{"id":1730,"date":"2020-09-09T16:55:11","date_gmt":"2020-09-09T16:55:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/abnormalpsych\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1730"},"modified":"2022-07-26T20:07:04","modified_gmt":"2022-07-26T20:07:04","slug":"obsessive-compulsive-personality-disorder","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/chapter\/obsessive-compulsive-personality-disorder\/","title":{"raw":"Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder","rendered":"Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe the characteristics and diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nNow we will explore the final cluster C personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). OCPD is different from the previously covered obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).\r\n<table style=\"width: 741px;\" summary=\"A table provides basic descriptions of the DSM-5 personality disorders and their associated clusters. Cluster A includes Paranoid (harbors a pervasive and unjustifiable suspiciousness and mistrust of others; reluctant to confide in or become close to others; reads hidden demeaning or threatening meaning into benign remarks or events; takes offense easily and bears grudges; not due to schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders), Schizoid (lacks interest and desire to form relationships with others; aloof and shows emotional coldness and detachment; indifferent to approval or criticism of others; lacks close friends or confidants; not due to schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders, not an autism spectrum disorder), and Schizotypal (exhibits eccentricities in thought, perception, emotion, speech, and behavior; shows suspiciousness or paranoia; has unusual perceptual experiences; speech is often idiosyncratic; displays inappropriate emotions; lacks friends or confidants; not due to schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder, or to autism spectrum disorder). Cluster B includes Antisocial (continuously violates the rights of others; history of antisocial tendencies prior to age 15; often lies, fights, and has problems with the law; impulsive and fails to think ahead; can be deceitful and manipulative in order to gain profit or pleasure; irresponsible and often fails to hold down a job or pay financial debts; lacks feelings for others and remorse over misdeeds), Histrionic (excessively overdramatic, emotional, and theatrical; feels uncomfortable when not the center of others\u2019 attention; behavior is often inappropriately seductive or provocative; speech is highly emotional but often vague and diffuse; emotions are shallow and often shift rapidly; may alienate friends with demands for constant attention), Narcissistic (overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance and preoccupied with fantasies of success; believes he is entitled to special treatment from others; shows arrogant attitudes and behaviors; takes advantage of others; lacks empathy), and Borderline (unstable in self-image, mood, and behavior; cannot tolerate being alone and experiences chronic feelings of emptiness; unstable and intense relationships with others; behavior is impulsive, unpredictable, and sometimes self-damaging; shows inappropriate and intense anger; makes suicidal gestures). Cluster C includes Avoidant (socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation; avoids occupations that involve interpersonal contact because of fears of criticism or rejection; avoids relationships with others unless guaranteed to be accepted unconditionally; feels inadequate and views self as socially inept and unappealing; unwilling to take risks or engage in new activities if they may prove embarrassing), Dependent (allows others to take over and run her life; is submissive, clingy, and fears separation; cannot make decisions without advice and reassurance from others; lacks self-confidence; cannot do things on her own; feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone), and Obsessive-Compulsive (pervasive need for perfectionism that interferes with the ability to complete tasks; preoccupied with details, rules, order, and schedules; excessively devoted to work at the expense of leisure and friendships; rigid, inflexible, and stubborn; insists things be done his way; miserly with money).\"><caption>Table 1. DSM-5 Personality Disorders<\/caption>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 52px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 52px; width: 69px;\">Avoidant<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 52px; width: 627px;\">socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation; avoids occupations that involve interpersonal contact because of fears of criticism or rejection; avoids relationships with others unless guaranteed to be accepted unconditionally; feels inadequate and views self as socially inept and unappealing; unwilling to take risks or engage in new activities if they may prove embarrassing<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 52px; width: 45px;\">C<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 26px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 26px; width: 69px;\">Dependent<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 26px; width: 627px;\">allows others to take over and run their life; is submissive, clingy, and fears separation; cannot make decisions