{"id":85,"date":"2015-02-06T23:15:46","date_gmt":"2015-02-06T23:15:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/ospsych\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=85"},"modified":"2024-05-17T02:18:19","modified_gmt":"2024-05-17T02:18:19","slug":"cells-of-the-nervous-system","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/chapter\/cells-of-the-nervous-system\/","title":{"raw":"Neurons","rendered":"Neurons"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Explain the role and function of the basic structures of a neuron<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nPsychologists striving to understand the human mind may study the nervous system. Learning how the body's cells and organs function can help us understand the biological basis of human psychology. The nervous system is composed of two basic cell types: glial cells (also known as glia) and neurons. Glial cells are traditionally thought to play a supportive role to neurons, both physically and metabolically. Glial cells provide scaffolding on which the nervous system is built, help neurons line up closely with each other to allow neuronal communication, provide insulation to neurons, transport nutrients and waste products, and mediate immune responses. For years, researchers believed that there were many more glial cells than neurons; however, more recent work from Suzanna Herculano-Houzel's laboratory has called this long-standing assumption into question and has provided important evidence that there may be a nearly 1:1 ratio of glia cells to neurons. This is important because it suggests that human brains are more similar to other primate brains than previously thought (Azevedo et al, 2009; Hercaulano-Houzel, 2012; Herculano-Houzel, 2009). Neurons, on the other hand, serve as interconnected information processors that are essential for all of the tasks of the nervous system. This section briefly describes the structure and function of neurons.\r\n\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2>Neuron Structure<\/h2>\r\nNeurons are the central building blocks of the nervous system, 86 billion strong at birth. Like all cells, neurons consist of several different parts, each serving a specialized function. A neuron\u2019s outer surface is made up of a <strong>semipermeable membrane<\/strong>. This membrane allows smaller molecules and molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"487\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224543\/CNX_Psych_03_02_Neuron_n.jpg\" alt=\"An illustration shows a neuron with labeled parts for the cell membrane, dendrite, cell body, axon, and terminal buttons. A myelin sheath covers part of the neuron.\" width=\"487\" height=\"344\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. This illustration shows a prototypical neuron, which is being myelinated by a glial cell.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe nucleus of the neuron is located in the soma, or cell body. The <strong>soma<\/strong> has branching extensions known as <strong>dendrites<\/strong>. The neuron is a small information processor, and dendrites serve as input sites where signals are received from other neurons. These signals are transmitted electrically across the soma and down a major extension from the soma known as the <strong>axon<\/strong>, which ends at multiple <strong>terminal buttons<\/strong>. The terminal buttons contain <strong>synaptic vesicles<\/strong> that house <strong>neurotransmitters<\/strong>, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.\r\n\r\nAxons range in length from a fraction of an inch to several feet. In some axons, glial cells form a fatty substance known as the myelin sheath, which coats the axon and acts as an insulator, increasing the speed at which the signal travels. The myelin sheath is not continuous and there are small gaps that occur down the length of the axon. These gaps in the myelin sheath are known as the Nodes of Ranvier. The myelin sheath is crucial for the normal operation of the neurons within the nervous system: the loss of the insulation it provides can be detrimental to normal function. To understand how this works, let\u2019s consider an example. PKU, a genetic disorder discussed earlier, causes a reduction in myelin and abnormalities in white matter cortical and subcortical structures. The disorder is associated with a variety of issues including severe cognitive deficits, exaggerated reflexes, and seizures (Anderson &amp; Leuzzi, 2010; Huttenlocher, 2000). Another disorder, multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disorder, involves a large-scale loss of the myelin sheath on axons throughout the nervous system. The resulting interference in the electrical signal prevents the quick transmittal of information by neurons and can lead to a number of symptoms, such as dizziness, fatigue, loss of motor control, and sexual dysfunction. While some treatments may help to modify the course of the disease and manage certain symptoms, there is currently no known cure for multiple sclerosis.\r\n\r\nIn healthy individuals, the neuronal signal moves rapidly down the axon to the terminal buttons, where synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. The <strong>synaptic cleft<\/strong>\u00a0is a very small space between two neurons and is an important site where communication between neurons occurs. Once neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft, they travel across the small space and bind with corresponding receptors on the dendrite of an adjacent neuron. <strong>Receptors<\/strong>, proteins on the cell surface where neurotransmitters attach, vary in shape, with different shapes \u201cmatching\u201d different neurotransmitters.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nThis video shows the structure and physiology of a neuron.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/6qS83wD29PY?rel=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nYou can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Psychology\/Transcriptions\/2MinuteNeuroscienceTheNeuron.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for \"2-Minute Neuroscience: The Neuron\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nHow does a neurotransmitter \u201cknow\u201d which receptor to bind to? The neurotransmitter and the receptor have what is referred to as a lock-and-key relationship\u2014specific neurotransmitters fit specific receptors similar to how a key fits a lock. The neurotransmitter binds to any receptor that it fits.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"976\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224544\/CNX_Psych_03_02_Synapse.jpg\" alt=\"Image (a) shows the synaptic space between two neurons, with neurotransmitters being released into the synapse and attaching to receptors. Image (b) is a micrograph showing a spherical terminal button with part of the exterior removed, revealing a solid interior of small round parts.