{"id":121,"date":"2015-05-23T03:33:21","date_gmt":"2015-05-23T03:33:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/masterysoc1x6xmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=121"},"modified":"2015-06-19T18:53:51","modified_gmt":"2015-06-19T18:53:51","slug":"deviance-and-control","status":"web-only","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-sociology\/chapter\/deviance-and-control\/","title":{"raw":"Reading: Deviance and Control","rendered":"Reading: Deviance and Control"},"content":{"raw":"&nbsp;\r\n<div data-type=\"document-title\"><\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"abstract\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Define deviance, and explain the nature of deviant behavior<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Differentiate between methods of social control<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<figure id=\"import-auto-id1107791\"><span data-type=\"media\" data-alt=\"Five men dressed in pink drag attire, one in drag, are shown here.\"><span data-type=\"media\" data-alt=\"Five men dressed in pink drag attire, one in drag, are shown here.\">\r\n<\/span><\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-sociology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2015\/05\/Figure_07_01_01a.jpg\" alt=\"Five men dressed in pink drag attire, one in drag, are shown here.\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\" data-media-type=\"image\/png\" \/> Much of the appeal of watching entertainers perform in drag comes from the humor inherent in seeing everyday norms violated. (Photo courtesy of Cassiopeija\/Wikimedia Commons)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1299070\">What, exactly, is deviance? And what is the relationship between deviance and crime? According to sociologist William Graham Sumner, <span id=\"import-auto-id2228571\" data-type=\"term\">deviance<\/span> is a violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law (1906). It can be as minor as picking your nose in public or as major as committing murder. Although the word \u201cdeviance\u201d has a negative connotation in everyday language, sociologists recognize that deviance is not necessarily bad (Schoepflin 2011). In fact, from a structural functionalist perspective, one of the positive contributions of deviance is that it fosters social change. For example, during the U.S. civil rights movement, Rosa Parks violated social norms when she refused to move to the \u201cblack section\u201d of the bus, and the Little Rock Nine broke customs of segregation to attend an Arkansas public school.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2858322\">\u201cWhat is deviant behavior?\u201d cannot be answered in a straightforward manner. Whether an act is labeled deviant or not depends on many factors, including location, audience, and the individual committing the act (Becker 1963). Listening to your iPod on the way to class is considered acceptable behavior. Listening to your iPod during your 2 p.m. sociology lecture is considered rude. Listening to your iPod when on the witness stand before a judge may cause you to be held in contempt of court and consequently fined or jailed.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2792730\">As norms vary across culture and time, it makes sense that notions of deviance change also. Fifty years ago, public schools in the United States had strict dress codes that, among other stipulations, often banned women from wearing pants to class. Today, it\u2019s socially acceptable for women to wear pants, but less so for men to wear skirts. In a time of war, acts usually considered morally reprehensible, such as taking the life of another, may actually be rewarded. Whether an act is deviant or not depends on society\u2019s response to that act.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1330258\" class=\"note sociology-real-world\" data-type=\"note\" data-has-label=\"true\" data-label=\"\">\r\n<div class=\"title textbox shaded\" data-type=\"title\"><strong><strong>Why I Drive a Hearse<\/strong><\/strong>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2290830\">When sociologist Todd Schoepflin ran into his childhood friend Bill, he was shocked to see him driving a hearse instead of an ordinary car. A professionally trained researcher, Schoepflin wondered what effect driving a hearse had on his friend and what effect it might have on others on the road. Would using such a vehicle for everyday errands be considered deviant by most people?<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1274793\">Schoepflin interviewed Bill, curious first to know why he drove such an unconventional car. Bill had simply been on the lookout for a reliable winter car; on a tight budget, he searched used car ads and stumbled upon one for the hearse. The car ran well, and the price was right, so he bought it.<\/p>\r\nBill admitted that others\u2019 reactions to the car had been mixed. His parents were appalled, and he received odd stares from his coworkers. A mechanic once refused to work on it, and stated that it was \u201ca dead person machine.\u201d On the whole, however, Bill received mostly positive reactions. Strangers gave him a thumbs-up on the highway and stopped him in parking lots to chat about his car. His girlfriend loved it, his friends wanted to take it tailgating, and people offered to buy it. Could it be that driving a hearse isn\u2019t really so deviant after all?\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1428082\">Schoepflin theorized that, although viewed as outside conventional norms, driving a hearse is such a mild form of deviance that it actually becomes a mark of distinction. Conformists find the choice of vehicle intriguing or appealing, while nonconformists see a fellow oddball to whom they can relate. As one of Bill\u2019s friends remarked, \u201cEvery guy wants to own a unique car like this, and <em data-effect=\"italics\">you<\/em> can certainly pull it off.