{"id":451,"date":"2020-07-27T21:11:21","date_gmt":"2020-07-27T21:11:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/abnormalpsych\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=451"},"modified":"2022-07-26T20:06:02","modified_gmt":"2022-07-26T20:06:02","slug":"conversion-disorder-and-other-somatic-symptom-disorders","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/chapter\/conversion-disorder-and-other-somatic-symptom-disorders\/","title":{"raw":"Conversion Disorder and Other Somatic Symptom Disorders","rendered":"Conversion Disorder and Other Somatic Symptom Disorders"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe conversion disorder<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe factitious disorder and factitious disorder imposed on another<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder (Conversion Disorder)<\/h2>\r\n<strong>Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder, <\/strong>also known as<strong>\u00a0Conversion Disorder,<\/strong>\u00a0is a type of somatic disorder that\u00a0is sometimes applied to patients who present with neurological symptoms, such as numbness, blindness, paralysis, or fits, which are not consistent with a well-established organic cause. The symptoms cause significant distress and can be traced back to a psychological trigger. It is thought that these symptoms arise in response to stressful situations affecting a patient's mental health or an ongoing mental health condition such as depression.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2589\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-2589 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5351\/2020\/07\/29022528\/despair-513529_1920-300x204.jpg\" alt=\"Older man covering his face with one hand, looking upset.\" width=\"300\" height=\"204\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Functional neurological symptom disorder (conversion disorder) occurs when physical symptoms result from psychological triggers.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nFunctional neurological symptom disorder (conversion disorder)\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">begins with some stressor, trauma, or psychological distress. Usually, the physical symptoms of the syndrome affect the senses or movement. Common symptoms of functional neurological symptom disorder (conversion disorder) include blindness, partial or total paralysis, inability to speak, deafness, numbness, difficulty swallowing, incontinence, balance problems, seizures, tremors, and difficulty walking. These symptoms are attributed to functional neurological symptom disorder when a medical explanation for the afflictions cannot be found. Symptoms of functional neurological symptom disorder usually occur suddenly. Functional neurological symptom disorder (conversion disorder) is typically seen in individuals aged 10 to 35 and affects between 0.011% and 0.5% of the general population.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">Functional neurological symptom disorder (conversion disorder)<\/span> can present with motor or sensory symptoms including any of the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>motor symptoms or deficits:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>impaired coordination or balance<\/li>\r\n \t<li>weakness\/paralysis of a limb or the entire body (hysterical paralysis or motor conversion disorders)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>impairment or loss of speech (hysterical aphonia)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) or a sensation of a lump in the throat<\/li>\r\n \t<li>urinary retention<\/li>\r\n \t<li>psychogenic non-epileptic seizures or convulsions<\/li>\r\n \t<li>persistent dystonia<\/li>\r\n \t<li>tremor, myoclonus or other movement disorders<\/li>\r\n \t<li>gait problems (astasia-abasia)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>loss of consciousness (fainting)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>sensory symptoms or deficits:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>impaired vision (hysterical blindness), double vision<\/li>\r\n \t<li>impaired hearing (deafness)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>loss or disturbance of touch or pain sensation<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>key Takeaways:\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">functional neurological symptom disorder (conversion disorder)<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<iframe title=\"20. Conversion Disorder\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1291226007270181068\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"598\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Factitious Disorder<\/h2>\r\nA <strong>factitious disorder (FD)<\/strong> is a condition in which a person, without a malingering motive, acts as if they have an illness by deliberately producing, feigning, or exaggerating symptoms purely to attain (for themselves or for another) a patient's role. Individuals with a factitious disorder may produce symptoms by contaminating urine samples, taking hallucinogens, injecting fecal material to produce abscesses, and similar behavior.\r\n\r\n<strong>Factitious disorder imposed on self<\/strong> (also called Munchausen syndrome) was for some time the umbrella term for all such disorders. <strong>Factitious disorder imposed on another<\/strong> (also called Munchausen syndrome by proxy, Munchausen by proxy, or factitious disorder by proxy) is a condition in which a person deliberately produces, feigns, or exaggerates the symptoms of someone in their care. In either case, the perpetrator's motive is to perpetrate factitious disorders, either as a patient or by proxy as a caregiver, in order to attain (for themselves or for another) a patient's role. Malingering differs fundamentally from factitious disorders in that the malingerer simulates illness intending to obtain a material benefit or avoid an obligation or responsibility. Somatic symptom disorders, though also diagnoses of exclusion, are characterized by physical complaints that are not produced intentionally.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rollingstone.com\/culture\/culture-lists\/beyond-gypsy-blancharde-when-mothers-harm-their-kids-for-attention-250206\/lisa-hayden-johnson-250336\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">This article highlights some famous cases of Munchausen by proxy<\/a> in the news.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nThis video provides an overview of the diagnostic criteria and treatment methods for factitious disorder.