{"id":1728,"date":"2020-09-09T16:43:19","date_gmt":"2020-09-09T16:43:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/abnormalpsych\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1728"},"modified":"2022-07-26T20:07:03","modified_gmt":"2022-07-26T20:07:03","slug":"dependent-personality-disorder","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/chapter\/dependent-personality-disorder\/","title":{"raw":"Dependent Personality Disorder","rendered":"Dependent Personality Disorder"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Describe the characteristics and diagnosis of dependent personality disorder<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Dependent Personality Disorder<\/h2>\r\nDependent personality disorder\u00a0(DPD) is a cluster C personality disorder characterized by a pervasive psychological dependence on other people.\r\n<table style=\"height: 117px;\" summary=\"A table provides basic descriptions of the DSM-5 personality disorders and their associated clusters. Cluster A includes Paranoid (harbors a pervasive and unjustifiable suspiciousness and mistrust of others; reluctant to confide in or become close to others; reads hidden demeaning or threatening meaning into benign remarks or events; takes offense easily and bears grudges; not due to schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders), Schizoid (lacks interest and desire to form relationships with others; aloof and shows emotional coldness and detachment; indifferent to approval or criticism of others; lacks close friends or confidants; not due to schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders, not an autism spectrum disorder), and Schizotypal (exhibits eccentricities in thought, perception, emotion, speech, and behavior; shows suspiciousness or paranoia; has unusual perceptual experiences; speech is often idiosyncratic; displays inappropriate emotions; lacks friends or confidants; not due to schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder, or to autism spectrum disorder). Cluster B includes Antisocial (continuously violates the rights of others; history of antisocial tendencies prior to age 15; often lies, fights, and has problems with the law; impulsive and fails to think ahead; can be deceitful and manipulative in order to gain profit or pleasure; irresponsible and often fails to hold down a job or pay financial debts; lacks feelings for others and remorse over misdeeds), Histrionic (excessively overdramatic, emotional, and theatrical; feels uncomfortable when not the center of others\u2019 attention; behavior is often inappropriately seductive or provocative; speech is highly emotional but often vague and diffuse; emotions are shallow and often shift rapidly; may alienate friends with demands for constant attention), Narcissistic (overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance and preoccupied with fantasies of success; believes he is entitled to special treatment from others; shows arrogant attitudes and behaviors; takes advantage of others; lacks empathy), and Borderline (unstable in self-image, mood, and behavior; cannot tolerate being alone and experiences chronic feelings of emptiness; unstable and intense relationships with others; behavior is impulsive, unpredictable, and sometimes self-damaging; shows inappropriate and intense anger; makes suicidal gestures). Cluster C includes Avoidant (socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation; avoids occupations that involve interpersonal contact because of fears of criticism or rejection; avoids relationships with others unless guaranteed to be accepted unconditionally; feels inadequate and views self as socially inept and unappealing; unwilling to take risks or engage in new activities if they may prove embarrassing), Dependent (allows others to take over and run her life; is submissive, clingy, and fears separation; cannot make decisions without advice and reassurance from others; lacks self-confidence; cannot do things on her own; feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone), and Obsessive-Compulsive (pervasive need for perfectionism that interferes with the ability to complete tasks; preoccupied with details, rules, order, and schedules; excessively devoted to work at the expense of leisure and friendships; rigid, inflexible, and stubborn; insists things be done his way; miserly with money).\"><caption>Table 1. DSM-5 Personality Disorders<\/caption>\r\n<thead><\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 52px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 52px; width: 68.5px;\">Avoidant<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 52px; width: 627.5px;\">socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation; avoids occupations that involve interpersonal contact because of fears of criticism or rejection; avoids relationships with others unless guaranteed to be accepted unconditionally; feels inadequate and views self as socially inept and unappealing; unwilling to take risks or engage in new activities if they may prove embarrassing<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 52px; width: 39.5px;\">C<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 26px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 26px; width: 68.5px;\"><strong>Dependent<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 26px; width: 627.5px;\">allows others to take over and run their life; is submissive, clingy, and fears separation; cannot make decisions without advice and reassurance from others; lacks self-confidence; cannot do things on their own; feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 26px; width: 39.5px;\">C<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 39px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 68.5px;\">Obsessive-Compulsive<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 627.5px;\">pervasive need for