{"id":1708,"date":"2020-09-09T14:38:03","date_gmt":"2020-09-09T14:38:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/abnormalpsych\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1708"},"modified":"2022-07-26T20:07:00","modified_gmt":"2022-07-26T20:07:00","slug":"schizotypal-personality-disorder","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/chapter\/schizotypal-personality-disorder\/","title":{"raw":"Schizotypal Personality Disorder","rendered":"Schizotypal Personality Disorder"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe the characteristics and diagnosis of schizotypal personality disorder<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nWe have learned about paranoid personality disorder and schizoid personality disorder, now let's take a look at another Cluster A disorder: <strong>schizotypal personality disorder<\/strong>. Persons with schizotypal personality disorder usually have few, if any, close relationships and exhibit eccentric behaviors.\r\n<table summary=\"A table provides basic descriptions of the DSM-5 personality disorders and their associated clusters. Cluster A includes Paranoid (harbors a pervasive and unjustifiable suspiciousness and mistrust of others; reluctant to confide in or become close to others; reads hidden demeaning or threatening meaning into benign remarks or events; takes offense easily and bears grudges; not due to schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders), Schizoid (lacks interest and desire to form relationships with others; aloof and shows emotional coldness and detachment; indifferent to approval or criticism of others; lacks close friends or confidants; not due to schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders, not an autism spectrum disorder), and Schizotypal (exhibits eccentricities in thought, perception, emotion, speech, and behavior; shows suspiciousness or paranoia; has unusual perceptual experiences; speech is often idiosyncratic; displays inappropriate emotions; lacks friends or confidants; not due to schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder, or to autism spectrum disorder). Cluster B includes Antisocial (continuously violates the rights of others; history of antisocial tendencies prior to age 15; often lies, fights, and has problems with the law; impulsive and fails to think ahead; can be deceitful and manipulative in order to gain profit or pleasure; irresponsible and often fails to hold down a job or pay financial debts; lacks feelings for others and remorse over misdeeds), Histrionic (excessively overdramatic, emotional, and theatrical; feels uncomfortable when not the center of others\u2019 attention; behavior is often inappropriately seductive or provocative; speech is highly emotional but often vague and diffuse; emotions are shallow and often shift rapidly; may alienate friends with demands for constant attention), Narcissistic (overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance and preoccupied with fantasies of success; believes he is entitled to special treatment from others; shows arrogant attitudes and behaviors; takes advantage of others; lacks empathy), and Borderline (unstable in self-image, mood, and behavior; cannot tolerate being alone and experiences chronic feelings of emptiness; unstable and intense relationships with others; behavior is impulsive, unpredictable, and sometimes self-damaging; shows inappropriate and intense anger; makes suicidal gestures). Cluster C includes Avoidant (socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation; avoids occupations that involve interpersonal contact because of fears of criticism or rejection; avoids relationships with others unless guaranteed to be accepted unconditionally; feels inadequate and views self as socially inept and unappealing; unwilling to take risks or engage in new activities if they may prove embarrassing), Dependent (allows others to take over and run her life; is submissive, clingy, and fears separation; cannot make decisions without advice and reassurance from others; lacks self-confidence; cannot do things on her own; feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone), and Obsessive-Compulsive (pervasive need for perfectionism that interferes with the ability to complete tasks; preoccupied with details, rules, order, and schedules; excessively devoted to work at the expense of leisure and friendships; rigid, inflexible, and stubborn; insists things be done his way; miserly with money).\"><caption>Table 1. DSM-5 Personality Disorders<\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 39px;\">\r\n<th style=\"height: 39px; width: 69.6181px;\" scope=\"col\">DSM-5 Personality Disorder<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"height: 39px; width: 721.84px;\" scope=\"col\">Description<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"height: 39px; width: 45.1736px;\" scope=\"col\">Cluster<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 39px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 69.6181px;\">Paranoid<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 721.84px;\">harbors a pervasive and unjustifiable suspiciousness and mistrust of others; reluctant to confide in or become close to others; reads hidden, demeaning, or threatening meaning into benign remarks or