{"id":473,"date":"2020-07-28T12:28:02","date_gmt":"2020-07-28T12:28:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/abnormalpsych\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=473"},"modified":"2022-07-26T20:06:03","modified_gmt":"2022-07-26T20:06:03","slug":"pespectives-on-dissociative-and-somatic-symptom-disorders","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/chapter\/pespectives-on-dissociative-and-somatic-symptom-disorders\/","title":{"raw":"Perspectives on Dissociative and Somatic Symptom Disorders","rendered":"Perspectives on Dissociative and Somatic Symptom Disorders"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe and compare viewpoints from the major psychological perspectives related to dissociative and somatic symptom disorders<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nDissociative disorders and somatic symptom disorders are influenced by a variety of factors, including biological, cognitive, sociocultural, and psychodynamic influences, with the strongest explanation for the disorder being the psychodynamic perspective, which emphasizes dissociation as a type of defense mechanism used to cope with trauma or abuse.\r\n<h2>The Biological Perspective<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2647\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"230\"]<img class=\"wp-image-2647\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5351\/2020\/07\/29222809\/mind-2197437_1920-300x232.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of brain covered in words.\" width=\"230\" height=\"178\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> The science behind a psychological disorder is complex.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThough researchers have not found a specific genetic link for these disorders, there are genetic links to dissociation as it relates to childhood adversity. Biological factors may include trauma-induced responses.[footnote]\u015ear, V., Dorahy, M. J., &amp; Kr\u00fcger, C. (2017). Revisiting the etiological aspects of dissociative identity disorder: a biopsychosocial perspective. <em>Psychology research and behavior management<\/em>, 10, 137\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PRBM.S113743[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nSome studies have found that heritability rates for dissociation rage from 50 to 60% but it is often believed that the mix of genetic and environment plays a larger role in developing dissociative disorders than solely a biological explanation.[footnote]Alexis Bridley and Lee W. Daffin Jr. (2018, January 5). Essentials of Abnormal Psychology. https:\/\/opentext.wsu.edu\/abnormalpsychology\/chapter\/9-3-dissociative-identity-disorder\/.[\/footnote]\r\n<h2>The Psychodynamic Perspective<\/h2>\r\nFreud's model suggested the emotional charge deriving from painful experiences would be consciously repressed as a way of managing the pain, but that the emotional charge would be somehow converted into neurological symptoms. Freud later argued that the repressed experiences were of a sexual nature. Pierre Janet, the other great theoretician of hysteria, argued that symptoms arose through the power of suggestion, acting on a personality vulnerable to dissociation.<sup id=\"cite_ref-39\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\u00a0In this hypothetical process, the subject's experience of their leg, for example, is split off from the rest of their consciousness, resulting in paralysis or numbness in that leg.\r\n\r\nSome support for the Freudian model comes from findings of high rates of childhood sexual abuse in conversion patients.\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-pmid12411227_42-0\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>Support for the dissociation model comes from studies showing heightened suggestibility in conversion patients.\r\n\r\nEssentially, the idea behind the psychodynamic perspective is that someone experiencing dissociation, either of identity or in Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder (Conversion Disorder), is using a type of defense mechanism to guard against negative feelings because of inadequate coping skills; this type of emotional conflict becomes overwhelming and results in the symptoms one might experience.\r\n<h2>The Cognitive Perspective<\/h2>\r\nCognitive psychologists have identified all manners of different kinds of memory\u2014iconic, haptic, echoic, short-term, working, long-term, declarative, non-declarative, procedural, semantic, episodic, implicit, explicit, and more. These kinds of memory, or memory systems, can be thought of as (collections of) different kinds of specific memories, and they are distinguished in terms of their content, durability, and the way in which they are acquired and accessed. The concepts of\u00a0<em>retrieval<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>forgetting<\/em>\u00a0are, of course, central to any discussion of memory and memory-related disorders. Dissociative amnesia, flashbacks and other dissociative phenomena have frequently been observed not only as a result of traumatic stress, but also as a result of the use of dissociative drugs such as PCP, ketamine, or LSD.[footnote]Radulovic, J., Lee, R., &amp; Ortony, A. (2018). State-Dependent Memory: Neurobiological Advances and Prospects for Translation to Dissociative Amnesia. <em>Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience<\/em>, 12, 259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00259[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nAdditionally, imaging of the prefrontal cortex in those with Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder (Conversion Disorder) shows that a person with paralysis due to the disorder\u00a0<em>does<\/em> attempt to move the paralyzed area of the body but is unable to\u2014thus proving that the patient is not faking their issues; rather they are prohibited from completing the action they wish due to a disconnect in the brain regions responsible for making a connection between conscious will and the ability to act it out.