perfectionism that interferes with the ability to complete tasks; preoccupied with details, rules, order, and schedules; excessively devoted to work at the expense of leisure and friendships; rigid, inflexible, and stubborn; insists things be done a certain way; miserly with money<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 39.5px;\">C<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<b>Dependent personality disorder<\/b>\u00a0<strong>(DPD)<\/strong> is\u00a0a long-term condition<sup id=\"cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\u00a0in which people depend on others to meet their emotional and physical needs, with only a minority achieving normal levels of independence. Dependent personality disorder (DPD) is characterized by excessive fear and anxiety. Dependent personality disorder (DPD) begins by early adulthood, is present in a variety of contexts, and is associated with inadequate functioning. Symptoms can include anything from extreme passivity, devastation, or helplessness when relationships end; avoidance of responsibilities; and severe submission.\r\n\r\nPeople who have dependent personality disorder are overdependent on other people when it comes to making decisions. They cannot make a decision on their own as they need constant approval from other people. Consequently, individuals diagnosed with DPD tend to place the needs and opinions of others above their own as they do not have the confidence to trust their decisions. This kind of behavior can explain why people with DPD tend to show passive and clingy behavior. These individuals display a fear of separation and cannot stand being alone. When alone, they experience feelings of isolation and loneliness due to their overwhelming dependence on other people.\r\n<h2>DSM-5 Criteria<\/h2>\r\nDSM-5 refers to dependent personality disorder as a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, which leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation. This behavior begins by early adulthood and can be present in a variety of contexts.<sup id=\"cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\r\n\r\nAccording to the DSM-5, the disorder is indicated by at least five of the following factors:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:06_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>has difficulty making everyday decisions without an excessive amount of advice and reassurance from others.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>needs others to assume responsibility for most major areas of their life.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>has difficulty expressing disagreement with others because of fear of loss of support or approval.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>has difficulty initiating projects or doing things on their own (because of a lack of self-confidence in judgment or abilities rather than a lack of motivation or energy).\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4361\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-4361 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5351\/2020\/09\/14011348\/friendship-5616035_1920-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"The backs of two people side-hugging at a viewpoint.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> People with DPD can be clingy and may constantly need the approval of others.[\/caption]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>goes to excessive lengths to obtain nurturance and support from others, to the point of volunteering to do things that are unpleasant.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone because of exaggerated fears of being unable to care for themselves.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>urgently seeks another relationship as a source of care and support when a close relationship ends.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>is unrealistically preoccupied with fears of being left to take care of themselves.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3>Differential Diagnosis<\/h3>\r\nThere are similarities between individuals with dependent personality disorder and individuals with\u00a0borderline personality disorder in that they both have a\u00a0fear of abandonment. Those with dependent personality disorder do not exhibit impulsive behavior, unstable\u00a0affect, and poor self-image experienced by those with borderline personality disorder.\r\n\r\nThe following conditions are commonly comorbid with dependent personality disorder:<sup id=\"cite_ref-mentalhealth_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>mood disorders<\/li>\r\n \t<li>anxiety disorders<\/li>\r\n \t<li>adjustment disorder<\/li>\r\n \t<li>borderline personality disorder<\/li>\r\n \t<li>avoidant personality disorder<\/li>\r\n \t<li>histrionic personality disorder<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Epidemiology<\/h3>\r\nBased on a survey of 43,093 Americans, 0.49% of adults meet diagnostic criteria for DPD (National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC; Grant et al., 2004).\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-17\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>Traits related to DPD, like most personality disorders, emerge in childhood or early adulthood. DPD is more common among women compared to men as 0.6% of women have DPD compared to 0.4% of men.\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-Practitioner's_Guide_to_Evidence-Ba_3-1\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>A 2004\u00a0twin study\u00a0suggests a\u00a0heritability\u00a0of 0.81 for developing dependent personality disorder. Because of this, there is significant evidence that this disorder runs in families.\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-Coolidge,_4-1\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>Children and adolescents with a history of\u00a0anxiety disorders\u00a0and physical illnesses are more susceptible to acquiring this disorder.