without advice and reassurance from others; lacks self-confidence; cannot do things on their own; feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 26px; width: 45px;\">C<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 39px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 69px;\"><strong>Obsessive-Compulsive<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 627px;\">pervasive need for perfectionism that interferes with the ability to complete tasks; preoccupied with details, rules, order, and schedules; excessively devoted to work at the expense of leisure and friendships; rigid, inflexible, and stubborn; insists things be done a certain way; miserly with money<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 45px;\">C<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2>Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4365\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"205\"]<img class=\"wp-image-4365\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5351\/2020\/09\/14012620\/checklist-1622517_1920-300x300.png\" alt=\"A graphic of a checklist on a clipboard.\" width=\"205\" height=\"205\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> People with OCPD may obsess over lists and rules.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<b>Obsessive\u2013compulsive personality disorder<\/b>\u00a0(OCPD) is a Cluster C personality disorder\u00a0marked by an excessive need for orderliness, neatness, and\u00a0perfectionism.\u00a0Symptoms\u00a0are usually present by the time a person reaches adulthood, and are visible in a variety of situations.\r\n\r\nObsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is marked by an excessive obsession with rules, lists, schedules, and order; a need for\u00a0perfectionism\u00a0that interferes with\u00a0efficiency\u00a0and the ability to complete tasks; a devotion to\u00a0productivity\u00a0that hinders\u00a0interpersonal relationships\u00a0and leisure time; rigidity and zealousness on matters of\u00a0morality and ethics; and an inability to delegate responsibilities or work to others.\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">People with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) tend to be obsessed with controlling their environments; to satisfy this need for control, they become preoccupied with trivial details, lists, procedures, rules, and schedules.<\/span>\r\n\r\nIndividuals with OCPD are at one extreme of the conscientiousness continuum. While conscientiousness is a desirable trait generally, its extreme presentation for those with OCPD leads to interpersonal problems. OCPD individuals present as over-controlled and this characteristic extends to the relationships they have with other people. Individuals with OCPD are referential to authority and rules. OCPD individuals may therefore punish those who violate their strict standards. The inability to accept differences in beliefs or behaviors from others often leads to high conflict and controlling relationships with coworkers, spouses, and children.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Hertler_2014_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 1.15em; font-weight: 600; background-color: initial;\">Differential Diagnosis<\/span><\/h3>\r\nThere are several\u00a0mental disorders\u00a0in the\u00a0DSM-5\u00a0that are listed as differential diagnoses for OCPD. They are as follows:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><b>obsessive-compulsive disorder.<\/b>\u00a0OCD and OCPD may have a similar name wh,ich may cause confusion; however, OCD can be easily distinguished from OCPD by the absence of true\u00a0obsessions\u00a0or\u00a0compulsions.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>hoarding disorder.<\/b>\u00a0A diagnosis of hoarding disorder is only considered when the hoarding behavior exhibited is causing severe impairment in the functioning of the person, such as an inability to access rooms in a house due to excessive hoarding.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>narcissistic personality disorder (NPD).<\/b>\u00a0Individuals with narcissistic personality disorder may believe that they are perfect and that no one else can be as perfect or right as them; however, people with narcissistic personality disorder usually believe that they have achieved perfection and cannot get better, whereas those with OCPD do not believe that they have achieved perfection and are self-critical. Those with NPD tend to be stingy and lack generosity; however, they are usually generous when spending on themselves, unlike those with OCPD who hoard money and are miserly towards themselves and others.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>antisocial personality disorder.<\/b>\u00a0Similarly, individuals with anti personality disorder are not generous and miserly around others, although they usually over-indulge themselves and are sometimes reckless in spending.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>schizoid personality disorder.<\/b>\u00a0Schizoid personality disorder and OCPD may both display restricted affectivity and coldness; however, in OCPD, this is usually due to a controlling attitude, whereas in SPD, it occurs due to a lack of ability to experience emotion and display affection.