\u201d Such anecdotes remind us that although deviance is often viewed as a violation of norms, it\u2019s not always viewed in a negative light (Schoepflin 2011).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<figure id=\"import-auto-id2274676\"><span data-type=\"media\" data-alt=\"A hearse with the license plate \u201cLASTRYD\u201d is shown here.\"><span data-type=\"media\" data-alt=\"A hearse with the license plate \u201cLASTRYD\u201d is shown here.\">\r\n<\/span><\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-sociology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2015\/05\/Figure_07_01_02a.jpg\" alt=\"A hearse with the license plate \u201cLASTRYD\u201d is shown here.\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\" data-media-type=\"image\/png\" \/> A hearse with the license plate \u201cLASTRYD.\u201d How would you view the owner of this car? (Photo courtesy of Brian Teutsch\/flickr)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/figure><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<section id=\"fs-id863824\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Social Control<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2316644\">When a person violates a social norm, what happens? A driver caught speeding can receive a speeding ticket. A student who wears a bathrobe to class gets a warning from a professor. An adult belching loudly is avoided. All societies practice <span id=\"import-auto-id2081360\" data-type=\"term\">social control<\/span>, the regulation and enforcement of norms. The underlying goal of social control is to maintain <span id=\"import-auto-id1329082\" data-type=\"term\">social order<\/span>, an arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society\u2019s members base their daily lives. Think of social order as an employee handbook and social control as a manager. When a worker violates a workplace guideline, the manager steps in to enforce the rules; when an employee is doing an exceptionally good job at following the rules, the manager may praise or promote the employee.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1662741\">The means of enforcing rules are known as <span id=\"import-auto-id1313360\" data-type=\"term\">sanctions<\/span>. Sanctions can be positive as well as negative. <span id=\"import-auto-id786940\" data-type=\"term\">Positive sanctions<\/span> are rewards given for conforming to norms. A promotion at work is a positive sanction for working hard. <span id=\"import-auto-id3701064\" data-type=\"term\">Negative sanctions<\/span> are punishments for violating norms. Being arrested is a punishment for shoplifting. Both types of sanctions play a role in social control.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1395260\">Sociologists also classify sanctions as formal or informal. Although shoplifting, a form of social deviance, may be illegal, there are no laws dictating the proper way to scratch your nose. That doesn\u2019t mean picking your nose in public won\u2019t be punished; instead, you will encounter <span id=\"import-auto-id2689677\" data-type=\"term\">informal sanctions<\/span>. Informal sanctions emerge in face-to-face social interactions. For example, wearing flip-flops to an opera or swearing loudly in church may draw disapproving looks or even verbal reprimands, whereas behavior that is seen as positive\u2014such as helping an old man carry grocery bags across the street\u2014may receive positive informal reactions, such as a smile or pat on the back.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1221405\"><span id=\"import-auto-id3117360\" data-type=\"term\">Formal sanctions<\/span>, on the other hand, are ways to officially recognize and enforce norm violations. If a student violates her college\u2019s code of conduct, for example, she might be expelled. Someone who speaks inappropriately to the boss could be fired. Someone who commits a crime may be arrested or imprisoned. On the positive side, a soldier who saves a life may receive an official commendation.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2691703\">The table below shows the relationship between different types of sanctions.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<table id=\"import-auto-id1351343\" summary=\"A table displaying informal positive sanctions (an expression of thanks), formal positive sanctions (a promotion at work), informal negative sanctions (an angry comment), and formal negative sanctions (a parking fine).\"><caption><span data-type=\"title\">Informal\/Formal Sanctions <\/span>Formal and informal sanctions may be positive or negative. Informal sanctions arise in social interactions, whereas formal sanctions officially enforce norms.<\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th><\/th>\r\n<th data-align=\"center\">Informal<\/th>\r\n<th data-align=\"center\">Formal<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Positive<\/td>\r\n<td>An expression of thanks<\/td>\r\n<td>A promotion at work<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Negative<\/td>\r\n<td>An angry comment<\/td>\r\n<td>A parking fine<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id3024684\" class=\"section-summary\" data-depth=\"1\" data-element-type=\"section-summary\">\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Summary<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2755240\">Deviance is a violation of norms. Whether or not something is deviant depends on contextual definitions, the situation, and people\u2019s response to the behavior. Society seeks to limit deviance through the use of sanctions that help maintain a system of social control.