\r\n<h3>Etiology<\/h3>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4363\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"172\"]<img class=\"wp-image-4363\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5351\/2020\/09\/14012128\/parent-929940_1280-200x300.jpg\" alt=\"A mother with her son sitting on her lap.\" width=\"172\" height=\"259\" \/> <strong>Figure 2.<\/strong> Overprotective parenting behavior is a risk factor for DPD.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe exact cause of dependent personality disorder is unknown.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Sed2009_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\u00a0A study in 2012 estimated that between 55% and 72% of the risk of the condition is inherited from one's parents.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGjerdeCzajkowskiR\u00f8ysamb\u00d8rstavik2012_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\u00a0The difference between a dependent personality and a dependent personality disorder is somewhat subjective, which makes diagnosis sensitive to\u00a0cultural influences\u00a0such as\u00a0gender role\u00a0expectations.\u00a0There is a higher frequency of the disorder seen in women than men.\r\n\r\nDependent traits in children tended to increase with parenting behaviors and attitudes characterized by overprotectiveness and authoritarianism.\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-:02_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>Traumatic or adverse experiences early in an individual's life, such as neglect and abuse or serious illness, can increase the likelihood of developing\u00a0personality disorders, including dependent personality disorder, later on in life. This likelihood is especially prevalent for those individuals who also experience high interpersonal stress and poor social support.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:02_7-1\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\r\n<h3>Treatment<\/h3>\r\nPeople who have DPD are generally treated with psychotherapy. The main goal of this therapy is to make the individual more independent and help them form healthy relationships with the people around them. This is done by improving their self-esteem and confidence.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Dependent_Personality_Disorder_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\r\n\r\nMedication can be used to treat patients who suffer from depression or anxiety because of their DPD, but this does not treat the core problems caused by DPD.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Key Takeaways:\u00a0Dependent personality disorder<\/h3>\r\n<iframe title=\"58. Dependent personality disorder\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1291236019883697468\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"379\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Case Study:\u00a0DEPENDENT PERSONALITY DISORDER<\/h3>\r\nThis case study looks at the patient of a 27-year-old, white female named Sally. She works as an administrative assistant whose work required extensive\u00a0data entry. Sally's mother used her network to get this stable job for her daughter. Sally is consumed with pleasing her mother and even asks for her mother's advice on what to wear to the office each day. Sally consistently worries about pleasing others and her colleagues at work,\u00a0even at the expense to herself, which leads to the diagnosis of dependent personality disorder. The degree to which her self-destructive passivity and compliance at work stemmed from her early experiences within the family are unclear, but her parents\u2019 overprotectiveness likely played some role in the etiology of her personality pathology.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch IT<\/h3>\r\nThis video describes the diagnostic criteria and treatment options for dependent personality disorder.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=5576416&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=-088JO3j7WQ&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-7zcujl2n--088JO3j7WQ\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nYou can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Abnormal+Psychology\/transcripts\/WhatIsDependentPersonalityDisorder_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \"What is Dependent Personality Disorder?\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/9456ac90-ddee-4d74-93f2-939059e77dba\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong>dependent personality disorder (DPD):<\/strong>\u00a0a personality disorder characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, leading to a lack of independent action\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Describe the characteristics and diagnosis of dependent personality disorder<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Dependent Personality Disorder<\/h2>\n<p>Dependent personality disorder\u00a0(DPD) is a cluster C personality disorder characterized by a pervasive psychological dependence on other people.