{"id":120,"date":"2020-07-13T18:59:51","date_gmt":"2020-07-13T18:59:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/abnormalpsych\/chapter\/reading-psychoactive-drugs\/"},"modified":"2022-07-26T20:05:37","modified_gmt":"2022-07-26T20:05:37","slug":"reading-psychoactive-drugs","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/chapter\/reading-psychoactive-drugs\/","title":{"raw":"Psychoactive Drugs and Substance Use Disorder","rendered":"Psychoactive Drugs and Substance Use Disorder"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe how substance abuse disorders are diagnosed<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<section>\r\n<h2>Substance Abuse Disorders<\/h2>\r\nThe\u00a0<em>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition <\/em>(DSM-5) is used by clinicians to diagnose individuals suffering from various psychological disorders. Drug use disorders are addictive disorders, and the criteria for specific substance (drug) use disorders are described in DSM-5. Drug categories listed in the DSM-5 include those for alcohol, opioids, depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, inhalants, and other or unknown substances. A person who has a <strong>substance use disorder<\/strong> often uses more of the substance than they originally intended to and continues to use that substance despite experiencing significant adverse consequences. For individuals diagnosed with a substance use disorder, there is a compulsive pattern of drug use that is often associated with both physical and psychological dependence.\r\n\r\n<strong>Physical dependence<\/strong> involves changes in normal bodily functions\u2014the user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use. In contrast, a person who has <strong>psychological dependence<\/strong> has an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress. <strong>Tolerance<\/strong> is linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses. Tolerance can cause the user to increase the amount of drug used to a dangerous level\u2014even to the point of overdose and death.\r\n\r\nDrug <strong>withdrawal<\/strong> includes a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued. Negative symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug. For example, withdrawal from sedative drugs often produces unpleasant arousal and agitation. In addition to withdrawal, many individuals who are diagnosed with substance use disorders will also develop tolerance to these substances. Psychological dependence, or drug craving, is a recent addition to the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder in DSM-5. Dependence levels are an important factor because we can develop tolerance and experience withdrawal from any number of drugs that we do not abuse. In other words, physical dependence in and of itself is of limited utility in determining whether or not someone has a substance use disorder.\r\n\r\nIn the DSM-5, each category of drugs has a use disorder listed, such as alcohol use disorder or opioid use disorder (further categorized as mild, moderate, or severe). Each drug category also lists an intoxication disorder, such as alcohol intoxication or cannabis intoxication, and a withdrawal disorder, such as alcohol withdrawal or opioid withdrawal. Intoxication disorders are attributed to recent drug use that causes significant and problematic psychological or behavioral changes. Withdrawal disorders are caused by clinically significant behavioral or psychological changes that occur after the cessation of drug abuse.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nAll the substance use disorders we'll learn about in this module share similar characteristics, but vary depending on the drug that causes the addiction. In general terms, those who suffer from a substance use disorder share these common characteristics. They do the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>develop a tolerance for the drug<\/li>\r\n \t<li>experience withdrawal symptoms when the substance leaves their body<\/li>\r\n \t<li>take risks because of the substance<\/li>\r\n \t<li>spend a lot of time thinking about the drug<\/li>\r\n \t<li>stop doing meaningful things and withdraw from activities and others<\/li>\r\n \t<li>take more of the drug than they intended to<\/li>\r\n \t<li>crave the drug<\/li>\r\n \t<li>struggle to quit<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Hgn7MJjMfkk\r\n\r\nYou can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Abnormal+Psychology\/transcripts\/SubstanceUseDisorder_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \"Substance Use Disorder\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.stuartmcmillen.com\/comic\/rat-park\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read\u00a0through this fascinating comic created by Stuart McMillen<\/a> about psychologist Bruce Alexander's Rat Park study on addiction.\r\n\r\nFor more information on Bruce Alexander's study and a better understanding of addiction, listen to Johann Hari's TED Talk,\u00a0\"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ted.com\/talks\/johann_hari_everything_you_think_you_know_about_addiction_is_wrong\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Everything you think you know about addiction is wrong<\/a>.\"\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><section>\r\n<h2>Drug Categories<\/h2>\r\nThe effects of all <strong>psychoactive drugs<\/strong> occur through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems. There are many psychoactive drugs, and their relationships are shown in Figure 1. Drugs can act as agonists or antagonists of a given neurotransmitter system. An agonist facilitates the activity of a neurotransmitter system, and antagonists impede neurotransmitter activity.