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4367\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-4367 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5351\/2020\/09\/14015424\/Perfectionism_-_Measuring_Grass_Blade2-_Original_Size-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"A person measuring and cutting blades of grass to be the same size.\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" \/> <strong>Figure 2.\u00a0<\/strong>While obsessive-compulsive personality traits can sometimes be useful, they are usually excessive and can be damaging to ones life and relationships.[\/caption]<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>Other personality traits.<\/b>\u00a0Obsessive-compulsive personality traits may be particularly useful and helpful, especially in productive environments. Only when these traits become extreme, maladaptive, and cause clinically significant impairment in several aspects of one's life should a diagnosis of OCPD be considered.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>personality change due to another medical condition.<\/b>\u00a0OCPD must be differentiated from a personality change due to a medical condition, which affects the central nervous system, and may cause changes in behavior and traits.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>substance use disorders.<\/b>\u00a0Substance use may cause the advent of obsessive-compulsive traits. It is necessary that this is distinguished from underlying and persistent behavior, which must occur when a person is not under influence of a substance.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Etiology<\/h2>\r\nThe cause of OCPD is thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors, namely problems with\u00a0attachment.\u00a0The cause of OCPD is thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is clear evidence to support the theory that OCPD is genetically inherited; however, the relevance and impact of genetic factors varies with studies placing it somewhere between 27% and 78%.[footnote]Diedrich A, Voderholzer U (February 2015). \"Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: a current review\". <em>Current Psychiatry Reports<\/em>. 17 (2): 2. doi:10.1007\/s11920-014-0547-8. PMID 25617042. S2CID 20999600.[\/footnote] Too few studies have dealt with the specific gene involved in the disorder's heritability, and more research is required to ascertain the exact genes.\r\n\r\nOther studies have found links between attachment theory and the development of OCPD. According to this hypothesis, those with OCPD have never developed a secure attachment style, had overbearing parents, were shown little care, and were unable to develop empathetically and emotionally.\r\n<h2>Epidemiology<\/h2>\r\nEstimates for the\u00a0prevalence\u00a0of OCPD in the general population range from 3%-8%, making it the most common personality disorder.\u00a0Some studies show no gender differences, but others show OCPD more prevalent among men.\r\n\r\nA diagnosis of OCPD is common with\u00a0anxiety disorders,\u00a0substance use disorders, and\u00a0mood disorders.\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-Diedrich2015_4-9\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>OCPD is also highly comorbid with\u00a0Cluster A\u00a0personality disorders, especially\u00a0paranoid\u00a0and\u00a0schizotypal\u00a0personality disorders.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Diedrich2015_4-11\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\u00a0OCPD has also been linked to a higher relapse in those who are treated for\u00a0major depressive disorder,\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_29-0\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>and a higher risk of suicidal behavior. OCPD is also linked to\u00a0hypochondriasis, with some studies estimating a rate of co-occurrence as high as 55.7%.\u00a0In people with\u00a0eating disorders, 13% also have OCPD.\r\n<h2>Treatment<\/h2>\r\nTreatment involves\u00a0psychotherapy, such as CBT, and sometimes\u00a0antidepressants.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder is Not Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder<\/h3>\r\nOCPD is often confused with\u00a0OCD. Despite the similar names, they are two distinct disorders. Some OCPD individuals do have OCD, and the two can be found in the same family,\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-Samuels_2000_6-1\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>sometimes along with eating disorders.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Halmi_2_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\u00a0People with OCPD do not generally feel the need to repeatedly perform\u00a0ritualistic\u00a0actions\u2014a common symptom of OCD\u2014and usually find pleasure in perfecting a task whereas people with OCD are often more distressed after their actions.\r\n\r\nPeople with OCPD tend to be obsessed with controlling their environments; to satisfy this need for control, they become preoccupied with trivial details, lists, procedures, rules, and schedules.\u00a0Symptoms\u00a0are usually present by the time a person reaches adulthood, and are visible in a variety of situations.