[footnote]Ali, S., Jabeen, S., Pate, R. J., Shahid, M., Chinala, S., Nathani, M., &amp; Shah, R. (2015). Conversion Disorder- Mind versus Body: A Review. <em>Innovations in clinical neuroscience<\/em>, 12(5-6), 27\u201333.[\/footnote]\r\n<h2>The Sociocultural Perspective<\/h2>\r\nIt has been found that those with lower socioeconomic status (SES), education, and history of abuse are more likely to develop DID and other somatic disorders.\u00a0Many authors have found the occurrence of conversion to be more frequent in rural, lower socio-economic groups, where technological investigation of patients is limited and individuals may be less knowledgeable about medical and psychological concepts.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3753\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-3753 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5351\/2020\/07\/26151647\/pexels-dazzle-jam-10466011-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"African woman and her child.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. Familial, societal, and cultural factors may contribute to trauma and people's response to it, which can lead to disorders such as DID.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nDID can be found in all cultural settings. Even though it is common thought that childhood abuse or trauma is a prerequisite to experiencing this disorder, there still needs to be suitable environmental factors in which this disorder can evolve, usually one defined by a home context in which there is\u00a0denial, boundary violations, reality distortions, paranoia, and narcissism; in many cases, these negative traits are what makes up the family dynamics, including tyrannical and\/or unfair traditions that further the issues. However, it is important to note that familial systems are only a small part of a greater context with society and culture. For example, in South Africa, some communities may find that dissociation is necessary for survival when these areas are plagued with mixed messages and there is major cultural and societal conflict (versus inner psychological conflict).[footnote]\u015ear, V., Dorahy, M. J., &amp; Kr\u00fcger, C. (2017). Revisiting the etiological aspects of dissociative identity disorder: a biopsychosocial perspective. <em>Psychology research and behavior management<\/em>, 10, 137\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PRBM.S113743[\/footnote]\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/287181be-60e8-4269-9949-32aef3b4a6a2\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/295b0633-d10e-4d5b-b8ac-7840690e3e52\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe and compare viewpoints from the major psychological perspectives related to dissociative and somatic symptom disorders<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Dissociative disorders and somatic symptom disorders are influenced by a variety of factors, including biological, cognitive, sociocultural, and psychodynamic influences, with the strongest explanation for the disorder being the psychodynamic perspective, which emphasizes dissociation as a type of defense mechanism used to cope with trauma or abuse.<\/p>\n<h2>The Biological Perspective<\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_2647\" style=\"width: 240px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2647\" class=\"wp-image-2647\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5351\/2020\/07\/29222809\/mind-2197437_1920-300x232.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of brain covered in words.\" width=\"230\" height=\"178\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2647\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> The science behind a psychological disorder is complex.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Though researchers have not found a specific genetic link for these disorders, there are genetic links to dissociation as it relates to childhood adversity. Biological factors may include trauma-induced responses.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u015ear, V., Dorahy, M. J., &amp; Kr\u00fcger, C. (2017). Revisiting the etiological aspects of dissociative identity disorder: a biopsychosocial perspective. Psychology research and behavior management, 10, 137\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PRBM.S113743\" id=\"return-footnote-473-1\" href=\"#footnote-473-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Some studies have found that heritability rates for dissociation rage from 50 to 60% but it is often believed that the mix of genetic and environment plays a larger role in developing dissociative disorders than solely a biological explanation.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Alexis Bridley and Lee W. Daffin Jr. (2018, January 5). Essentials of Abnormal Psychology. https:\/\/opentext.wsu.edu\/abnormalpsychology\/chapter\/9-3-dissociative-identity-disorder\/.\" id=\"return-footnote-473-2\" href=\"#footnote-473-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>The Psychodynamic Perspective<\/h2>\n<p>Freud&#8217;s model suggested the emotional charge deriving from painful experiences would be consciously repressed as a way of managing the pain, but that the emotional charge would be somehow converted into neurological symptoms. Freud later argued that the repressed experiences were of a sexual nature. Pierre Janet, the other great theoretician of hysteria, argued that symptoms arose through the power of suggestion, acting on a personality vulnerable to dissociation.