\r\n\r\nThe main categories of drugs are\u00a0<strong>depressants<\/strong>, <strong>stimulants<\/strong>, and\u00a0<strong>hallucinogens<\/strong>. You will learn more about these types of drugs in the coming pages.\r\n<figure>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"649\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224644\/CNX_Psych_04_05_Drugchart.jpg\" alt=\"Four main drug categories are identified by differently colored circles showing overlaps: the four main drug categories are \u201cantipsychotics,\u201d \u201cstimulants,\u201d \u201cdepressants,\u201d and \u201challucinogens.\u201d The circle titled \u201cAntipsychotics\u201d includes the drug names \u201cHaldol,\u201d \u201cRisperdal,\u201d and \u201cSeroquel.\u201d The circle titled \u201cStimulants\u201d contains a subcircle titled \u201cPsychmotor stimulants\u201d with the drug names \u201cAmphetamines,\u201d \u201cKhat,\u201d \u201cRitalin,\u201d and \u201cCocaine.\u201d The \u201cStimulants\u201d circle contains another subcircle titled \u201cMethylxanthines\u201d with the drug names \u201cCaffeine,\u201d \u201cTheophylline,\u201d and \u201cTheobromine.\u201d The circle titled \u201cDepressants\u201d contains a subcircle titled \u201cSedative Hypnotics\u201d with the drug names \u201cAlcohol,\u201d \u201cBarbituates,\u201d \u201cEther,\u201d and \u201cGHB\u201d; within that circle is a subcircle titled \u201cMinor tranquilizers\u201d with the drug names \u201cAtivan,\u201d \u201cValium,\u201d and \u201cXanax.\u201d \u201cNicotine\u201d falls in the overlap between the \u201cStimulants\u201d and \u201cDepressants\u201d circles. The circle titled \u201cDepressants\u201d also contains a subcircle titled \u201cNarcotic Analgesics\u201d with the drug names \u201cOpium,\u201d \u201cCodeine,\u201d \u201cMorphine,\u201d \u201cHeroin,\u201d and \u201cDXM.\u201d \u201cDXM\u201d falls in the overlap between the \u201cDepressants\u201d circle and the \u201cDissociatives\u201d subcircle of the \u201cHallucinogens\u201d circle. The circle titled \u201cHallucinogens\u201d contains a subcircle labeled \u201cDissociatives\u201d including the drug names \u201dKetamine,\u201d \u201cPCP,\u201d \u201cNitrous,\u201d \u201cAmanitas,\u201d and \u201cSalvinorum.\u201d Within that subcircle, \u201cKetamine,\u201d \u201cPCP,\u201d and \u201cNitrous\u201d overlap with with the \u201cdepressants\u201d circle The circle titled \u201cHallucinogens\u201d also contains a subcircle titled \u201cPsychadelics\u201d including the drug names \u201cMDMA,\u201d \u201cMescaline,\u201d \u201cLSD,\u201d \u201cPsilocybin,\u201d \u201cAMT,\u201d \u201cDMT,\u201d and \u201cIbogaine.\u201d Within that subcircle, \u201cMDMA,\u201d \u201cMescaline,\u201d \u201cLSD,\u201d \u201cPsilocybin,\u201d and \u201cAMT\u201d fall within the overlap between the \u201cHallucinogens\u201d and \u201cStimulants\u201d circles. \u201cIbogaine\u201d falls within the overlap between the \u201cPsychadelics\u201d and \u201cDissociatives\u201d subcircles. Outside of all subcircles, \u201cMarijuana\u201d falls within the overlap between the \u201cStimulants,\u201d \u201cDepressants,\u201d and \u201cHallucinogens\u201d circles.\" width=\"649\" height=\"811\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. This figure illustrates various drug categories and overlap among them. (credit: modification of work by Derrick Snider)[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/239a8f73-a1b2-41c3-b124-9b8c1faea50f\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/5e36e47b-d171-495f-906c-20940922c4a5\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><section>\r\n<div><section>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong>depressant:\u00a0<\/strong>drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity\r\n\r\n<strong>hallucinogen:\u00a0<\/strong>one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations\r\n\r\n<strong>physical dependence:\u00a0<\/strong>changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use\r\n\r\n<strong>psychoactive drugs:\u00a0<\/strong>chemical substances that alters brain functioning, causing changes to consciousness, perception, mood, and thoughts\r\n\r\n<strong>psychological dependence:\u00a0<\/strong>emotional, rather than a physical, need for a drug that may be used to relieve psychological distress\r\n\r\n<strong>stimulant:\u00a0<\/strong>drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity, including caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine\r\n\r\n<strong>substance use disorder: <\/strong>DSM-5 diagnosis for those who show a compulsive pattern of drug use associated with both physical and psychological dependence\r\n\r\n<strong>tolerance:\u00a0<\/strong>state of requiring increasing quantities of the drug to gain the desired effect\r\n\r\n<strong>withdrawal:\u00a0<\/strong>variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe how substance abuse disorders are diagnosed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<section>\n<h2>Substance Abuse Disorders<\/h2>\n<p>The\u00a0<em>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition <\/em>(DSM-5) is used by clinicians to diagnose individuals suffering from various psychological disorders. Drug use disorders are addictive disorders, and the criteria for specific substance (drug) use disorders are described in DSM-5. Drug categories listed in the DSM-5 include those for alcohol, opioids, depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, inhalants, and other or unknown substances. A person who has a <strong>substance use disorder<\/strong> often uses more of the substance than they originally intended to and continues to use that substance despite experiencing significant adverse consequences. For individuals diagnosed with a substance use disorder, there is a compulsive pattern of drug use that is often associated with both physical and psychological dependence.