\r\n\r\nBoth disorders may share outside similarities; rigid and ritual-like behaviors, for example. Attitudes toward these behaviors differ between people affected with either of the disorders: for people with OCD, these behaviors are\u00a0unwanted and involuntary, being the product of anxiety-inducing and involuntary thoughts. On the other hand, for people with OCPD,\u00a0the person perceives them as rational and wanted, being the result of, for example, strong adherence to routines, a desire for control, or a need for perfection. OCPD is highly comorbid with other\u00a0personality disorders,\u00a0Asperger's syndrome,\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-Gillberg&amp;Billstedt2000_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Hofvander2009_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>eating disorders,\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>anxiety,\u00a0mood disorders, and\u00a0substance use disorders.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Diedrich2015_4-2\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\r\n\r\nObsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is marked by an excessive obsession with rules, lists, schedules, and order; a need for\u00a0perfectionism\u00a0that interferes with\u00a0efficiency\u00a0and the ability to complete tasks; a devotion to\u00a0productivity\u00a0that hinders\u00a0interpersonal relationships\u00a0and leisure time; rigidity and zealousness on matters of\u00a0morality and ethics; and an inability to delegate responsibilities or work to others.\r\n\r\nThis video explains the differences between OCD and OCPD:\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=5576417&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=k3GOryluPVc&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-nfl72b4h-k3GOryluPVc\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nYou can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Abnormal+Psychology\/transcripts\/WhatIsTheDifferenceBetweenOCDandOCPD_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \"What is the difference between OCD and OCPD?\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Case STUDY: OCPD<\/h3>\r\nMark is a 42-year-old, single male who lives with his parents. He has been unemployed for some time because he has had difficulty maintaining employment. Most recently, he was not able to meet production demands at his factory job because he got consumed with making each package perfect before moving on to the next package. One weekend, when his family planned to visit the grandparents, Mark started packing on Wednesday afternoon but did not finish the packing until Saturday, when it was too late to go. Mark's employment and personal relationships are impacted by his rigidity and extreme attention to detail. Mark was diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.\r\n\r\n<del><\/del>In therapy, Mark was very punctual in treatment and never missed a session; he talked freely and in great detail. The initial part of therapy mainly dealt with family relationships. When the time came to leave the sessions, he would often continue talking and delaying even when the therapist was standing at the door.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Key Takeaways:\u00a0Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder<\/h3>\r\n<iframe title=\"59.\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1291236025742538468\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"687\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/b083cd33-7b16-4729-b4b3-af1ace001b44\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>obsessive-compulsive personality disorder:<\/strong>\u00a0characterized by\u00a0a\u00a0preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and rigidity in behaviors and relationships<\/p>\r\n<strong>obsessive-compulsive disorder:<\/strong>\u00a0a pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the characteristics and diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Now we will explore the final cluster C personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). OCPD is different from the previously covered obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 741px;\" summary=\"A table provides basic descriptions of the DSM-5 personality disorders and their associated clusters. Cluster A includes Paranoid (harbors a pervasive and unjustifiable suspiciousness and mistrust of others; reluctant to confide in or become close to others; reads hidden demeaning or threatening meaning into benign remarks or events; takes offense easily and bears grudges; not due to schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders), Schizoid (lacks interest and desire to form relationships with others; aloof and shows emotional coldness and detachment; indifferent to approval or criticism of others; lacks close friends or confidants; not due to schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders, not an autism spectrum disorder), and Schizotypal (exhibits eccentricities in thought, perception, emotion, speech, and behavior; shows suspiciousness or paranoia; has unusual perceptual experiences; speech is often idiosyncratic; displays inappropriate emotions; lacks friends or confidants; not due to schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder, or to autism spectrum disorder). Cluster B includes Antisocial (continuously violates the rights of others; history of antisocial tendencies prior to age 15; often lies, fights, and has problems with the law; impulsive and fails to think ahead; can be deceitful and manipulative in order to gain profit or pleasure; irresponsible and often fails to hold down a job or pay financial debts; lacks feelings for others and remorse over misdeeds), Histrionic (excessively overdramatic, emotional, and