<\/p>\r\nhttps:\/\/www.openassessments.com\/assessments\/330\r\n\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1154391\" class=\"short-answer\" data-depth=\"1\" data-element-type=\"short-answer\">\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Short Answer<\/h2>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1720876\" class=\"exercise\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"short-answer\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1388061\" class=\"problem\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1349026\">If given the choice, would you purchase an unusual car such as a hearse for everyday use? How would your friends, family, or significant other react? Since deviance is culturally defined, most of the decisions we make are dependent on the reactions of others. Is there anything the people in your life encourage you to do that you don\u2019t? Why don\u2019t you?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id2195969\" class=\"exercise\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"short-answer\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1306558\" class=\"problem\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1364756\">Think of a recent time when you used informal negative sanctions. To what act of deviance were you responding? How did your actions affect the deviant person or persons? How did your reaction help maintain social control?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1345457\" class=\"further-research\" data-depth=\"1\" data-element-type=\"further-research\">\r\n<h1 data-type=\"title\"><\/h1>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<div data-type=\"glossary\">\r\n<h2 data-type=\"glossary-title\">Glossary<\/h2>\r\n<dl id=\"import-auto-id1327652\" class=\"definition\"><dt>deviance<\/dt><dd id=\"fs-id1654775\">a violation of contextual, cultural, or social norms<\/dd><\/dl><dl id=\"import-auto-id920115\" class=\"definition\"><dt>formal sanctions<\/dt><dd id=\"fs-id2730911\">sanctions that are officially recognized and enforced<\/dd><\/dl><dl id=\"import-auto-id762117\" class=\"definition\"><dt>informal sanctions<\/dt><dd id=\"fs-id2363739\">sanctions that occur in face-to-face interactions<\/dd><\/dl><dl id=\"import-auto-id2669346\" class=\"definition\"><dt>negative sanctions<\/dt><dd id=\"fs-id1278213\">punishments for violating norms<\/dd><\/dl><dl id=\"fs-id2577853\" class=\"definition\"><dt>positive sanctions<\/dt><dd id=\"fs-id1452122\">rewards given for conforming to norms<\/dd><\/dl><dl id=\"import-auto-id1552269\" class=\"definition\"><dt>sanctions<\/dt><dd id=\"fs-id786940\">the means of enforcing rules<\/dd><\/dl><dl id=\"import-auto-id1982298\" class=\"definition\"><dt>social control<\/dt><dd id=\"fs-id1587171\">the regulation and enforcement of norms<\/dd><\/dl><dl id=\"import-auto-id2753262\" class=\"definition\"><dt>social order<\/dt><dd id=\"fs-id2852171\">an arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society\u2019s members base their daily lives<\/dd><\/dl><\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<section id=\"fs-id1345457\" class=\"further-research\" data-depth=\"1\" data-element-type=\"further-research\">\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Further Research<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2195439\">Although we rarely think of it in this way, deviance can have a positive effect on society. Check out the Positive Deviance Initiative, a program initiated by Tufts University to promote social movements around the world that strive to improve people\u2019s lives, at <a href=\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/l\/Positive_Deviance\">http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/l\/Positive_Deviance<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id2761946\" class=\"references\" data-depth=\"1\" data-element-type=\"references\">\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">References<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1920301\">Becker, Howard. 1963. <em data-effect=\"italics\">Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance<\/em>. New York: Free Press.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id2058879\">Schoepflin, Todd. 2011. \u201cDeviant While Driving?\u201d Everyday Sociology Blog, January 28. Retrieved February 10, 2012 (<a href=\"http:\/\/nortonbooks.typepad.com\/everydaysociology\/2011\/01\/deviant-while-driving.html\">http:\/\/nortonbooks.typepad.com\/everydaysociology\/2011\/01\/deviant-while-driving.html<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id2424759\">Sumner, William Graham. 1955 [1906]. <em data-effect=\"italics\">Folkways.<\/em> New York, NY: Dover.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"document-title\"><\/div>\n<div data-type=\"abstract\">\n<ul>\n<li>Define deviance, and explain the nature of deviant behavior<\/li>\n<li>Differentiate between methods of social control<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"import-auto-id1107791\"><span data-type=\"media\" data-alt=\"Five men dressed in pink drag attire, one in drag, are shown here.\"><span data-type=\"media\" data-alt=\"Five men dressed in pink drag attire, one in drag, are shown here.\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-sociology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2015\/05\/Figure_07_01_01a.jpg\" alt=\"Five men dressed in pink drag attire, one in drag, are shown here.