\" width=\"976\" height=\"428\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" \/> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. (a) The synaptic cleft is the space between the terminal button of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron. (b) In this pseudo-colored image from a scanning electron microscope, a terminal button (green) has been opened to reveal the synaptic vesicles (orange and blue) inside. Each vesicle contains about 10,000 neurotransmitter molecules. (credit b: modification of work by Tina Carvalho, NIH-NIGMS; scale-bar data from Matt Russell)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/fe7be12f-d3c3-4d34-a753-06777f0283c8\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/92b06a1c-bf81-46d5-a1df-b72075376855\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/5cfd911c-8d3b-46c1-97ba-796adeef96b9\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/69586d34-4b96-4d0d-a480-ee699a35ac98\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/d50f9ab2-c922-440b-a378-a8148171eb13\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/cf1bc3cf-ca62-46b3-8af8-81e92a928bc2\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<div data-type=\"glossary\"><section>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>axon:\u00a0<\/strong>major extension of the soma<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>dendrite:\u00a0<\/strong>branch-like extension of the soma that receives incoming signals from other neurons<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>glial cell:\u00a0<\/strong>nervous system cell that provides physical and metabolic support to neurons, including neuronal insulation and communication, and nutrient and waste transport<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>myelin sheath:\u00a0<\/strong>fatty substance that insulates axons<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>neuron:\u00a0<\/strong>cells in the nervous system that act as interconnected information processors, which are essential for all of the tasks of the nervous system<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>neurotransmitter:\u00a0<\/strong>chemical messenger of the nervous system<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>receptor:\u00a0<\/strong>protein on the cell surface where neurotransmitters attach<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>semipermeable membrane:\u00a0<\/strong>cell membrane that allows smaller molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>soma:\u00a0<\/strong>cell body<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>synapse:\u00a0<\/strong>small gap between two neurons where communication occurs<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>synaptic vesicle:\u00a0<\/strong>storage site for neurotransmitters<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Explain the role and function of the basic structures of a neuron<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Psychologists striving to understand the human mind may study the nervous system. Learning how the body&#8217;s cells and organs function can help us understand the biological basis of human psychology. The nervous system is composed of two basic cell types: glial cells (also known as glia) and neurons. Glial cells are traditionally thought to play a supportive role to neurons, both physically and metabolically. Glial cells provide scaffolding on which the nervous system is built, help neurons line up closely with each other to allow neuronal communication, provide insulation to neurons, transport nutrients and waste products, and mediate immune responses. For years, researchers believed that there were many more glial cells than neurons; however, more recent work from Suzanna Herculano-Houzel&#8217;s laboratory has called this long-standing assumption into question and has provided important evidence that there may be a nearly 1:1 ratio of glia cells to neurons. This is important because it suggests that human brains are more similar to other primate brains than previously thought (Azevedo et al, 2009; Hercaulano-Houzel, 2012; Herculano-Houzel, 2009). Neurons, on the other hand, serve as interconnected information processors that are essential for all of the tasks of the nervous system. This section briefly describes the structure and function of neurons.<\/p>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2>Neuron Structure<\/h2>\n<p>Neurons are the central building blocks of the nervous system, 86 billion strong at birth. Like all cells, neurons consist of several different parts, each serving a specialized function. A neuron\u2019s outer surface is made up of a <strong>semipermeable membrane<\/strong>. This membrane allows smaller molecules and molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 497px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224543\/CNX_Psych_03_02_Neuron_n.jpg\" alt=\"An illustration shows a neuron with labeled parts for the cell membrane, dendrite, cell body, axon, and terminal buttons. A myelin sheath covers part of the neuron.\" width=\"487\" height=\"344\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. This illustration shows a prototypical neuron, which is being myelinated by a glial cell.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The nucleus of the neuron is located in the soma, or cell body. The <strong>soma<\/strong> has branching extensions known as <strong>dendrites<\/strong>. The neuron is a small information processor, and dendrites serve as input sites where signals are received from other neurons. These signals are transmitted electrically across the soma and down a major extension from the soma known as the <strong>axon<\/strong>, which ends at multiple <strong>terminal buttons<\/strong>. The terminal buttons contain <strong>synaptic vesicles<\/strong> that house <strong>neurotransmitters<\/strong>, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.<\/p>\n<p>Axons range in length from a fraction of an inch to several feet. In some axons, glial cells form a fatty substance known as the myelin sheath, which coats the axon and acts as an insulator, increasing the speed at which the signal travels. The myelin sheath is not continuous and there are small gaps that occur down the length of the axon. These gaps in the myelin sheath are known as the Nodes of Ranvier. The myelin sheath is crucial for the normal operation of the neurons within the nervous system: the loss of the insulation it provides can be detrimental to normal function. To understand how this works, let\u2019s consider an example. PKU, a genetic disorder discussed earlier, causes a reduction in myelin and abnormalities in white matter cortical and subcortical structures. The disorder is associated with a variety of issues including severe cognitive deficits, exaggerated reflexes, and seizures (Anderson &amp; Leuzzi, 2010; Huttenlocher, 2000). Another disorder, multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disorder, involves a large-scale loss of the myelin sheath on axons throughout the nervous system. The resulting interference in the electrical signal prevents the quick transmittal of information by neurons and can lead to a number of symptoms, such as dizziness, fatigue, loss of motor control, and sexual dysfunction. While some treatments may help to modify the course of the disease and manage certain symptoms, there is currently no known cure for multiple sclerosis.