<sup id=\"cite_ref-39\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\u00a0In this hypothetical process, the subject&#8217;s experience of their leg, for example, is split off from the rest of their consciousness, resulting in paralysis or numbness in that leg.<\/p>\n<p>Some support for the Freudian model comes from findings of high rates of childhood sexual abuse in conversion patients.\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-pmid12411227_42-0\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>Support for the dissociation model comes from studies showing heightened suggestibility in conversion patients.<\/p>\n<p>Essentially, the idea behind the psychodynamic perspective is that someone experiencing dissociation, either of identity or in Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder (Conversion Disorder), is using a type of defense mechanism to guard against negative feelings because of inadequate coping skills; this type of emotional conflict becomes overwhelming and results in the symptoms one might experience.<\/p>\n<h2>The Cognitive Perspective<\/h2>\n<p>Cognitive psychologists have identified all manners of different kinds of memory\u2014iconic, haptic, echoic, short-term, working, long-term, declarative, non-declarative, procedural, semantic, episodic, implicit, explicit, and more. These kinds of memory, or memory systems, can be thought of as (collections of) different kinds of specific memories, and they are distinguished in terms of their content, durability, and the way in which they are acquired and accessed. The concepts of\u00a0<em>retrieval<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>forgetting<\/em>\u00a0are, of course, central to any discussion of memory and memory-related disorders. Dissociative amnesia, flashbacks and other dissociative phenomena have frequently been observed not only as a result of traumatic stress, but also as a result of the use of dissociative drugs such as PCP, ketamine, or LSD.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Radulovic, J., Lee, R., &amp; Ortony, A. (2018). State-Dependent Memory: Neurobiological Advances and Prospects for Translation to Dissociative Amnesia. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 12, 259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00259\" id=\"return-footnote-473-3\" href=\"#footnote-473-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Additionally, imaging of the prefrontal cortex in those with Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder (Conversion Disorder) shows that a person with paralysis due to the disorder\u00a0<em>does<\/em> attempt to move the paralyzed area of the body but is unable to\u2014thus proving that the patient is not faking their issues; rather they are prohibited from completing the action they wish due to a disconnect in the brain regions responsible for making a connection between conscious will and the ability to act it out.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Ali, S., Jabeen, S., Pate, R. J., Shahid, M., Chinala, S., Nathani, M., &amp; Shah, R. (2015). Conversion Disorder- Mind versus Body: A Review. Innovations in clinical neuroscience, 12(5-6), 27\u201333.\" id=\"return-footnote-473-4\" href=\"#footnote-473-4\" aria-label=\"Footnote 4\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>The Sociocultural Perspective<\/h2>\n<p>It has been found that those with lower socioeconomic status (SES), education, and history of abuse are more likely to develop DID and other somatic disorders.\u00a0Many authors have found the occurrence of conversion to be more frequent in rural, lower socio-economic groups, where technological investigation of patients is limited and individuals may be less knowledgeable about medical and psychological concepts.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_3753\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3753\" class=\"wp-image-3753 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5351\/2020\/07\/26151647\/pexels-dazzle-jam-10466011-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"African woman and her child.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-3753\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. Familial, societal, and cultural factors may contribute to trauma and people&#8217;s response to it, which can lead to disorders such as DID.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>DID can be found in all cultural settings. Even though it is common thought that childhood abuse or trauma is a prerequisite to experiencing this disorder, there still needs to be suitable environmental factors in which this disorder can evolve, usually one defined by a home context in which there is\u00a0denial, boundary violations, reality distortions, paranoia, and narcissism; in many cases, these negative traits are what makes up the family dynamics, including tyrannical and\/or unfair traditions that further the issues. However, it is important to note that familial systems are only a small part of a greater context with society and culture. For example, in South Africa, some communities may find that dissociation is necessary for survival when these areas are plagued with mixed messages and there is major cultural and societal conflict (versus inner psychological conflict).