\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/719a0kAzeo4[\/embed]\r\n\r\nYou can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Abnormal+Psychology\/transcripts\/FactitiousDisorderMunchausenSyndromeCauses_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \"Factitious disorder (Munchausen syndrome) - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Key Takeaways: Factitious disorder<\/h3>\r\n<iframe title=\"21. Factitious Disorder\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1291226011470064348\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"758\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script>\r\n\r\n[footnote]Jaghab, K., Skodnek, K. B., &amp; Padder, T. A. (2006). Munchausen's Syndrome and Other Factitious Disorders in Children: Case Series and Literature Review. <em>Psychiatry<\/em> (Edgmont (Pa. : Township)), 3(3), 46\u201355.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/38982d8b-4cdf-46ed-abf5-80c83a652a0d\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">functional neurological symptom disorder (conversion disorder)<\/span>:\u00a0<\/strong>a type of somatic disorder that\u00a0is sometimes applied to patients who present with neurological symptoms which are not otherwise explained by a well-established organic cause, and often can be traced back to a psychological trigger\r\n\r\n<strong>factitious disorder (FD):<\/strong>\u00a0a condition in which a person, without a malingering motive, acts as if they have an illness by deliberately producing, feigning, or exaggerating symptoms, purely to attain (for themselves or for another) a patient's role; presents in two ways: factitious disorder imposed on self occurs when someone feigns illness so\u00a0<em>they<\/em> experience being the patient, or by others (factitious disorder imposed on another)\r\n\r\n<strong>factitious disorder imposed on another:<\/strong>\u00a0also known as\u00a0Munchausen by proxy, this is a condition in which a person deliberately produces, feigns, or exaggerates the symptoms of someone in their care\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe conversion disorder<\/li>\n<li>Describe factitious disorder and factitious disorder imposed on another<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder (Conversion Disorder)<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder, <\/strong>also known as<strong>\u00a0Conversion Disorder,<\/strong>\u00a0is a type of somatic disorder that\u00a0is sometimes applied to patients who present with neurological symptoms, such as numbness, blindness, paralysis, or fits, which are not consistent with a well-established organic cause. The symptoms cause significant distress and can be traced back to a psychological trigger. It is thought that these symptoms arise in response to stressful situations affecting a patient&#8217;s mental health or an ongoing mental health condition such as depression.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2589\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2589\" class=\"wp-image-2589 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5351\/2020\/07\/29022528\/despair-513529_1920-300x204.jpg\" alt=\"Older man covering his face with one hand, looking upset.\" width=\"300\" height=\"204\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2589\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Functional neurological symptom disorder (conversion disorder) occurs when physical symptoms result from psychological triggers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Functional neurological symptom disorder (conversion disorder)\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">begins with some stressor, trauma, or psychological distress. Usually, the physical symptoms of the syndrome affect the senses or movement. Common symptoms of functional neurological symptom disorder (conversion disorder) include blindness, partial or total paralysis, inability to speak, deafness, numbness, difficulty swallowing, incontinence, balance problems, seizures, tremors, and difficulty walking. These symptoms are attributed to functional neurological symptom disorder when a medical explanation for the afflictions cannot be found. Symptoms of functional neurological symptom disorder usually occur suddenly. Functional neurological symptom disorder (conversion disorder) is typically seen in individuals aged 10 to 35 and affects between 0.011% and 0.5% of the general population.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">Functional neurological symptom disorder (conversion disorder)<\/span> can present with motor or sensory symptoms including any of the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>motor symptoms or deficits:\n<ul>\n<li>impaired coordination or balance<\/li>\n<li>weakness\/paralysis of a limb or the entire body (hysterical paralysis or motor conversion disorders)<\/li>\n<li>impairment or loss of speech (hysterical aphonia)<\/li>\n<li>difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) or a sensation of a lump in the throat<\/li>\n<li>urinary retention<\/li>\n<li>psychogenic non-epileptic seizures or convulsions<\/li>\n<li>persistent dystonia<\/li>\n<li>tremor, myoclonus or other movement disorders<\/li>\n<li>gait problems (astasia-abasia)<\/li>\n<li>loss of consciousness (fainting)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>sensory symptoms or deficits:\n<ul>\n<li>impaired vision (hysterical blindness), double vision<\/li>\n<li>impaired hearing (deafness)<\/li>\n<li>loss or disturbance of touch or pain sensation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>key Takeaways:\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">functional neurological symptom disorder (conversion disorder)<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"20. Conversion Disorder\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1291226007270181068\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"598\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Factitious Disorder<\/h2>\n<p>A <strong>factitious disorder (FD)<\/strong> is a condition in which a person, without a malingering motive, acts as if they have an illness by deliberately producing, feigning, or exaggerating symptoms purely to attain (for themselves or for another) a patient&#8217;s role. Individuals with a factitious disorder may produce symptoms by contaminating urine samples, taking hallucinogens, injecting fecal material to produce abscesses, and similar behavior.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Factitious disorder imposed on self<\/strong> (also called Munchausen syndrome) was for some time the umbrella term for all such disorders. <strong>Factitious disorder imposed on another<\/strong> (also called Munchausen syndrome by proxy, Munchausen by proxy, or factitious disorder by proxy) is a condition in which a person deliberately produces, feigns, or exaggerates the symptoms of someone in their care. In either case, the perpetrator&#8217;s motive is to perpetrate factitious disorders, either as a patient or by proxy as a caregiver, in order to attain (for themselves or for another) a patient&#8217;s role. Malingering differs fundamentally from factitious disorders in that the malingerer simulates illness intending to obtain a material benefit or avoid an obligation or responsibility. Somatic symptom disorders, though also diagnoses of exclusion, are characterized by physical complaints that are not produced intentionally.