<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 117px;\" summary=\"A table provides basic descriptions of the DSM-5 personality disorders and their associated clusters. Cluster A includes Paranoid (harbors a pervasive and unjustifiable suspiciousness and mistrust of others; reluctant to confide in or become close to others; reads hidden demeaning or threatening meaning into benign remarks or events; takes offense easily and bears grudges; not due to schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders), Schizoid (lacks interest and desire to form relationships with others; aloof and shows emotional coldness and detachment; indifferent to approval or criticism of others; lacks close friends or confidants; not due to schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders, not an autism spectrum disorder), and Schizotypal (exhibits eccentricities in thought, perception, emotion, speech, and behavior; shows suspiciousness or paranoia; has unusual perceptual experiences; speech is often idiosyncratic; displays inappropriate emotions; lacks friends or confidants; not due to schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder, or to autism spectrum disorder). Cluster B includes Antisocial (continuously violates the rights of others; history of antisocial tendencies prior to age 15; often lies, fights, and has problems with the law; impulsive and fails to think ahead; can be deceitful and manipulative in order to gain profit or pleasure; irresponsible and often fails to hold down a job or pay financial debts; lacks feelings for others and remorse over misdeeds), Histrionic (excessively overdramatic, emotional, and theatrical; feels uncomfortable when not the center of others\u2019 attention; behavior is often inappropriately seductive or provocative; speech is highly emotional but often vague and diffuse; emotions are shallow and often shift rapidly; may alienate friends with demands for constant attention), Narcissistic (overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance and preoccupied with fantasies of success; believes he is entitled to special treatment from others; shows arrogant attitudes and behaviors; takes advantage of others; lacks empathy), and Borderline (unstable in self-image, mood, and behavior; cannot tolerate being alone and experiences chronic feelings of emptiness; unstable and intense relationships with others; behavior is impulsive, unpredictable, and sometimes self-damaging; shows inappropriate and intense anger; makes suicidal gestures). Cluster C includes Avoidant (socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation; avoids occupations that involve interpersonal contact because of fears of criticism or rejection; avoids relationships with others unless guaranteed to be accepted unconditionally; feels inadequate and views self as socially inept and unappealing; unwilling to take risks or engage in new activities if they may prove embarrassing), Dependent (allows others to take over and run her life; is submissive, clingy, and fears separation; cannot make decisions without advice and reassurance from others; lacks self-confidence; cannot do things on her own; feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone), and Obsessive-Compulsive (pervasive need for perfectionism that interferes with the ability to complete tasks; preoccupied with details, rules, order, and schedules; excessively devoted to work at the expense of leisure and friendships; rigid, inflexible, and stubborn; insists things be done his way; miserly with money).\">\n<caption>Table 1. DSM-5 Personality Disorders<\/caption>\n<thead><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 52px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 52px; width: 68.5px;\">Avoidant<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 52px; width: 627.5px;\">socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation; avoids occupations that involve interpersonal contact because of fears of criticism or rejection; avoids relationships with others unless guaranteed to be accepted unconditionally; feels inadequate and views self as socially inept and unappealing; unwilling to take risks or engage in new activities if they may prove embarrassing<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 52px; width: 39.5px;\">C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 26px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 26px; width: 68.5px;\"><strong>Dependent<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 26px; width: 627.5px;\">allows others to take over and run their life; is submissive, clingy, and fears separation; cannot make decisions without advice and reassurance from others; lacks self-confidence; cannot do things on their own; feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 26px; width: 39.5px;\">C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 39px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 68.5px;\">Obsessive-Compulsive<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 627.5px;\">pervasive need for perfectionism that interferes with the ability to complete tasks; preoccupied with details, rules, order, and schedules; excessively devoted to work at the expense of leisure and friendships; rigid, inflexible, and stubborn; insists things be done a certain way; miserly with money<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 39.5px;\">C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><b>Dependent personality disorder<\/b>\u00a0<strong>(DPD)<\/strong> is\u00a0a long-term condition<sup id=\"cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\u00a0in which people depend on others to meet their emotional and physical needs, with only a minority achieving normal levels of independence. Dependent personality disorder (DPD) is characterized by excessive fear and anxiety. Dependent personality disorder (DPD) begins by early adulthood, is present in a variety of contexts, and is associated with inadequate functioning. Symptoms can include anything from extreme passivity, devastation, or helplessness when relationships end; avoidance of responsibilities; and severe submission.<\/p>\n<p>People who have dependent personality disorder are overdependent on other people when it comes to making decisions. They cannot make a decision on their own as they need constant approval from other people. Consequently, individuals diagnosed with DPD tend to place the needs and opinions of others above their own as they do not have the confidence to trust their decisions. This kind of behavior can explain why people with DPD tend to show passive and clingy behavior. These individuals display a fear of separation and cannot stand being alone. When alone, they experience feelings of isolation and loneliness due to their overwhelming dependence on other people.