theatrical; feels uncomfortable when not the center of others\u2019 attention; behavior is often inappropriately seductive or provocative; speech is highly emotional but often vague and diffuse; emotions are shallow and often shift rapidly; may alienate friends with demands for constant attention), Narcissistic (overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance and preoccupied with fantasies of success; believes he is entitled to special treatment from others; shows arrogant attitudes and behaviors; takes advantage of others; lacks empathy), and Borderline (unstable in self-image, mood, and behavior; cannot tolerate being alone and experiences chronic feelings of emptiness; unstable and intense relationships with others; behavior is impulsive, unpredictable, and sometimes self-damaging; shows inappropriate and intense anger; makes suicidal gestures). Cluster C includes Avoidant (socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation; avoids occupations that involve interpersonal contact because of fears of criticism or rejection; avoids relationships with others unless guaranteed to be accepted unconditionally; feels inadequate and views self as socially inept and unappealing; unwilling to take risks or engage in new activities if they may prove embarrassing), Dependent (allows others to take over and run her life; is submissive, clingy, and fears separation; cannot make decisions without advice and reassurance from others; lacks self-confidence; cannot do things on her own; feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone), and Obsessive-Compulsive (pervasive need for perfectionism that interferes with the ability to complete tasks; preoccupied with details, rules, order, and schedules; excessively devoted to work at the expense of leisure and friendships; rigid, inflexible, and stubborn; insists things be done his way; miserly with money).\">\n<caption>Table 1. DSM-5 Personality Disorders<\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 52px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 52px; width: 69px;\">Avoidant<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 52px; width: 627px;\">socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation; avoids occupations that involve interpersonal contact because of fears of criticism or rejection; avoids relationships with others unless guaranteed to be accepted unconditionally; feels inadequate and views self as socially inept and unappealing; unwilling to take risks or engage in new activities if they may prove embarrassing<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 52px; width: 45px;\">C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 26px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 26px; width: 69px;\">Dependent<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 26px; width: 627px;\">allows others to take over and run their life; is submissive, clingy, and fears separation; cannot make decisions without advice and reassurance from others; lacks self-confidence; cannot do things on their own; feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 26px; width: 45px;\">C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 39px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 69px;\"><strong>Obsessive-Compulsive<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 627px;\">pervasive need for perfectionism that interferes with the ability to complete tasks; preoccupied with details, rules, order, and schedules; excessively devoted to work at the expense of leisure and friendships; rigid, inflexible, and stubborn; insists things be done a certain way; miserly with money<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 39px; width: 45px;\">C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder<\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_4365\" style=\"width: 215px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4365\" class=\"wp-image-4365\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5351\/2020\/09\/14012620\/checklist-1622517_1920-300x300.png\" alt=\"A graphic of a checklist on a clipboard.\" width=\"205\" height=\"205\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-4365\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> People with OCPD may obsess over lists and rules.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><b>Obsessive\u2013compulsive personality disorder<\/b>\u00a0(OCPD) is a Cluster C personality disorder\u00a0marked by an excessive need for orderliness, neatness, and\u00a0perfectionism.\u00a0Symptoms\u00a0are usually present by the time a person reaches adulthood, and are visible in a variety of situations.<\/p>\n<p>Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is marked by an excessive obsession with rules, lists, schedules, and order; a need for\u00a0perfectionism\u00a0that interferes with\u00a0efficiency\u00a0and the ability to complete tasks; a devotion to\u00a0productivity\u00a0that hinders\u00a0interpersonal relationships\u00a0and leisure time; rigidity and zealousness on matters of\u00a0morality and ethics; and an inability to delegate responsibilities or work to others.\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">People with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) tend to be obsessed with controlling their environments; to satisfy this need for control, they become preoccupied with trivial details, lists, procedures, rules, and schedules.