events; takes offense easily and bears grudges; not due to schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 45.1736px;\">A<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 39px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 69.6181px;\">Schizoid<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 721.84px;\">lacks interest and desire to form relationships with others; aloof and shows emotional coldness and detachment; indifferent to approval or criticism of others; lacks close friends or confidants; not due to schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders, not an autism spectrum disorder<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 45.1736px;\">A<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 39px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 69.6181px;\"><strong>Schizotypal<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 721.84px;\">exhibits eccentricities in thought, perception, emotion, speech, and behavior; shows suspiciousness or paranoia; has unusual perceptual experiences; speech is often idiosyncratic; displays inappropriate emotions; lacks friends or confidants; not due to schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder, or to autism spectrum disorder<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 45.1736px;\">A<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2>Schizotypal Personality Disorder<\/h2>\r\nSchizotypal personality disorder is characterized by severe\u00a0social anxiety,\u00a0thought disorder, paranoid ideation, transient\u00a0psychosis,\u00a0and often unconventional beliefs. People with this disorder feel extreme discomfort with maintaining close relationships with people and avoid forming them, mainly because the subject thinks their peers harbor negative thoughts towards them.\u00a0The historical roots of schizotypal personality disorder (STPD) are the non-psychotic personality syndromes within the spectrum of schizophrenia, meaning that its presentation is similar to schizophrenia, but without delusions or hallucinations\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3849\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"592\"]<img class=\"wp-image-3849\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5351\/2020\/09\/28190700\/Signs_of_StPD_1-1-1024x576.png\" alt=\"signs of schizotypal personality disorder: difficulty making friends, serious social anxiety, social awkwardness, vague, odd speech, eccentric clothing, magical beliefs, paranoia, odd percetions, odd emotions, and ideas of reference.\" width=\"592\" height=\"333\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Common characteristics of\u00a0schizotypal personality disorder.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nIn the DSM-5, schizotypal personality disorder (STPD) is defined as a \"pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior, beginning by early adulthood\" (APA, 2010).<sup id=\"cite_ref-DSM_5_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\r\n\r\nAt least five of the following symptoms must be present:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>ideas of reference<\/li>\r\n \t<li>strange beliefs or\u00a0magical thinking\u00a0that influences behavior and is inconsistent with subcultural norms (e.g., superstitious beliefs; belief in clairvoyance, telepathy, or \u201csixth sense\u201d; or bizarre fantasies or preoccupations)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>abnormal perceptual experiences, including bodily illusions<\/li>\r\n \t<li>strange thinking and speech (e.g., vague, circumstantial, metaphorical, overelaborate, or stereotyped)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>suspiciousness or\u00a0paranoid ideation<\/li>\r\n \t<li>inappropriate or constricted affect<\/li>\r\n \t<li>strange behavior or appearance<\/li>\r\n \t<li>lack of close friends<\/li>\r\n \t<li>excessive social anxiety that does not diminish with familiarity and tends to be associated with paranoid fears rather than negative judgments about self<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThese symptoms must not occur only during the course of a disorder with similar symptoms (such as schizophrenia or\u00a0autism spectrum\u00a0disorder).\r\n<h3>Comorbidity<\/h3>\r\nThere is a high rate of\u00a0comorbidity\u00a0with other personality disorders. McGlashan et al. (2000) stated that this high rate may be due to overlapping criteria with other personality disorders, such as\u00a0avoidant personality disorder,\u00a0paranoid personality disorder,\u00a0and\u00a0borderline personality disorder.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Schizotypal, Schizoid, or Paranoid?<\/h3>\r\nThere are many similarities between schizotypal and\u00a0schizoid\u00a0personalities. Most notable of the similarities is the inability to initiate or maintain relationships (both friendly and romantic). The difference between the two seems to be that those labeled as schizotypal avoid social interaction because of a deep-seated fear of people. The schizoid individuals simply feel no desire to form relationships because they see no point in sharing their time with others.\r\n\r\nSchizotypal personality disorder also differs from paranoid personality disorder in that the main feature of paranoid personality disorder is mistrust or suspicion of others, while schizotypal personality disorder (STPD) is associated with eccentric and socially dysfunctional ways.