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Physical dependence<\/strong> involves changes in normal bodily functions\u2014the user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use. In contrast, a person who has <strong>psychological dependence<\/strong> has an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress. <strong>Tolerance<\/strong> is linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses. Tolerance can cause the user to increase the amount of drug used to a dangerous level\u2014even to the point of overdose and death.<\/p>\n<p>Drug <strong>withdrawal<\/strong> includes a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued. Negative symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug. For example, withdrawal from sedative drugs often produces unpleasant arousal and agitation. In addition to withdrawal, many individuals who are diagnosed with substance use disorders will also develop tolerance to these substances. Psychological dependence, or drug craving, is a recent addition to the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder in DSM-5. Dependence levels are an important factor because we can develop tolerance and experience withdrawal from any number of drugs that we do not abuse. In other words, physical dependence in and of itself is of limited utility in determining whether or not someone has a substance use disorder.<\/p>\n<p>In the DSM-5, each category of drugs has a use disorder listed, such as alcohol use disorder or opioid use disorder (further categorized as mild, moderate, or severe). Each drug category also lists an intoxication disorder, such as alcohol intoxication or cannabis intoxication, and a withdrawal disorder, such as alcohol withdrawal or opioid withdrawal. Intoxication disorders are attributed to recent drug use that causes significant and problematic psychological or behavioral changes. Withdrawal disorders are caused by clinically significant behavioral or psychological changes that occur after the cessation of drug abuse.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>All the substance use disorders we&#8217;ll learn about in this module share similar characteristics, but vary depending on the drug that causes the addiction. In general terms, those who suffer from a substance use disorder share these common characteristics. They do the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>develop a tolerance for the drug<\/li>\n<li>experience withdrawal symptoms when the substance leaves their body<\/li>\n<li>take risks because of the substance<\/li>\n<li>spend a lot of time thinking about the drug<\/li>\n<li>stop doing meaningful things and withdraw from activities and others<\/li>\n<li>take more of the drug than they intended to<\/li>\n<li>crave the drug<\/li>\n<li>struggle to quit<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Substance Use Disorder\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Hgn7MJjMfkk?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Abnormal+Psychology\/transcripts\/SubstanceUseDisorder_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for &#8220;Substance Use Disorder&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.stuartmcmillen.com\/comic\/rat-park\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read\u00a0through this fascinating comic created by Stuart McMillen<\/a> about psychologist Bruce Alexander&#8217;s Rat Park study on addiction.<\/p>\n<p>For more information on Bruce Alexander&#8217;s study and a better understanding of addiction, listen to Johann Hari&#8217;s TED Talk,\u00a0&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ted.com\/talks\/johann_hari_everything_you_think_you_know_about_addiction_is_wrong\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Everything you think you know about addiction is wrong<\/a>.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<h2>Drug Categories<\/h2>\n<p>The effects of all <strong>psychoactive drugs<\/strong> occur through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems. There are many psychoactive drugs, and their relationships are shown in Figure 1. Drugs can act as agonists or antagonists of a given neurotransmitter system. An agonist facilitates the activity of a neurotransmitter system, and antagonists impede neurotransmitter activity.<\/p>\n<p>The main categories of drugs are\u00a0<strong>depressants<\/strong>, <strong>stimulants<\/strong>, and\u00a0<strong>hallucinogens<\/strong>. You will learn more about these types of drugs in the coming pages.<\/p>\n<figure>\n<div style=\"width: 659px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224644\/CNX_Psych_04_05_Drugchart.jpg\" alt=\"Four main drug categories are identified by differently colored circles showing overlaps: the four main drug categories are \u201cantipsychotics,\u201d \u201cstimulants,\u201d \u201cdepressants,\u201d and \u201challucinogens.\u201d The circle titled \u201cAntipsychotics\u201d includes the drug names \u201cHaldol,\u201d \u201cRisperdal,\u201d and \u201cSeroquel.