<\/p>\n<p>In healthy individuals, the neuronal signal moves rapidly down the axon to the terminal buttons, where synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. The <strong>synaptic cleft<\/strong>\u00a0is a very small space between two neurons and is an important site where communication between neurons occurs. Once neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft, they travel across the small space and bind with corresponding receptors on the dendrite of an adjacent neuron. <strong>Receptors<\/strong>, proteins on the cell surface where neurotransmitters attach, vary in shape, with different shapes \u201cmatching\u201d different neurotransmitters.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>This video shows the structure and physiology of a neuron.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/6qS83wD29PY?rel=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Psychology\/Transcriptions\/2MinuteNeuroscienceTheNeuron.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for &#8220;2-Minute Neuroscience: The Neuron&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>How does a neurotransmitter \u201cknow\u201d which receptor to bind to? The neurotransmitter and the receptor have what is referred to as a lock-and-key relationship\u2014specific neurotransmitters fit specific receptors similar to how a key fits a lock. The neurotransmitter binds to any receptor that it fits.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 986px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224544\/CNX_Psych_03_02_Synapse.jpg\" alt=\"Image (a) shows the synaptic space between two neurons, with neurotransmitters being released into the synapse and attaching to receptors. Image (b) is a micrograph showing a spherical terminal button with part of the exterior removed, revealing a solid interior of small round parts.\" width=\"976\" height=\"428\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. (a) The synaptic cleft is the space between the terminal button of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron. (b) In this pseudo-colored image from a scanning electron microscope, a terminal button (green) has been opened to reveal the synaptic vesicles (orange and blue) inside. Each vesicle contains about 10,000 neurotransmitter molecules. (credit b: modification of work by Tina Carvalho, NIH-NIGMS; scale-bar data from Matt Russell)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_fe7be12f-d3c3-4d34-a753-06777f0283c8\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/fe7be12f-d3c3-4d34-a753-06777f0283c8?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_fe7be12f-d3c3-4d34-a753-06777f0283c8\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_92b06a1c-bf81-46d5-a1df-b72075376855\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/92b06a1c-bf81-46d5-a1df-b72075376855?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_92b06a1c-bf81-46d5-a1df-b72075376855\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_5cfd911c-8d3b-46c1-97ba-796adeef96b9\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/5cfd911c-8d3b-46c1-97ba-796adeef96b9?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_5cfd911c-8d3b-46c1-97ba-796adeef96b9\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_69586d34-4b96-4d0d-a480-ee699a35ac98\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/69586d34-4b96-4d0d-a480-ee699a35ac98?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_69586d34-4b96-4d0d-a480-ee699a35ac98\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_d50f9ab2-c922-440b-a378-a8148171eb13\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/d50f9ab2-c922-440b-a378-a8148171eb13?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_d50f9ab2-c922-440b-a378-a8148171eb13\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_cf1bc3cf-ca62-46b3-8af8-81e92a928bc2\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/cf1bc3cf-ca62-46b3-8af8-81e92a928bc2?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_cf1bc3cf-ca62-46b3-8af8-81e92a928bc2\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div data-type=\"glossary\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>axon:\u00a0<\/strong>major extension of the soma<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>dendrite:\u00a0<\/strong>branch-like extension of the soma that receives incoming signals from other neurons<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>glial cell:\u00a0<\/strong>nervous system cell that provides physical and metabolic support to neurons, including neuronal insulation and communication, and nutrient and waste transport<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>myelin sheath:\u00a0<\/strong>fatty substance that insulates axons<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>neuron:\u00a0<\/strong>cells in the nervous system that act as interconnected information processors, which are essential for all of the tasks of the nervous system<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>neurotransmitter:\u00a0<\/strong>chemical messenger of the nervous system<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>receptor:\u00a0<\/strong>protein on the cell surface where neurotransmitters attach<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>semipermeable membrane:\u00a0<\/strong>cell membrane that allows smaller molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>soma:\u00a0<\/strong>cell body<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>synapse:\u00a0<\/strong>small gap between two neurons where communication occurs<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>synaptic vesicle:\u00a0<\/strong>storage site for neurotransmitters<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-85\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Addition of link to learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Cells of the Nervous System. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/3-2-cells-of-the-nervous-system\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/3-2-cells-of-the-nervous-system<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction.<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>2-Minute Neuroscience: The Neuron. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Neuroscientifically Challenged. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=6qS83wD29PY\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=6qS83wD29PY<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":5797,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Cells of the Nervous System\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/3-2-cells-of-the-nervous-system\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction.\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"2-Minute Neuroscience: The Neuron\",\"author\":\"Neuroscientifically Challenged\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=6qS83wD29PY\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Addition of link to 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