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rollingstone.com\/culture\/culture-lists\/beyond-gypsy-blancharde-when-mothers-harm-their-kids-for-attention-250206\/lisa-hayden-johnson-250336\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">This article highlights some famous cases of Munchausen by proxy<\/a> in the news.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>This video provides an overview of the diagnostic criteria and treatment methods for factitious disorder.<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/youtube.com\/watch?v=719a0kAzeo4<\/p>\n<p>You can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Abnormal+Psychology\/transcripts\/FactitiousDisorderMunchausenSyndromeCauses_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for &#8220;Factitious disorder (Munchausen syndrome) &#8211; causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Takeaways: Factitious disorder<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"21. Factitious Disorder\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1291226011470064348\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"758\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Jaghab, K., Skodnek, K. B., &amp; Padder, T. A. (2006). Munchausen's Syndrome and Other Factitious Disorders in Children: Case Series and Literature Review. Psychiatry (Edgmont (Pa. : Township)), 3(3), 46\u201355.\" id=\"return-footnote-451-1\" href=\"#footnote-451-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_38982d8b-4cdf-46ed-abf5-80c83a652a0d\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/38982d8b-4cdf-46ed-abf5-80c83a652a0d?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_38982d8b-4cdf-46ed-abf5-80c83a652a0d\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">functional neurological symptom disorder (conversion disorder)<\/span>:\u00a0<\/strong>a type of somatic disorder that\u00a0is sometimes applied to patients who present with neurological symptoms which are not otherwise explained by a well-established organic cause, and often can be traced back to a psychological trigger<\/p>\n<p><strong>factitious disorder (FD):<\/strong>\u00a0a condition in which a person, without a malingering motive, acts as if they have an illness by deliberately producing, feigning, or exaggerating symptoms, purely to attain (for themselves or for another) a patient&#8217;s role; presents in two ways: factitious disorder imposed on self occurs when someone feigns illness so\u00a0<em>they<\/em> experience being the patient, or by others (factitious disorder imposed on another)<\/p>\n<p><strong>factitious disorder imposed on another:<\/strong>\u00a0also known as\u00a0Munchausen by proxy, this is a condition in which a person deliberately produces, feigns, or exaggerates the symptoms of someone in their care<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-451\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Christina Hicks for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Conversion Disorder. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conversion_disorder\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conversion_disorder<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Factitious Disorder. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Factitious_disorder\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Factitious_disorder<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Transcranial magnetic stimulation. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transcranial_magnetic_stimulation\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transcranial_magnetic_stimulation<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Man in pain. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Pickpik. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pickpik.com\/despair-alone-being-alone-archetype-archetypes-expression-32506\">https:\/\/www.pickpik.com\/despair-alone-being-alone-archetype-archetypes-expression-32506<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Factitious Disorder. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Osmosis. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=719a0kAzeo4\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=719a0kAzeo4<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-451-1\">Jaghab, K., Skodnek, K. B., &amp; Padder, T. A. (2006). Munchausen's Syndrome and Other Factitious Disorders in Children: Case Series and Literature Review. <em>Psychiatry<\/em> (Edgmont (Pa. : Township)), 3(3), 46\u201355. <a href=\"#return-footnote-451-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":9,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Factitious Disorder\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Osmosis\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=719a0kAzeo4\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Conversion Disorder\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conversion_disorder\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Factitious Disorder\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Factitious_disorder\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"Christina Hicks for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Transcranial magnetic stimulation\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transcranial_magnetic_stimulation\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Man in pain\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Pickpik\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.pickpik.com\/despair-alone-being-alone-archetype-archetypes-expression-32506\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc0\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"7c83e644-3615-4157-9b95-731aee09cbf3, 94766787-780e-4612-80a0-0d3a5f5f4bed, e39903d8-0453-4bbc-9e0c-572cac401920","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-451","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":144,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/451","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/29"}],"version-history":[{"count":32,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/451\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7504,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/451\/revisions\/7504"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/144"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/451\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=451"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=451"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=451"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=451"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}