\u201d The circle titled \u201cStimulants\u201d contains a subcircle titled \u201cPsychmotor stimulants\u201d with the drug names \u201cAmphetamines,\u201d \u201cKhat,\u201d \u201cRitalin,\u201d and \u201cCocaine.\u201d The \u201cStimulants\u201d circle contains another subcircle titled \u201cMethylxanthines\u201d with the drug names \u201cCaffeine,\u201d \u201cTheophylline,\u201d and \u201cTheobromine.\u201d The circle titled \u201cDepressants\u201d contains a subcircle titled \u201cSedative Hypnotics\u201d with the drug names \u201cAlcohol,\u201d \u201cBarbituates,\u201d \u201cEther,\u201d and \u201cGHB\u201d; within that circle is a subcircle titled \u201cMinor tranquilizers\u201d with the drug names \u201cAtivan,\u201d \u201cValium,\u201d and \u201cXanax.\u201d \u201cNicotine\u201d falls in the overlap between the \u201cStimulants\u201d and \u201cDepressants\u201d circles. The circle titled \u201cDepressants\u201d also contains a subcircle titled \u201cNarcotic Analgesics\u201d with the drug names \u201cOpium,\u201d \u201cCodeine,\u201d \u201cMorphine,\u201d \u201cHeroin,\u201d and \u201cDXM.\u201d \u201cDXM\u201d falls in the overlap between the \u201cDepressants\u201d circle and the \u201cDissociatives\u201d subcircle of the \u201cHallucinogens\u201d circle. The circle titled \u201cHallucinogens\u201d contains a subcircle labeled \u201cDissociatives\u201d including the drug names \u201dKetamine,\u201d \u201cPCP,\u201d \u201cNitrous,\u201d \u201cAmanitas,\u201d and \u201cSalvinorum.\u201d Within that subcircle, \u201cKetamine,\u201d \u201cPCP,\u201d and \u201cNitrous\u201d overlap with with the \u201cdepressants\u201d circle The circle titled \u201cHallucinogens\u201d also contains a subcircle titled \u201cPsychadelics\u201d including the drug names \u201cMDMA,\u201d \u201cMescaline,\u201d \u201cLSD,\u201d \u201cPsilocybin,\u201d \u201cAMT,\u201d \u201cDMT,\u201d and \u201cIbogaine.\u201d Within that subcircle, \u201cMDMA,\u201d \u201cMescaline,\u201d \u201cLSD,\u201d \u201cPsilocybin,\u201d and \u201cAMT\u201d fall within the overlap between the \u201cHallucinogens\u201d and \u201cStimulants\u201d circles. \u201cIbogaine\u201d falls within the overlap between the \u201cPsychadelics\u201d and \u201cDissociatives\u201d subcircles. Outside of all subcircles, \u201cMarijuana\u201d falls within the overlap between the \u201cStimulants,\u201d \u201cDepressants,\u201d and \u201cHallucinogens\u201d circles.\" width=\"649\" height=\"811\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. This figure illustrates various drug categories and overlap among them. (credit: modification of work by Derrick Snider)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_239a8f73-a1b2-41c3-b124-9b8c1faea50f\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/239a8f73-a1b2-41c3-b124-9b8c1faea50f?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_239a8f73-a1b2-41c3-b124-9b8c1faea50f\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_5e36e47b-d171-495f-906c-20940922c4a5\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/5e36e47b-d171-495f-906c-20940922c4a5?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_5e36e47b-d171-495f-906c-20940922c4a5\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<div>\n<section>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>depressant:\u00a0<\/strong>drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity<\/p>\n<p><strong>hallucinogen:\u00a0<\/strong>one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations<\/p>\n<p><strong>physical dependence:\u00a0<\/strong>changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use<\/p>\n<p><strong>psychoactive drugs:\u00a0<\/strong>chemical substances that alters brain functioning, causing changes to consciousness, perception, mood, and thoughts<\/p>\n<p><strong>psychological dependence:\u00a0<\/strong>emotional, rather than a physical, need for a drug that may be used to relieve psychological distress<\/p>\n<p><strong>stimulant:\u00a0<\/strong>drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity, including caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine<\/p>\n<p><strong>substance use disorder: <\/strong>DSM-5 diagnosis for those who show a compulsive pattern of drug use associated with both physical and psychological dependence<\/p>\n<p><strong>tolerance:\u00a0<\/strong>state of requiring increasing quantities of the drug to gain the desired effect<\/p>\n<p><strong>withdrawal:\u00a0<\/strong>variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-120\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Substance Use and Abuse. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/Sr8Ev5Og@5.49:fOU1RGxh@6\/Substance-Use-and-Abuse\">http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/Sr8Ev5Og@5.49:fOU1RGxh@6\/Substance-Use-and-Abuse<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@5.48<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Substance Use Disorder. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Psych Hub Education. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Hgn7MJjMfkk\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Hgn7MJjMfkk<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Substance Use and Abuse\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/Sr8Ev5Og@5.49:fOU1RGxh@6\/Substance-Use-and-Abuse\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@5.48\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen 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