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Etiology<\/h2>\r\nSchizotypal personality disorder is widely understood to have a genetic connection with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder, mood disorders, and depression. Rates of schizotypal personality disorder are much higher in relatives of individuals with schizophrenia than in the relatives of people with other mental illnesses.\r\n\r\nThere is evidence to suggest that\u00a0parenting styles, early separation, trauma\/maltreatment history (especially early childhood neglect) can lead to the development of schizotypal traits.\r\n<h3>Epidemiology<\/h3>\r\nThe reported prevalence of schizotypal personality disorder in community studies ranges from 0.6% in a\u00a0Norwegian\u00a0sample to 4.6% in an\u00a0American\u00a0sample.\u00a0A large American study found a lifetime prevalence of 3.9%, with somewhat higher rates among men (4.2%) than women (3.7%).\r\n<h2>Treatment<\/h2>\r\nSchizotypal personality disorder is rarely seen as the primary reason for treatment in a clinical setting, but it often occurs as a comorbid finding with other mental disorders. When patients with STPD are prescribed pharmaceuticals, they are most often prescribed the same antipsychotic drugs used to treat patients suffering from\u00a0schizophrenia.\r\n\r\nAccording to\u00a0Theodore Millon, schizotypal personality disorder is one of the easiest personality disorders to identify but one of the most difficult to treat with psychotherapy. Persons with STPD usually consider themselves to be simply eccentric, productive, or nonconformist. As a rule, they underestimate the maladaptiveness of their social isolation and perceptual distortions. It is not so easy to gain rapport with people who suffer from STPD due to the fact that increasing familiarity and intimacy usually increase their level of anxiety and discomfort.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Case StUdy: Schizotypal Personality Disorder<\/h3>\r\nA 37-year-old, unemployed man named Tyrel complained of recurrent irrational thoughts, compulsive behavior, and social isolation. Since childhood, he had always been eccentric, withdrawn, and without real friends. He anxiously feared close relationships and was preoccupied with reading stories about Dracula.\u00a0He didn\u2019t share his inner thoughts or feeling with anybody, including his parents. He never graduated high school, but maintained worked in factories, often at night. Some years earlier he started doubting if his work was accurate enough. Although he recognized these thoughts as irrational, he started spending a lot of time controlling his work over and over again. Soon these compulsive controls took so much time that he could not finish his work, and started fearing that people could notice his behavior.\u00a0He started drinking alcohol to control his increasing anxiety. He adopted different peculiar strategies, which ended in new vicious circles of obsessive symptoms and suspicion.\r\n\r\nTyrel is diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), alcohol abuse, and schizotypal personality disorder (STPD). He had long-lasting personality difficulties like suspicion, along with odd behavior, and social anxiety prior to the OCD symptoms. STPD is rarely seen as the primary reason for treatment in a clinical setting, but often occurs as a comorbid finding with other mental disorders.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nWatch this video to learn more details surrounding schizotypal personality disorder.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jBu5M0gXGos\r\n\r\nYou can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Abnormal+Psychology\/transcripts\/SchizotypalPersonalityDisorderMentalHealth_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \"Schizotypal personality disorder | Mental health | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Key Takeaways:\u00a0schizotypal personality disorder<\/h3>\r\n<iframe title=\"53.\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1291235929263150978\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"435\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/88cd2886-a83f-4542-ae94-5754083e4137\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong>schizotypal personality disorder:<\/strong>\u00a0characterized by behavior that is\u00a0often described as odd or eccentric; those with SPD usually have few, if any, close relationships\r\n\r\n<strong>schizophrenia spectrum:<\/strong>\u00a0schizoid personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, and\u00a0paranoid personality disorder\u00a0can be considered schizophrenia-like personality disorders because of their links to the schizophrenia spectrum\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the characteristics and diagnosis of schizotypal personality disorder<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>We have learned about paranoid personality disorder and schizoid personality disorder, now let&#8217;s take a look at another Cluster A disorder: <strong>schizotypal personality disorder<\/strong>. Persons with schizotypal personality disorder usually have few, if any, close relationships and exhibit eccentric behaviors.