<\/p>\n<h2>DSM-5 Criteria<\/h2>\n<p>DSM-5 refers to dependent personality disorder as a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, which leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation. This behavior begins by early adulthood and can be present in a variety of contexts.<sup id=\"cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>According to the DSM-5, the disorder is indicated by at least five of the following factors:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:06_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>has difficulty making everyday decisions without an excessive amount of advice and reassurance from others.<\/li>\n<li>needs others to assume responsibility for most major areas of their life.<\/li>\n<li>has difficulty expressing disagreement with others because of fear of loss of support or approval.<\/li>\n<li>has difficulty initiating projects or doing things on their own (because of a lack of self-confidence in judgment or abilities rather than a lack of motivation or energy).\n<div id=\"attachment_4361\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4361\" class=\"wp-image-4361 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5351\/2020\/09\/14011348\/friendship-5616035_1920-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"The backs of two people side-hugging at a viewpoint.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-4361\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> People with DPD can be clingy and may constantly need the approval of others.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>goes to excessive lengths to obtain nurturance and support from others, to the point of volunteering to do things that are unpleasant.<\/li>\n<li>feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone because of exaggerated fears of being unable to care for themselves.<\/li>\n<li>urgently seeks another relationship as a source of care and support when a close relationship ends.<\/li>\n<li>is unrealistically preoccupied with fears of being left to take care of themselves.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Differential Diagnosis<\/h3>\n<p>There are similarities between individuals with dependent personality disorder and individuals with\u00a0borderline personality disorder in that they both have a\u00a0fear of abandonment. Those with dependent personality disorder do not exhibit impulsive behavior, unstable\u00a0affect, and poor self-image experienced by those with borderline personality disorder.<\/p>\n<p>The following conditions are commonly comorbid with dependent personality disorder:<sup id=\"cite_ref-mentalhealth_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>mood disorders<\/li>\n<li>anxiety disorders<\/li>\n<li>adjustment disorder<\/li>\n<li>borderline personality disorder<\/li>\n<li>avoidant personality disorder<\/li>\n<li>histrionic personality disorder<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Epidemiology<\/h3>\n<p>Based on a survey of 43,093 Americans, 0.49% of adults meet diagnostic criteria for DPD (National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC; Grant et al., 2004).\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-17\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>Traits related to DPD, like most personality disorders, emerge in childhood or early adulthood. DPD is more common among women compared to men as 0.6% of women have DPD compared to 0.4% of men.\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-Practitioner's_Guide_to_Evidence-Ba_3-1\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>A 2004\u00a0twin study\u00a0suggests a\u00a0heritability\u00a0of 0.81 for developing dependent personality disorder. Because of this, there is significant evidence that this disorder runs in families.\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-Coolidge,_4-1\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>Children and adolescents with a history of\u00a0anxiety disorders\u00a0and physical illnesses are more susceptible to acquiring this disorder.<\/p>\n<h3>Etiology<\/h3>\n<div id=\"attachment_4363\" style=\"width: 182px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4363\" class=\"wp-image-4363\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5351\/2020\/09\/14012128\/parent-929940_1280-200x300.jpg\" alt=\"A mother with her son sitting on her lap.\" width=\"172\" height=\"259\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-4363\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2.<\/strong> Overprotective parenting behavior is a risk factor for DPD.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The exact cause of dependent personality disorder is unknown.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Sed2009_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\u00a0A study in 2012 estimated that between 55% and 72% of the risk of the condition is inherited from one&#8217;s parents.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGjerdeCzajkowskiR\u00f8ysamb\u00d8rstavik2012_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\u00a0The difference between a dependent personality and a dependent personality disorder is somewhat subjective, which makes diagnosis sensitive to\u00a0cultural influences\u00a0such as\u00a0gender role\u00a0expectations.\u00a0There is a higher frequency of the disorder seen in women than men.<\/p>\n<p>Dependent traits in children tended to increase with parenting behaviors and attitudes characterized by overprotectiveness and authoritarianism.