\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\" data-media-type=\"image\/png\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Much of the appeal of watching entertainers perform in drag comes from the humor inherent in seeing everyday norms violated. (Photo courtesy of Cassiopeija\/Wikimedia Commons)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1299070\">What, exactly, is deviance? And what is the relationship between deviance and crime? According to sociologist William Graham Sumner, <span id=\"import-auto-id2228571\" data-type=\"term\">deviance<\/span> is a violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law (1906). It can be as minor as picking your nose in public or as major as committing murder. Although the word \u201cdeviance\u201d has a negative connotation in everyday language, sociologists recognize that deviance is not necessarily bad (Schoepflin 2011). In fact, from a structural functionalist perspective, one of the positive contributions of deviance is that it fosters social change. For example, during the U.S. civil rights movement, Rosa Parks violated social norms when she refused to move to the \u201cblack section\u201d of the bus, and the Little Rock Nine broke customs of segregation to attend an Arkansas public school.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2858322\">\u201cWhat is deviant behavior?\u201d cannot be answered in a straightforward manner. Whether an act is labeled deviant or not depends on many factors, including location, audience, and the individual committing the act (Becker 1963). Listening to your iPod on the way to class is considered acceptable behavior. Listening to your iPod during your 2 p.m. sociology lecture is considered rude. Listening to your iPod when on the witness stand before a judge may cause you to be held in contempt of court and consequently fined or jailed.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2792730\">As norms vary across culture and time, it makes sense that notions of deviance change also. Fifty years ago, public schools in the United States had strict dress codes that, among other stipulations, often banned women from wearing pants to class. Today, it\u2019s socially acceptable for women to wear pants, but less so for men to wear skirts. In a time of war, acts usually considered morally reprehensible, such as taking the life of another, may actually be rewarded. Whether an act is deviant or not depends on society\u2019s response to that act.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1330258\" class=\"note sociology-real-world\" data-type=\"note\" data-has-label=\"true\" data-label=\"\">\n<div class=\"title textbox shaded\" data-type=\"title\"><strong><strong>Why I Drive a Hearse<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2290830\">When sociologist Todd Schoepflin ran into his childhood friend Bill, he was shocked to see him driving a hearse instead of an ordinary car. A professionally trained researcher, Schoepflin wondered what effect driving a hearse had on his friend and what effect it might have on others on the road. Would using such a vehicle for everyday errands be considered deviant by most people?<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1274793\">Schoepflin interviewed Bill, curious first to know why he drove such an unconventional car. Bill had simply been on the lookout for a reliable winter car; on a tight budget, he searched used car ads and stumbled upon one for the hearse. The car ran well, and the price was right, so he bought it.<\/p>\n<p>Bill admitted that others\u2019 reactions to the car had been mixed. His parents were appalled, and he received odd stares from his coworkers. A mechanic once refused to work on it, and stated that it was \u201ca dead person machine.\u201d On the whole, however, Bill received mostly positive reactions. Strangers gave him a thumbs-up on the highway and stopped him in parking lots to chat about his car. His girlfriend loved it, his friends wanted to take it tailgating, and people offered to buy it. Could it be that driving a hearse isn\u2019t really so deviant after all?<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1428082\">Schoepflin theorized that, although viewed as outside conventional norms, driving a hearse is such a mild form of deviance that it actually becomes a mark of distinction. Conformists find the choice of vehicle intriguing or appealing, while nonconformists see a fellow oddball to whom they can relate. As one of Bill\u2019s friends remarked, \u201cEvery guy wants to own a unique car like this, and <em data-effect=\"italics\">you<\/em> can certainly pull it off.\u201d Such anecdotes remind us that although deviance is often viewed as a violation of norms, it\u2019s not always viewed in a negative light (Schoepflin 2011).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"import-auto-id2274676\"><span data-type=\"media\" data-alt=\"A hearse with the license plate \u201cLASTRYD\u201d is shown here.\"><span data-type=\"media\" data-alt=\"A hearse with the license plate \u201cLASTRYD\u201d is shown here.\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-sociology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2015\/05\/Figure_07_01_02a.jpg\" alt=\"A hearse with the license plate \u201cLASTRYD\u201d is shown here.\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\" data-media-type=\"image\/png\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">A hearse with the license plate \u201cLASTRYD.\u201d How would you view the owner of this car? (Photo courtesy of Brian Teutsch\/flickr)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"fs-id863824\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Social Control<\/h2>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2316644\">When a person violates a social norm, what happens? A driver caught speeding can receive a speeding ticket. A student who wears a bathrobe to class gets a warning from a professor. An adult belching loudly is avoided. All societies practice <span id=\"import-auto-id2081360\" data-type=\"term\">social control<\/span>, the regulation and enforcement of norms. The underlying goal of social control is to maintain <span id=\"import-auto-id1329082\" data-type=\"term\">social order<\/span>, an arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society\u2019s members base their daily lives. Think of social order as an employee handbook and social control as a manager. When a worker violates a workplace guideline, the manager steps in to enforce the rules; when an employee is doing an exceptionally good job at following the rules, the manager may praise or promote the employee.