<\/p>\n<table summary=\"A table provides basic descriptions of the DSM-5 personality disorders and their associated clusters. Cluster A includes Paranoid (harbors a pervasive and unjustifiable suspiciousness and mistrust of others; reluctant to confide in or become close to others; reads hidden demeaning or threatening meaning into benign remarks or events; takes offense easily and bears grudges; not due to schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders), Schizoid (lacks interest and desire to form relationships with others; aloof and shows emotional coldness and detachment; indifferent to approval or criticism of others; lacks close friends or confidants; not due to schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders, not an autism spectrum disorder), and Schizotypal (exhibits eccentricities in thought, perception, emotion, speech, and behavior; shows suspiciousness or paranoia; has unusual perceptual experiences; speech is often idiosyncratic; displays inappropriate emotions; lacks friends or confidants; not due to schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder, or to autism spectrum disorder). Cluster B includes Antisocial (continuously violates the rights of others; history of antisocial tendencies prior to age 15; often lies, fights, and has problems with the law; impulsive and fails to think ahead; can be deceitful and manipulative in order to gain profit or pleasure; irresponsible and often fails to hold down a job or pay financial debts; lacks feelings for others and remorse over misdeeds), Histrionic (excessively overdramatic, emotional, and theatrical; feels uncomfortable when not the center of others\u2019 attention; behavior is often inappropriately seductive or provocative; speech is highly emotional but often vague and diffuse; emotions are shallow and often shift rapidly; may alienate friends with demands for constant attention), Narcissistic (overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance and preoccupied with fantasies of success; believes he is entitled to special treatment from others; shows arrogant attitudes and behaviors; takes advantage of others; lacks empathy), and Borderline (unstable in self-image, mood, and behavior; cannot tolerate being alone and experiences chronic feelings of emptiness; unstable and intense relationships with others; behavior is impulsive, unpredictable, and sometimes self-damaging; shows inappropriate and intense anger; makes suicidal gestures). Cluster C includes Avoidant (socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation; avoids occupations that involve interpersonal contact because of fears of criticism or rejection; avoids relationships with others unless guaranteed to be accepted unconditionally; feels inadequate and views self as socially inept and unappealing; unwilling to take risks or engage in new activities if they may prove embarrassing), Dependent (allows others to take over and run her life; is submissive, clingy, and fears separation; cannot make decisions without advice and reassurance from others; lacks self-confidence; cannot do things on her own; feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone), and Obsessive-Compulsive (pervasive need for perfectionism that interferes with the ability to complete tasks; preoccupied with details, rules, order, and schedules; excessively devoted to work at the expense of leisure and friendships; rigid, inflexible, and stubborn; insists things be done his way; miserly with money).\">\n<caption>Table 1. DSM-5 Personality Disorders<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"height: 39px;\">\n<th style=\"height: 39px; width: 69.6181px;\" scope=\"col\">DSM-5 Personality Disorder<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 39px; width: 721.84px;\" scope=\"col\">Description<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 39px; width: 45.1736px;\" scope=\"col\">Cluster<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 39px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 69.6181px;\">Paranoid<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 721.84px;\">harbors a pervasive and unjustifiable suspiciousness and mistrust of others; reluctant to confide in or become close to others; reads hidden, demeaning, or threatening meaning into benign remarks or events; takes offense easily and bears grudges; not due to schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 45.1736px;\">A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 39px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 69.6181px;\">Schizoid<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 721.84px;\">lacks interest and desire to form relationships with others; aloof and shows emotional coldness and detachment; indifferent to approval or criticism of others; lacks close friends or confidants; not due to schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders, not an autism spectrum disorder<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 45.1736px;\">A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 39px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 69.6181px;\"><strong>Schizotypal<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 721.84px;\">exhibits eccentricities in thought, perception, emotion, speech, and