{"id":725,"date":"2020-08-10T15:37:15","date_gmt":"2020-08-10T15:37:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/abnormalpsych\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=725"},"modified":"2022-07-26T20:06:12","modified_gmt":"2022-07-26T20:06:12","slug":"avoidant-restrictive-food-intake-disorder-and-rumination-disorder","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/chapter\/avoidant-restrictive-food-intake-disorder-and-rumination-disorder\/","title":{"raw":"Avoidant\/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder and Rumination Disorder","rendered":"Avoidant\/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder and Rumination Disorder"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe the characteristics, complications, and health outcomes of avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe rumination disorder<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"main-content lit-style\">\r\n<div class=\"body-content whole_rhythm\">\r\n<div id=\"ch3.t18\" class=\"table\">\r\n<h2>Avoidant\/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)<\/h2>\r\nAvoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is an eating or feeding disturbance associated with an apparent lack of interest in eating or food.\u00a0Previously defined as a disorder exclusive to children and adolescents, the DSM-5 broadened the disorder to include adults who limit their eating and are affected by related physiological or psychological problems, but who do not fall under the definition of another eating disorder.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3388\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"250\"]<img class=\"wp-image-3388\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5351\/2020\/08\/17032630\/11027156566_9d8ee2e1db_c-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"An assortment of purple vegetables such as red onions, radishes and garlic.\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> Someone with ARFID may avoid eggplant altogether because of its color.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nPeople with avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) have an inability to eat certain foods. \"Safe\" foods may be limited to certain food types and even specific brands. In some cases, individuals with the condition will exclude whole food groups, such as fruits or vegetables. Sometimes excluded foods can be refused based on color. Some may only like very hot or very cold foods, very crunchy or hard-to-chew foods or very soft foods, or avoid sauces.\r\n\r\nMost people with avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) will still maintain a healthy or typical body weight. There are no specific outward appearances associated with ARFID. Sufferers can experience physical gastrointestinal reactions to adverse foods such as retching, vomiting, or gagging. Some studies have identified symptoms of social avoidance due to their eating habits. Most, however, would change their eating habits if they could.\r\n\r\nIn a research study of children and adolescents who were receiving treatments for an eating disorder at a clinic, 14% of the patients met the criteria for AFRID and were more likely to be younger and male.[footnote]Statistics &amp; Research on Eating Disorders. National Eating Disorders Association. (2020, May 8). https:\/\/www.nationaleatingdisorders.org\/statistics-research-eating-disorders.[\/footnote]\r\n<h3>Diagnosis<\/h3>\r\nThe DSM-5 defines the following diagnostic criteria for avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID):<sup id=\"cite_ref-10\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>disturbance in eating or feeding, as evidenced by one or more of the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>substantial weight loss (or, in children, absence of expected weight gain)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>nutritional deficiency<\/li>\r\n \t<li>dependence on a\u00a0feeding tube\u00a0or\u00a0dietary supplements<\/li>\r\n \t<li>significant\u00a0psychosocial\u00a0interference<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>disturbance not due to unavailability of food or to observation of cultural norms<\/li>\r\n \t<li>disturbance not due to\u00a0anorexia nervosa\u00a0or\u00a0bulimia nervosa, and no evidence of disturbance in body shape or weight<\/li>\r\n \t<li>disturbance not better explained by another medical condition or mental disorder, or when occurring concurrently with another condition, the disturbance exceeds what is normally caused by that condition<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Associated Conditions<\/h3>\r\nThe determination of the cause of ARFID has been difficult due to the lack of diagnostic criteria and concrete definition. However, many have proposed other conditions that co-occur with ARFID.\r\n\r\nThere are different kinds of sub-categories identified for ARFID:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>sensory-based avoidance, where the individual refuses food intake based on smell, texture, color, brand, presentation<\/li>\r\n \t<li>a lack of interest in consuming the food, or tolerating it nearby<\/li>\r\n \t<li>food associated with fear-evoking stimuli that have developed through a learned history<\/li>\r\n \t<li>anorexia and bulimia co-occurring in individuals suffering from ARFID<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>Autism<\/h4>\r\nSymptoms of ARFID are usually found with symptoms of other disorders or with neurodivergence. Some form of feeding disorder is found in 80% of children that also have a developmental disability. Children often exhibit symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder and autism. Although many people with ARFID have symptoms of these disorders, they usually do not qualify for a full diagnosis. Strict behavior patterns and difficulty adjusting to new things are common symptoms in patients that are on the autistic spectrum.\r\n\r\nA study done by Schreck at Pennsylvania State University compared the eating habits of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developing children. After analyzing their eating patterns, they suggested that the children with some degree of ASD have a higher degree of selective eating. These children were found to have similar patterns of selective eating and favored more energy-dense foods, such as nuts and whole grains. Eating a diet of energy-dense foods could put these children at a greater risk for health problems such as obesity and other chronic diseases due to the high fat and low fiber content of energy-dense foods. Due to the tie to ASD, children are less likely to outgrow their selective eating behaviors and most likely should meet with a clinician to address their eating issues.