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1662741\">The means of enforcing rules are known as <span id=\"import-auto-id1313360\" data-type=\"term\">sanctions<\/span>. Sanctions can be positive as well as negative. <span id=\"import-auto-id786940\" data-type=\"term\">Positive sanctions<\/span> are rewards given for conforming to norms. A promotion at work is a positive sanction for working hard. <span id=\"import-auto-id3701064\" data-type=\"term\">Negative sanctions<\/span> are punishments for violating norms. Being arrested is a punishment for shoplifting. Both types of sanctions play a role in social control.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1395260\">Sociologists also classify sanctions as formal or informal. Although shoplifting, a form of social deviance, may be illegal, there are no laws dictating the proper way to scratch your nose. That doesn\u2019t mean picking your nose in public won\u2019t be punished; instead, you will encounter <span id=\"import-auto-id2689677\" data-type=\"term\">informal sanctions<\/span>. Informal sanctions emerge in face-to-face social interactions. For example, wearing flip-flops to an opera or swearing loudly in church may draw disapproving looks or even verbal reprimands, whereas behavior that is seen as positive\u2014such as helping an old man carry grocery bags across the street\u2014may receive positive informal reactions, such as a smile or pat on the back.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1221405\"><span id=\"import-auto-id3117360\" data-type=\"term\">Formal sanctions<\/span>, on the other hand, are ways to officially recognize and enforce norm violations. If a student violates her college\u2019s code of conduct, for example, she might be expelled. Someone who speaks inappropriately to the boss could be fired. Someone who commits a crime may be arrested or imprisoned. On the positive side, a soldier who saves a life may receive an official commendation.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2691703\">The table below shows the relationship between different types of sanctions.<\/p>\n<table id=\"import-auto-id1351343\" summary=\"A table displaying informal positive sanctions (an expression of thanks), formal positive sanctions (a promotion at work), informal negative sanctions (an angry comment), and formal negative sanctions (a parking fine).\">\n<caption><span data-type=\"title\">Informal\/Formal Sanctions <\/span>Formal and informal sanctions may be positive or negative. Informal sanctions arise in social interactions, whereas formal sanctions officially enforce norms.<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><\/th>\n<th data-align=\"center\">Informal<\/th>\n<th data-align=\"center\">Formal<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Positive<\/td>\n<td>An expression of thanks<\/td>\n<td>A promotion at work<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Negative<\/td>\n<td>An angry comment<\/td>\n<td>A parking fine<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id3024684\" class=\"section-summary\" data-depth=\"1\" data-element-type=\"section-summary\">\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Summary<\/h2>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2755240\">Deviance is a violation of norms. Whether or not something is deviant depends on contextual definitions, the situation, and people\u2019s response to the behavior. Society seeks to limit deviance through the use of sanctions that help maintain a system of social control.<\/p>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/lumenoea.herokuapp.com\/assessments\/load?src_url=https:\/\/lumenoea.herokuapp.com\/api\/assessments\/330.xml&#38;results_end_point=https:\/\/lumenoea.herokuapp.com\/api&#38;assessment_id=330&#38;confidence_levels=true&#38;enable_start=true&#38;eid=https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-sociology\/chapter\/deviance-and-control\/\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1154391\" class=\"short-answer\" data-depth=\"1\" data-element-type=\"short-answer\">\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Short Answer<\/h2>\n<div id=\"fs-id1720876\" class=\"exercise\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"short-answer\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1388061\" class=\"problem\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1349026\">If given the choice, would you purchase an unusual car such as a hearse for everyday use? How would your friends, family, or significant other react? Since deviance is culturally defined, most of the decisions we make are dependent on the reactions of others. Is there anything the people in your life encourage you to do that you don\u2019t? Why don\u2019t you?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id2195969\" class=\"exercise\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"short-answer\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1306558\" class=\"problem\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1364756\">Think of a recent time when you used informal negative sanctions. To what act of deviance were you responding? How did your actions affect the deviant person or persons? How did your reaction help maintain social control?