, strict guidelines designed to ensure that the experiment does not result in harm. Any research institution that receives federal support for research involving human participants must have access to an <strong>Institutional Review Board (IRB)<\/strong>. The IRB is a committee of individuals often made up of members of the institution\u2019s administration, scientists, and community members (Figure 1). The purpose of the IRB is to review proposals for research that involve human participants. The IRB reviews these proposals with the principles mentioned above in mind, and generally, approval from the IRB is required in order for the experiment to proceed.<\/p>\n<figure>\n<div style=\"width: 335px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224526\/CNX_Psych_02_06_irb.jpg\" alt=\"A group of people seated around tables in a meeting room.\" width=\"325\" height=\"260\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. An institution\u2019s IRB meets regularly to review experimental proposals that involve human participants. (credit: modification of work by Lowndes Area Knowledge Exchange (LAKE)\/Flickr)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p>An institution\u2019s IRB requires several components in any experiment it approves. For one, each participant must sign an informed consent form before they can participate in the experiment. An <strong>informed consent<\/strong> form provides a written description of what participants can expect during the experiment, including potential risks and implications of the research. It also lets participants know that their involvement is completely voluntary and can be discontinued without penalty at any time. Furthermore, the informed consent guarantees that any data collected in the experiment will remain completely confidential. In cases where research participants are under the age of 18, the parents or legal guardians are required to sign the informed consent form.<\/p>\n<p>While the informed consent form should be as honest as possible in describing exactly what participants will be doing, sometimes deception is necessary to prevent participants\u2019 knowledge of the exact research question from affecting the results of the study. <strong>Deception<\/strong> involves purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment, but not to the point where the deception could be considered harmful. For example, if we are interested in how our opinion of someone is affected by their attire, we might use deception in describing the experiment to prevent that knowledge from affecting participants\u2019 responses. In cases where deception is involved, participants must receive a full <strong>debriefing<\/strong> upon conclusion of the study\u2014complete, honest information about the purpose of the experiment, how the data collected will be used, the reasons why deception was necessary, and information about how to obtain additional information about the study.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_d01d53f3-1ca5-4fcf-85ee-2334b8a4c6b8\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/d01d53f3-1ca5-4fcf-85ee-2334b8a4c6b8?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_d01d53f3-1ca5-4fcf-85ee-2334b8a4c6b8\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_f670b32f-323c-47ff-a66d-58bd9cda2800\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/f670b32f-323c-47ff-a66d-58bd9cda2800?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_f670b32f-323c-47ff-a66d-58bd9cda2800\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"Dig Deeper\">\n<div data-type=\"title\">\n<div data-type=\"title\">\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Dig Deeper: Ethics and the Tuskegee Syphilis Study<\/h3>\n<div data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"Dig Deeper\">\n<div data-type=\"title\">\n<p>Unfortunately, the ethical guidelines that exist for research today were not always applied in the past. In 1932, poor, rural, Black, male sharecroppers from Tuskegee, Alabama, were recruited to participate in a study conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service, with the aim of studying syphilis in Black men (Figure 2). In exchange for free medical care, meals, and burial insurance, 600 men agreed to participate in the study. A little more than half of the men tested positive for syphilis, and they served as the experimental group (given that the researchers could not randomly assign participants to groups, this represents a quasi-experiment). The remaining syphilis-free individuals served as the control group. However, those individuals that tested positive for syphilis were never informed that they had the disease.<\/p>\n<p>While there was no treatment for syphilis when the study began, by 1947 penicillin was recognized as an effective treatment for the disease. Despite this, no penicillin was administered to the participants in this study, and the participants were not allowed to seek treatment at any other facilities if they continued in the study. Over the course of 40 years, many of the participants unknowingly spread syphilis to their wives (and subsequently their children born from their wives) and eventually died because they never received treatment for the disease. This study was discontinued in 1972 when the experiment was discovered by the national press (Tuskegee University, n.d.). The resulting outrage over the experiment led directly to the National Research Act of 1974 and the strict ethical guidelines for research on humans described in this chapter. Why is this study unethical? How were the men who participated and their families harmed as a function of this research?<\/p>\n<figure>\n<div id=\"attachment_7300\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2015\/02\/13165851\/TuskegeeExperiment.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7300\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7300\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2015\/02\/13165851\/TuskegeeExperiment.gif\" alt=\"A person administering an injection.\" width=\"600\" height=\"409\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-7300\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2.<\/strong> A blood sample is taken from one of the participants in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"Link to Learning\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tuskegee\/timeline.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Learn more about the Tuskegee Syphilis Study on the CDC website<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Research Involving Animal Subjects<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">Many psychologists conduct research involving animal subjects. Often, these researchers use rodents (Figure 3) or birds as the subjects of their experiments\u2014the APA estimates that 90% of all animal research in psychology uses these species (American Psychological Association, n.d.). Because many basic processes in animals are sufficiently similar to those in humans, these animals are acceptable substitutes for research that would be considered unethical in human participants.<\/p>\n<figure>\n<div style=\"width: 335px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224529\/CNX_Psych_02_06_rat.jpg\" alt=\"A gloved hand holding a lab rat.\" width=\"325\" height=\"217\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. Rats, like the one shown here, often serve as the subjects of animal research.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p>This does not mean that animal researchers are immune to ethical concerns. Indeed, the humane and ethical treatment of animal research subjects is a critical aspect of this type of research. Researchers must design their experiments to minimize any pain or distress experienced by animals serving as research subjects.<\/p>\n<p>Whereas IRBs review research proposals that involve human participants, animal experimental proposals are reviewed by an <strong>Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)<\/strong>. An IACUC consists of institutional administrators, scientists, veterinarians, and community members. This committee is charged with ensuring that all experimental proposals require the humane treatment of animal research subjects. It also conducts semi-annual inspections of all animal facilities to ensure that the research protocols are being followed. No animal research project can proceed without the committee\u2019s approval.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_1136458f-4d96-4cc5-b3af-c16ad65e5e5e\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/1136458f-4d96-4cc5-b3af-c16ad65e5e5e?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_1136458f-4d96-4cc5-b3af-c16ad65e5e5e\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_a3fa8b02-3529-40cb-8c0b-4cf5931019cc\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/a3fa8b02-3529-40cb-8c0b-4cf5931019cc?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_a3fa8b02-3529-40cb-8c0b-4cf5931019cc\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_d7fa88f3-770b-4e70-b8c2-43a1008443a2\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/d7fa88f3-770b-4e70-b8c2-43a1008443a2?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_d7fa88f3-770b-4e70-b8c2-43a1008443a2\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_7275b5d0-4e80-4817-b014-2557736636e9\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/7275b5d0-4e80-4817-b014-2557736636e9?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_7275b5d0-4e80-4817-b014-2557736636e9\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div data-type=\"glossary\">\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<section>\n<div data-type=\"note\">\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>debriefing:\u00a0<\/strong>when an experiment involved deception, participants are told complete and truthful information about the experiment at its conclusion<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>deception:\u00a0<\/strong>purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>informed consent:\u00a0<\/strong>process of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment, any risks involved, and the implications of the research, and then obtaining the person\u2019s consent to participate<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC):\u00a0<\/strong>committee of administrators, scientists, veterinarians, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving animal participants<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>Institutional Review Board (IRB):\u00a0<\/strong>committee of administrators, scientists, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving human participants<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-70\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Ethics. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/2-4-ethics\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/2-4-ethics<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction.<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":5797,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Ethics\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/2-4-ethics\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction.\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"28b4033f-c10d-426f-9beb-7250d6072427, 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