{"id":72,"date":"2020-07-13T18:18:27","date_gmt":"2020-07-13T18:18:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/abnormalpsych\/chapter\/personality-disorders\/"},"modified":"2022-07-26T20:05:26","modified_gmt":"2022-07-26T20:05:26","slug":"personality-disorders","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/chapter\/personality-disorders\/","title":{"raw":"Personality Disorders","rendered":"Personality Disorders"},"content":{"raw":"
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Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n
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  • Define personality disorders and distinguish between the three clusters of personality disorders<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe term personality<\/em> refers loosely to one\u2019s stable, consistent, and distinctive way of thinking about, feeling, acting, and relating to the world. People with personality disorders<\/strong> exhibit a personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of their culture, is pervasive and inflexible, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress or impairment (APA, 2013). Generally, individuals with these disorders exhibit enduring personality styles that are extremely troubling and often create problems for them and those with whom they come into contact. Individual maladaptive personality styles frequently bring them into conflict with others, disrupt their ability to develop and maintain social relationships, and prevent them from accomplishing realistic life goals.\r\n

    Understanding Personality<\/h2>\r\nThere are literally hundreds of different personality traits. All of these traits can be organized into the broad dimensions referred to as the\u00a0Five-Factor Model\u00a0(John, Naumann, & Soto, 2008). These five broad domains are inclusive; there does not appear to be any traits of personality that lie outside of the Five-Factor Model. This model even applies to traits that you may use to describe yourself. Table 1 provides illustrative traits for both poles of the five domains of this model of personality (you can remember them using the acronym OCEAN<\/em>). A number of the traits that you see in this table may describe you. If you can think of some other traits that describe yourself, you should be able to place them somewhere in this table.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
    Table 1<\/strong>. Personality traits in the five-factor model.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    Openness:\u00a0<\/strong>dreamer, unrealistic, imaginative, aberrant, aesthetic, self-aware, eccentric, strange, odd, peculiar, creative, permissive, broad-minded<\/td>\r\n\u00a0OR<\/td>\r\nClosedness:\u00a0<\/strong>practical, concrete, uninvolved, no aesthetic interest, constricted, unaware, alexyhymic, routine, predictable, habitual, stubborn, pragmatic, rigid, traditional, inflexible, dogmatic<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    Conscientiousness:\u00a0<\/strong>perfectionistic, efficient, ordered, methodical, organized, rigid, reliable, dependable, workaholic, ambitious, dogged, devoted, cautious, ruminative, reflective<\/td>\r\nOR<\/td>\r\nDisinhibition:\u00a0<\/strong>lax, negligent, haphazard, disorganized, sloppy, casual, undependable, unethical, aimless, desultory, hedonistic, negligent, hasty, careless, rash<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    Extraversion:\u00a0<\/strong>cordial, affectionate, attached, sociable, outgoing, dominant, forceful, vigorous, energetic, active, reckless, daring, high-spirited, excitement-seeking<\/td>\r\nOR<\/td>\r\nIntroversion:\u00a0<\/strong>cold, aloof, indifferent, withdrawn, isolated, unassuming, quiet, resigned, passive, lethargic, cautious, monotonous, dull, placid, anhedonic<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    Agreeableness<\/b><\/span>:\u00a0<\/b>gullible, na\u00efve, trusting, confiding, honest, sacrificial, giving, docile, cooperative, meek, self-effacing, humble, soft, empathetic<\/td>\r\nOR<\/td>\r\nAntagonism:\u00a0<\/strong>skeptical, cynical, suspicious, paranoid, cunning, manipulative, deceptive, stingy, selfish, greedy, exploitative, oppositional, combative, aggressive, confident, boastful, arrogant, tough, callous, ruthless<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    Neuroticism (emotional instability):\u00a0<\/strong>fearful, apprehensive, angry, bitter, pessimistic, glum, timid, embarrassed, tempted, urgency, helpless, fragile<\/td>\r\nOR<\/td>\r\nEmotional Stability:\u00a0<\/strong>relaxed, unconcerned, cool, even-tempered, optimistic, self-assured, glib, shameless, controlled, restrained, clear-thinking, fearless, unflappable<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

    Classifying Personality Disorders<\/h2>\r\nThe DSM-5 defines personality disorders as \u201can enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual\u2019s culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment.\u201d The consideration of cultural context is perhaps the most significant change in this definition from earlier editions. The DSM-5 suggests that the personality disorders can be grouped into three clusters, plus a \u201cnot otherwise specified\u201d category, for a total of 11 specific diagnoses, the authors caution that the identified clusters have not been consistently validated and that individuals may present combinations of personality disorders from different clusters.\u00a0Cluster A<\/strong>, the odd or eccentric types, are paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.\u00a0Cluster B<\/strong>, the dramatic, emotional, or erratic types, are antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders. And finally, Cluster C<\/strong>, the anxious or fearful types, are the avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.\r\n\r\nThe table\u00a0provides a description of each of the DSM-5 personality disorders:\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n