<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u015ear, V., Dorahy, M. J., &amp; Kr\u00fcger, C. (2017). Revisiting the etiological aspects of dissociative identity disorder: a biopsychosocial perspective. Psychology research and behavior management, 10, 137\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PRBM.S113743\" id=\"return-footnote-473-5\" href=\"#footnote-473-5\" aria-label=\"Footnote 5\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_287181be-60e8-4269-9949-32aef3b4a6a2\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/287181be-60e8-4269-9949-32aef3b4a6a2?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_287181be-60e8-4269-9949-32aef3b4a6a2\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_295b0633-d10e-4d5b-b8ac-7840690e3e52\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/295b0633-d10e-4d5b-b8ac-7840690e3e52?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_295b0633-d10e-4d5b-b8ac-7840690e3e52\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-473\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Christina Hicks for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Conversion Disorder. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conversion_disorder\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conversion_disorder<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>State-Dependent Memory: Neurobiological Advances and Prospects for Translation to Dissociative Amnesia. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Jelena Radulovic, Royce Lee, and Andrew Ortony. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6220081\/\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6220081\/<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>:  NCBI. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Woman and child. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Dazzle Jam. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Pexels. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pexels.com\/pt-br\/foto\/adulto-africa-atraente-bonito-1046601\/\">https:\/\/www.pexels.com\/pt-br\/foto\/adulto-africa-atraente-bonito-1046601\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-473-1\">\u015ear, V., Dorahy, M. J., &amp; Kr\u00fcger, C. (2017). Revisiting the etiological aspects of dissociative identity disorder: a biopsychosocial perspective. <em>Psychology research and behavior management<\/em>, 10, 137\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PRBM.S113743 <a href=\"#return-footnote-473-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-473-2\">Alexis Bridley and Lee W. Daffin Jr. (2018, January 5). Essentials of Abnormal Psychology. https:\/\/opentext.wsu.edu\/abnormalpsychology\/chapter\/9-3-dissociative-identity-disorder\/. <a href=\"#return-footnote-473-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-473-3\">Radulovic, J., Lee, R., &amp; Ortony, A. (2018). State-Dependent Memory: Neurobiological Advances and Prospects for Translation to Dissociative Amnesia. <em>Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience<\/em>, 12, 259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00259 <a href=\"#return-footnote-473-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-473-4\">Ali, S., Jabeen, S., Pate, R. J., Shahid, M., Chinala, S., Nathani, M., &amp; Shah, R. (2015). Conversion Disorder- Mind versus Body: A Review. <em>Innovations in clinical neuroscience<\/em>, 12(5-6), 27\u201333. <a href=\"#return-footnote-473-4\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 4\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-473-5\">\u015ear, V., Dorahy, M. J., &amp; Kr\u00fcger, C. (2017). Revisiting the etiological aspects of dissociative identity disorder: a biopsychosocial perspective. <em>Psychology research and behavior management<\/em>, 10, 137\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PRBM.S113743 <a href=\"#return-footnote-473-5\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 5\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":11,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Conversion Disorder\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conversion_disorder\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"Woman and child\",\"author\":\"Dazzle Jam\",\"organization\":\"Pexels\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.pexels.com\/pt-br\/foto\/adulto-africa-atraente-bonito-1046601\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc0\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"Christina Hicks for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"State-Dependent Memory: Neurobiological Advances and Prospects for Translation to Dissociative Amnesia\",\"author\":\"Jelena Radulovic, Royce Lee, and Andrew Ortony\",\"organization\":\"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6220081\/\",\"project\":\" NCBI\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"a75144df-8738-4d7a-bf54-eda59f433aee, 7bacab31-8777-437f-bc15-ccb0fd4c41b9","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-473","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":144,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/473","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/29"}],"version-history":[{"count":30,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/473\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7505,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/473\/revisions\/7505"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/144"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/473\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=473"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=473"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=473"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=473"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}