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Individuals with OCPD are at one extreme of the conscientiousness continuum. While conscientiousness is a desirable trait generally, its extreme presentation for those with OCPD leads to interpersonal problems. OCPD individuals present as over-controlled and this characteristic extends to the relationships they have with other people. Individuals with OCPD are referential to authority and rules. OCPD individuals may therefore punish those who violate their strict standards. The inability to accept differences in beliefs or behaviors from others often leads to high conflict and controlling relationships with coworkers, spouses, and children.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Hertler_2014_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 1.15em; font-weight: 600; background-color: initial;\">Differential Diagnosis<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>There are several\u00a0mental disorders\u00a0in the\u00a0DSM-5\u00a0that are listed as differential diagnoses for OCPD. They are as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>obsessive-compulsive disorder.<\/b>\u00a0OCD and OCPD may have a similar name wh,ich may cause confusion; however, OCD can be easily distinguished from OCPD by the absence of true\u00a0obsessions\u00a0or\u00a0compulsions.<\/li>\n<li><b>hoarding disorder.<\/b>\u00a0A diagnosis of hoarding disorder is only considered when the hoarding behavior exhibited is causing severe impairment in the functioning of the person, such as an inability to access rooms in a house due to excessive hoarding.<\/li>\n<li><b>narcissistic personality disorder (NPD).<\/b>\u00a0Individuals with narcissistic personality disorder may believe that they are perfect and that no one else can be as perfect or right as them; however, people with narcissistic personality disorder usually believe that they have achieved perfection and cannot get better, whereas those with OCPD do not believe that they have achieved perfection and are self-critical. Those with NPD tend to be stingy and lack generosity; however, they are usually generous when spending on themselves, unlike those with OCPD who hoard money and are miserly towards themselves and others.<\/li>\n<li><b>antisocial personality disorder.<\/b>\u00a0Similarly, individuals with anti personality disorder are not generous and miserly around others, although they usually over-indulge themselves and are sometimes reckless in spending.<\/li>\n<li><b>schizoid personality disorder.<\/b>\u00a0Schizoid personality disorder and OCPD may both display restricted affectivity and coldness; however, in OCPD, this is usually due to a controlling attitude, whereas in SPD, it occurs due to a lack of ability to experience emotion and display affection.\n<div id=\"attachment_4367\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4367\" class=\"wp-image-4367 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5351\/2020\/09\/14015424\/Perfectionism_-_Measuring_Grass_Blade2-_Original_Size-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"A person measuring and cutting blades of grass to be the same size.\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-4367\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2.\u00a0<\/strong>While obsessive-compulsive personality traits can sometimes be useful, they are usually excessive and can be damaging to ones life and relationships.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Other personality traits.<\/b>\u00a0Obsessive-compulsive personality traits may be particularly useful and helpful, especially in productive environments. Only when these traits become extreme, maladaptive, and cause clinically significant impairment in several aspects of one&#8217;s life should a diagnosis of OCPD be considered.<\/li>\n<li><b>personality change due to another medical condition.<\/b>\u00a0OCPD must be differentiated from a personality change due to a medical condition, which affects the central nervous system, and may cause changes in behavior and traits.<\/li>\n<li><b>substance use disorders.<\/b>\u00a0Substance use may cause the advent of obsessive-compulsive traits. It is necessary that this is distinguished from underlying and persistent behavior, which must occur when a person is not under influence of a substance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Etiology<\/h2>\n<p>The cause of OCPD is thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors, namely problems with\u00a0attachment.\u00a0The cause of OCPD is thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is clear evidence to support the theory that OCPD is genetically inherited; however, the relevance and impact of genetic factors varies with studies placing it somewhere between 27% and 78%.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Diedrich A, Voderholzer U (February 2015). &quot;Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: a current review&quot;. Current Psychiatry Reports. 17 (2): 2. doi:10.1007\/s11920-014-0547-8. PMID 25617042. S2CID 20999600.\" id=\"return-footnote-1730-1\" href=\"#footnote-1730-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a> Too few studies have dealt with the specific gene involved in the disorder&#8217;s heritability, and more research is required to ascertain the exact genes.