behavior; shows suspiciousness or paranoia; has unusual perceptual experiences; speech is often idiosyncratic; displays inappropriate emotions; lacks friends or confidants; not due to schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder, or to autism spectrum disorder<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 45.1736px;\">A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Schizotypal Personality Disorder<\/h2>\n<p>Schizotypal personality disorder is characterized by severe\u00a0social anxiety,\u00a0thought disorder, paranoid ideation, transient\u00a0psychosis,\u00a0and often unconventional beliefs. People with this disorder feel extreme discomfort with maintaining close relationships with people and avoid forming them, mainly because the subject thinks their peers harbor negative thoughts towards them.\u00a0The historical roots of schizotypal personality disorder (STPD) are the non-psychotic personality syndromes within the spectrum of schizophrenia, meaning that its presentation is similar to schizophrenia, but without delusions or hallucinations<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_3849\" style=\"width: 602px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3849\" class=\"wp-image-3849\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5351\/2020\/09\/28190700\/Signs_of_StPD_1-1-1024x576.png\" alt=\"signs of schizotypal personality disorder: difficulty making friends, serious social anxiety, social awkwardness, vague, odd speech, eccentric clothing, magical beliefs, paranoia, odd percetions, odd emotions, and ideas of reference.\" width=\"592\" height=\"333\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-3849\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Common characteristics of\u00a0schizotypal personality disorder.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>In the DSM-5, schizotypal personality disorder (STPD) is defined as a &#8220;pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior, beginning by early adulthood&#8221; (APA, 2010).<sup id=\"cite_ref-DSM_5_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>At least five of the following symptoms must be present:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ideas of reference<\/li>\n<li>strange beliefs or\u00a0magical thinking\u00a0that influences behavior and is inconsistent with subcultural norms (e.g., superstitious beliefs; belief in clairvoyance, telepathy, or \u201csixth sense\u201d; or bizarre fantasies or preoccupations)<\/li>\n<li>abnormal perceptual experiences, including bodily illusions<\/li>\n<li>strange thinking and speech (e.g., vague, circumstantial, metaphorical, overelaborate, or stereotyped)<\/li>\n<li>suspiciousness or\u00a0paranoid ideation<\/li>\n<li>inappropriate or constricted affect<\/li>\n<li>strange behavior or appearance<\/li>\n<li>lack of close friends<\/li>\n<li>excessive social anxiety that does not diminish with familiarity and tends to be associated with paranoid fears rather than negative judgments about self<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These symptoms must not occur only during the course of a disorder with similar symptoms (such as schizophrenia or\u00a0autism spectrum\u00a0disorder).<\/p>\n<h3>Comorbidity<\/h3>\n<p>There is a high rate of\u00a0comorbidity\u00a0with other personality disorders. McGlashan et al. (2000) stated that this high rate may be due to overlapping criteria with other personality disorders, such as\u00a0avoidant personality disorder,\u00a0paranoid personality disorder,\u00a0and\u00a0borderline personality disorder.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Schizotypal, Schizoid, or Paranoid?<\/h3>\n<p>There are many similarities between schizotypal and\u00a0schizoid\u00a0personalities. Most notable of the similarities is the inability to initiate or maintain relationships (both friendly and romantic). The difference between the two seems to be that those labeled as schizotypal avoid social interaction because of a deep-seated fear of people. The schizoid individuals simply feel no desire to form relationships because they see no point in sharing their time with others.<\/p>\n<p>Schizotypal personality disorder also differs from paranoid personality disorder in that the main feature of paranoid personality disorder is mistrust or suspicion of others, while schizotypal personality disorder (STPD) is associated with eccentric and socially dysfunctional ways.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Etiology<\/h2>\n<p>Schizotypal personality disorder is widely understood to have a genetic connection with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder, mood disorders, and depression. Rates of schizotypal personality disorder are much higher in relatives of individuals with schizophrenia than in the relatives of people with other mental illnesses.<\/p>\n<p>There is evidence to suggest that\u00a0parenting styles, early separation, trauma\/maltreatment history (especially early childhood neglect) can lead to the development of schizotypal traits.<\/p>\n<h3>Epidemiology<\/h3>\n<p>The reported prevalence of schizotypal personality disorder in community studies ranges from 0.6% in a\u00a0Norwegian\u00a0sample to 4.6% in an\u00a0American\u00a0sample.