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1345457\" class=\"further-research\" data-depth=\"1\" data-element-type=\"further-research\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\"><\/h1>\n<\/section>\n<div data-type=\"glossary\">\n<h2 data-type=\"glossary-title\">Glossary<\/h2>\n<dl id=\"import-auto-id1327652\" class=\"definition\">\n<dt>deviance<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id1654775\">a violation of contextual, cultural, or social norms<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"import-auto-id920115\" class=\"definition\">\n<dt>formal sanctions<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id2730911\">sanctions that are officially recognized and enforced<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"import-auto-id762117\" class=\"definition\">\n<dt>informal sanctions<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id2363739\">sanctions that occur in face-to-face interactions<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"import-auto-id2669346\" class=\"definition\">\n<dt>negative sanctions<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id1278213\">punishments for violating norms<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-id2577853\" class=\"definition\">\n<dt>positive sanctions<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id1452122\">rewards given for conforming to norms<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"import-auto-id1552269\" class=\"definition\">\n<dt>sanctions<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id786940\">the means of enforcing rules<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"import-auto-id1982298\" class=\"definition\">\n<dt>social control<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id1587171\">the regulation and enforcement of norms<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"import-auto-id2753262\" class=\"definition\">\n<dt>social order<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id2852171\">an arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society\u2019s members base their daily lives<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<section id=\"fs-id1345457\" class=\"further-research\" data-depth=\"1\" data-element-type=\"further-research\">\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Further Research<\/h2>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2195439\">Although we rarely think of it in this way, deviance can have a positive effect on society. Check out the Positive Deviance Initiative, a program initiated by Tufts University to promote social movements around the world that strive to improve people\u2019s lives, at <a href=\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/l\/Positive_Deviance\">http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/l\/Positive_Deviance<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id2761946\" class=\"references\" data-depth=\"1\" data-element-type=\"references\">\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">References<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-id1920301\">Becker, Howard. 1963. <em data-effect=\"italics\">Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance<\/em>. New York: Free Press.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id2058879\">Schoepflin, Todd. 2011. \u201cDeviant While Driving?\u201d Everyday Sociology Blog, January 28. Retrieved February 10, 2012 (<a href=\"http:\/\/nortonbooks.typepad.com\/everydaysociology\/2011\/01\/deviant-while-driving.html\">http:\/\/nortonbooks.typepad.com\/everydaysociology\/2011\/01\/deviant-while-driving.html<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id2424759\">Sumner, William Graham. 1955 [1906]. <em data-effect=\"italics\">Folkways.<\/em> New York, NY: Dover.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-121\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Introduction to Sociology 2e. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax CNX. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/02040312-72c8-441e-a685-20e9333f3e1d\/Introduction_to_Sociology_2e\">http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/02040312-72c8-441e-a685-20e9333f3e1d\/Introduction_to_Sociology_2e<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/02040312-72c8-441e-a685-20e9333f3e1d@3.49<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":9,"menu_order":24,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Introduction to Sociology 2e\",\"author\":\"OpenStax CNX\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/02040312-72c8-441e-a685-20e9333f3e1d\/Introduction_to_Sociology_2e\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/02040312-72c8-441e-a685-20e9333f3e1d@3.49\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-121","chapter","type-chapter","status-web-only","hentry"],"part":371,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-sociology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/121","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-sociology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-sociology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-sociology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-sociology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/121\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1150,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-sociology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/121\/revisions\/1150"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-sociology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/371"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-sociology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/121\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-sociology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=121"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-sociology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=121"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-sociology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=121"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-sociology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=121"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}