\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-:02_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>Traumatic or adverse experiences early in an individual&#8217;s life, such as neglect and abuse or serious illness, can increase the likelihood of developing\u00a0personality disorders, including dependent personality disorder, later on in life. This likelihood is especially prevalent for those individuals who also experience high interpersonal stress and poor social support.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:02_7-1\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3>Treatment<\/h3>\n<p>People who have DPD are generally treated with psychotherapy. The main goal of this therapy is to make the individual more independent and help them form healthy relationships with the people around them. This is done by improving their self-esteem and confidence.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Dependent_Personality_Disorder_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Medication can be used to treat patients who suffer from depression or anxiety because of their DPD, but this does not treat the core problems caused by DPD.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Takeaways:\u00a0Dependent personality disorder<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"58. Dependent personality disorder\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1291236019883697468\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"379\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Case Study:\u00a0DEPENDENT PERSONALITY DISORDER<\/h3>\n<p>This case study looks at the patient of a 27-year-old, white female named Sally. She works as an administrative assistant whose work required extensive\u00a0data entry. Sally&#8217;s mother used her network to get this stable job for her daughter. Sally is consumed with pleasing her mother and even asks for her mother&#8217;s advice on what to wear to the office each day. Sally consistently worries about pleasing others and her colleagues at work,\u00a0even at the expense to herself, which leads to the diagnosis of dependent personality disorder. The degree to which her self-destructive passivity and compliance at work stemmed from her early experiences within the family are unclear, but her parents\u2019 overprotectiveness likely played some role in the etiology of her personality pathology.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch IT<\/h3>\n<p>This video describes the diagnostic criteria and treatment options for dependent personality disorder.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=5576416&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=-088JO3j7WQ&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-7zcujl2n--088JO3j7WQ\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Abnormal+Psychology\/transcripts\/WhatIsDependentPersonalityDisorder_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for &#8220;What is Dependent Personality Disorder?&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_9456ac90-ddee-4d74-93f2-939059e77dba\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/9456ac90-ddee-4d74-93f2-939059e77dba?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_9456ac90-ddee-4d74-93f2-939059e77dba\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>dependent personality disorder (DPD):<\/strong>\u00a0a personality disorder characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, leading to a lack of independent action<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1728\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Julie Manley for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Textbook of Psychiatry. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikibooks. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/Textbook_of_Psychiatry\/Print_version#Avoidant_Personality_Disorder\">https:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/Textbook_of_Psychiatry\/Print_version#Avoidant_Personality_Disorder<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Dependent Personality Disorder. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dependent_personality_disorder\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dependent_personality_disorder<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Friends. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Luisella Planeta Leoni. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/friendship-hug-girls-love-5616035\/\">https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/friendship-hug-girls-love-5616035\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Pixabay License<\/li><li>Mother and son. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.needpix.com\/photo\/download\/445280\/parent-parents-the-son-of-the-relationship-of-the-momma-love-pleasure-happiness-people\">https:\/\/www.needpix.com\/photo\/download\/445280\/parent-parents-the-son-of-the-relationship-of-the-momma-love-pleasure-happiness-people<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>What is Dependent Personality Disorder?. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: About Medicine. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-088JO3j7WQ&#038;feature=emb_logo\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-088JO3j7WQ&#038;feature=emb_logo<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":14,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Textbook of Psychiatry\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikibooks\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/Textbook_of_Psychiatry\/Print_version#Avoidant_Personality_Disorder\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Dependent Personality Disorder\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dependent_personality_disorder\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"Julie Manley for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen 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