\u00a0A large American study found a lifetime prevalence of 3.9%, with somewhat higher rates among men (4.2%) than women (3.7%).<\/p>\n<h2>Treatment<\/h2>\n<p>Schizotypal personality disorder is rarely seen as the primary reason for treatment in a clinical setting, but it often occurs as a comorbid finding with other mental disorders. When patients with STPD are prescribed pharmaceuticals, they are most often prescribed the same antipsychotic drugs used to treat patients suffering from\u00a0schizophrenia.<\/p>\n<p>According to\u00a0Theodore Millon, schizotypal personality disorder is one of the easiest personality disorders to identify but one of the most difficult to treat with psychotherapy. Persons with STPD usually consider themselves to be simply eccentric, productive, or nonconformist. As a rule, they underestimate the maladaptiveness of their social isolation and perceptual distortions. It is not so easy to gain rapport with people who suffer from STPD due to the fact that increasing familiarity and intimacy usually increase their level of anxiety and discomfort.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Case StUdy: Schizotypal Personality Disorder<\/h3>\n<p>A 37-year-old, unemployed man named Tyrel complained of recurrent irrational thoughts, compulsive behavior, and social isolation. Since childhood, he had always been eccentric, withdrawn, and without real friends. He anxiously feared close relationships and was preoccupied with reading stories about Dracula.\u00a0He didn\u2019t share his inner thoughts or feeling with anybody, including his parents. He never graduated high school, but maintained worked in factories, often at night. Some years earlier he started doubting if his work was accurate enough. Although he recognized these thoughts as irrational, he started spending a lot of time controlling his work over and over again. Soon these compulsive controls took so much time that he could not finish his work, and started fearing that people could notice his behavior.\u00a0He started drinking alcohol to control his increasing anxiety. He adopted different peculiar strategies, which ended in new vicious circles of obsessive symptoms and suspicion.<\/p>\n<p>Tyrel is diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), alcohol abuse, and schizotypal personality disorder (STPD). He had long-lasting personality difficulties like suspicion, along with odd behavior, and social anxiety prior to the OCD symptoms. STPD is rarely seen as the primary reason for treatment in a clinical setting, but often occurs as a comorbid finding with other mental disorders.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>Watch this video to learn more details surrounding schizotypal personality disorder.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Schizotypal personality disorder | Mental health | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/jBu5M0gXGos?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Abnormal+Psychology\/transcripts\/SchizotypalPersonalityDisorderMentalHealth_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for &#8220;Schizotypal personality disorder | Mental health | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Takeaways:\u00a0schizotypal personality disorder<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"53.\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1291235929263150978\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"435\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_88cd2886-a83f-4542-ae94-5754083e4137\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/88cd2886-a83f-4542-ae94-5754083e4137?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_88cd2886-a83f-4542-ae94-5754083e4137\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>schizotypal personality disorder:<\/strong>\u00a0characterized by behavior that is\u00a0often described as odd or eccentric; those with SPD usually have few, if any, close relationships<\/p>\n<p><strong>schizophrenia spectrum:<\/strong>\u00a0schizoid personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, and\u00a0paranoid personality disorder\u00a0can be considered schizophrenia-like personality disorders because of their links to the schizophrenia spectrum<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1708\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Julie Manley for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Personality disorder. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Personality_disorder\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Personality_disorder<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Signs of schizotypal personality disorder. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: MissLunaRose12. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Signs_of_StPD_1.png\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Signs_of_StPD_1.png<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Schizotypal personality disorder | Mental health | NCLEX-RN | . <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Khan Academy. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jBu5M0gXGos&#038;feature=emb_logo\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jBu5M0gXGos&#038;feature=emb_logo<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Personality 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