<\/p>\n<p>Other studies have found links between attachment theory and the development of OCPD. According to this hypothesis, those with OCPD have never developed a secure attachment style, had overbearing parents, were shown little care, and were unable to develop empathetically and emotionally.<\/p>\n<h2>Epidemiology<\/h2>\n<p>Estimates for the\u00a0prevalence\u00a0of OCPD in the general population range from 3%-8%, making it the most common personality disorder.\u00a0Some studies show no gender differences, but others show OCPD more prevalent among men.<\/p>\n<p>A diagnosis of OCPD is common with\u00a0anxiety disorders,\u00a0substance use disorders, and\u00a0mood disorders.\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-Diedrich2015_4-9\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>OCPD is also highly comorbid with\u00a0Cluster A\u00a0personality disorders, especially\u00a0paranoid\u00a0and\u00a0schizotypal\u00a0personality disorders.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Diedrich2015_4-11\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\u00a0OCPD has also been linked to a higher relapse in those who are treated for\u00a0major depressive disorder,\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_29-0\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>and a higher risk of suicidal behavior. OCPD is also linked to\u00a0hypochondriasis, with some studies estimating a rate of co-occurrence as high as 55.7%.\u00a0In people with\u00a0eating disorders, 13% also have OCPD.<\/p>\n<h2>Treatment<\/h2>\n<p>Treatment involves\u00a0psychotherapy, such as CBT, and sometimes\u00a0antidepressants.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder is Not Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder<\/h3>\n<p>OCPD is often confused with\u00a0OCD. Despite the similar names, they are two distinct disorders. Some OCPD individuals do have OCD, and the two can be found in the same family,\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-Samuels_2000_6-1\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>sometimes along with eating disorders.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Halmi_2_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\u00a0People with OCPD do not generally feel the need to repeatedly perform\u00a0ritualistic\u00a0actions\u2014a common symptom of OCD\u2014and usually find pleasure in perfecting a task whereas people with OCD are often more distressed after their actions.<\/p>\n<p>People with OCPD tend to be obsessed with controlling their environments; to satisfy this need for control, they become preoccupied with trivial details, lists, procedures, rules, and schedules.\u00a0Symptoms\u00a0are usually present by the time a person reaches adulthood, and are visible in a variety of situations.<\/p>\n<p>Both disorders may share outside similarities; rigid and ritual-like behaviors, for example. Attitudes toward these behaviors differ between people affected with either of the disorders: for people with OCD, these behaviors are\u00a0unwanted and involuntary, being the product of anxiety-inducing and involuntary thoughts. On the other hand, for people with OCPD,\u00a0the person perceives them as rational and wanted, being the result of, for example, strong adherence to routines, a desire for control, or a need for perfection. OCPD is highly comorbid with other\u00a0personality disorders,\u00a0Asperger&#8217;s syndrome,\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-Gillberg&amp;Billstedt2000_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Hofvander2009_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>eating disorders,\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>anxiety,\u00a0mood disorders, and\u00a0substance use disorders.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Diedrich2015_4-2\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is marked by an excessive obsession with rules, lists, schedules, and order; a need for\u00a0perfectionism\u00a0that interferes with\u00a0efficiency\u00a0and the ability to complete tasks; a devotion to\u00a0productivity\u00a0that hinders\u00a0interpersonal relationships\u00a0and leisure time; rigidity and zealousness on matters of\u00a0morality and ethics; and an inability to delegate responsibilities or work to others.<\/p>\n<p>This video explains the differences between OCD and OCPD:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=5576417&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=k3GOryluPVc&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-nfl72b4h-k3GOryluPVc\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Abnormal+Psychology\/transcripts\/WhatIsTheDifferenceBetweenOCDandOCPD_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for &#8220;What is the difference between OCD and OCPD?&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Case STUDY: OCPD<\/h3>\n<p>Mark is a 42-year-old, single male who lives with his parents. He has been unemployed for some time because he has had difficulty maintaining employment. Most recently, he was not able to meet production demands at his factory job because he got consumed with making each package perfect before moving on to the next package. One weekend, when his family planned to visit the grandparents, Mark started packing on Wednesday afternoon but did not finish the packing until Saturday, when it was too late to go. Mark&#8217;s employment and personal relationships are impacted by his rigidity and extreme attention to detail. Mark was diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.<\/p>\n<p><del><\/del>In therapy, Mark was very punctual in treatment and never missed a session; he talked freely and in great detail. The initial part of therapy mainly dealt with family relationships. When the time came to leave the sessions, he would often continue talking and delaying even when the therapist was standing at the door.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Takeaways:\u00a0Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"59.\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1291236025742538468\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"687\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_b083cd33-7b16-4729-b4b3-af1ace001b44\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/b083cd33-7b16-4729-b4b3-af1ace001b44?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_b083cd33-7b16-4729-b4b3-af1ace001b44\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>obsessive-compulsive personality disorder:<\/strong>\u00a0characterized by\u00a0a\u00a0preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and rigidity in behaviors and relationships<\/p>\n<p><strong>obsessive-compulsive disorder:<\/strong>\u00a0a pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1730\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Julie Manley for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Textbook of Psychiatry. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikibooks. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/Textbook_of_Psychiatry\/Print_version#Avoidant_Personality_Disorder\">https:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/Textbook_of_Psychiatry\/Print_version#Avoidant_Personality_Disorder<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_personality_disorder\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_personality_disorder<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Checklist. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Shahid Abdullah. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/illustrations\/checklist-clipboard-questionnaire-1622517\/\">https:\/\/pixabay.com\/illustrations\/checklist-clipboard-questionnaire-1622517\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Pixabay<\/li><li>Measuring grass. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Lyn Lomasi. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Perfectionism_-_Measuring_Grass_Blade2-_Original_Size.jpg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Perfectionism_-_Measuring_Grass_Blade2-_Original_Size.jpg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>What is the difference between OCD and OCPD?. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: zencare. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=k3GOryluPVc&#038;feature=emb_logo\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=k3GOryluPVc&#038;feature=emb_logo<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-1730-1\">Diedrich A, Voderholzer U (February 2015). \"Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: a current review\". <em>Current Psychiatry Reports<\/em>. 17 (2): 2. doi:10.1007\/s11920-014-0547-8. PMID 25617042. S2CID 20999600. <a href=\"#return-footnote-1730-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":15,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Textbook of Psychiatry\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikibooks\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/Textbook_of_Psychiatry\/Print_version#Avoidant_Personality_Disorder\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"What is the difference between OCD and OCPD?\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"zencare\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=k3GOryluPVc&feature=emb_logo\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_personality_disorder\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"Julie Manley for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Checklist\",\"author\":\"Shahid Abdullah\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/illustrations\/checklist-clipboard-questionnaire-1622517\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Pixabay\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Measuring grass\",\"author\":\"Lyn Lomasi\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Perfectionism_-_Measuring_Grass_Blade2-_Original_Size.jpg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc0\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"19fb5043-6cd5-424e-9b0b-13f0120ae9cd, f660956a-a214-44e1-b979-9f45a0eff1ab","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1730","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":154,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1730","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/29"}],"version-history":[{"count":29,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1730\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7579,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1730\/revisions\/7579"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/154"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1730\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1730"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1730"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1730"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1730"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}