\r\n<h4>Anxiety Disorder<\/h4>\r\nSpecific food avoidances could be caused by food phobias that cause great anxiety when a person is presented with new or feared foods. Most eating disorders are related to a fear of gaining weight. Those who have ARFID do not have this fear, but the psychological symptoms and anxiety created are similar. Nearly half of the children with an AFRID diagnosis report emetophobia (i.e., fear of vomiting),[footnote]Statistics &amp; Research on Eating Disorders. National Eating Disorders Association. (2020, May 8). https:\/\/www.nationaleatingdisorders.org\/statistics-research-eating-disorders.[\/footnote] and others may report a fear of choking.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nWatch this video to better understand how the experience of ARFID is more than just picky eating.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=5576127&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=VFUz0jdIpNs&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-kzgr6i2g-VFUz0jdIpNs\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nYou can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Abnormal+Psychology\/transcripts\/AvoidantRestrictiveFoodIntakeDisorder_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \"Avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) Signs &amp; Symptoms\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Treating ARFID<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3390\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"287\"]<img class=\"wp-image-3390\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5351\/2020\/08\/17034022\/people-kid-child-girl-study-uniform-teach-books-read-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"A child sitting at a table and looking down at a notebook. An adult is sitting across from them. \" width=\"287\" height=\"191\" \/> <strong>Figure 2.<\/strong>\u00a0ARFID often involves certain foods due to sensory concerns, and a common treatment method includes systematic desensitization and gradual exposure to the types of foods that have been avoided. It is also helpful to identify concerns and review the progress.[\/caption]\r\n<h3><span id=\"For_adults\" class=\"mw-headline\">For Adults<\/span><\/h3>\r\nWith time, the symptoms of ARFID can lessen and can eventually disappear without treatment. However, in some cases treatment will be needed as the symptoms persist into adulthood. The most common type of treatment for ARFID is some form of\u00a0CBT. Working with a clinician can help to change behaviors more quickly than symptoms may typically disappear without treatment.\r\n<h3><span id=\"For_children\" class=\"mw-headline\">For Children<\/span><\/h3>\r\nChildren can benefit from a four-stage, in-home treatment program based on the principles of\u00a0systematic desensitization. The four stages of the treatment are record, reward, relax, and review.[footnote]Nicholls, D., Christie, D., Randall, L. and Lask, B. (2001). \"Selective Eating: Symptom, Disorder or Normal Variant.\" <em>Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry<\/em>. Vol 6(2): 257\u2013270.[\/footnote]<sup id=\"cite_ref-nicholls_3-5\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>In the\u00a0<b>record stage<\/b>, children are encouraged to keep a log of their typical eating behaviors without attempting to change their habits as well as their\u00a0cognitive\u00a0feelings.\r\n<div class=\"mceTemp\"><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>The\u00a0<b>reward stage<\/b>\u00a0involves systematic desensitization. Children create a list of foods that they might like to try eating someday. These foods may not be drastically different from their normal diet, but perhaps a familiar food prepared in a different way. Because the goal is for the children to try new foods, children are rewarded when they sample new foods.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The\u00a0<b>relaxation stage<\/b>\u00a0is most important for those children that suffer severe anxiety when presented with unfavorable foods. Children learn to relax to reduce the anxiety that they feel. Children work through a list of anxiety-producing stimuli and can create a storyline with relaxing imagery and scenarios. Often these stories can also include the introduction of new foods with the help of a real person or fantasy person. Children then listen to this story before eating new foods as a way to imagine themselves participating in an expanded variety of foods while relaxed.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nicholls_3-6\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><\/li>\r\n \t<li>The final stage,\u00a0<b>review<\/b>, is important to keep track of the child's progress. It is important to include both one-on-one sessions with the child, as well as with the parent in order to get a clear picture of how the child is progressing and if the relaxation techniques are working.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Key Takeaways: Avoidant\/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder<\/h3>\r\n<iframe title=\"31. ARFID\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1291229947995694558\/embed\" width=\"982\" height=\"710\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Rumination Disorder<\/h2>\r\nRumination is an eating disorder characterized by having the contents of the stomach regurgitated (drawn back up into the mouth), and either re-chewed, re-swallowed, or spit out. RD must take place repeatedly for at least a month and not be attributed to other gastrointestinal or medical issues.\r\n\r\nSigns and symptoms of rumination disorder include the backward flow of recently eaten food from the stomach to the mouth. RD typically occurs immediately to 15 to 30 minutes after eating. Rumination often occurs without retching or gagging. Rumination may be proceeded by a feeling of pressure, the need to belch, nausea, or discomfort. Some people with rumination disorder experience bloating, heartburn, diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, headaches, dizziness, or sleeping difficulties. Complications of the disorder include weight loss, malnutrition, and electrolyte imbalance.\r\n<h3>Causes<\/h3>\r\nRumination disorder may occur following a viral illness, emotional stress, or physical injury. RD is theorized that while the initial stressor improves, an altered sensation in the abdomen persists. RD ultimately results in the relaxation of the muscle at the bottom of the esophagus. To relieve this discomfort, people with rumination disorder use abdominal wall muscles to expel and regurgitate foods. As a result of the relief of symptoms, the person repeats the same response when the discomfort returns. Overtime, the person unconsciously adopts this learned behavior.\r\n\r\nSome cases of rumination disorder occur without a precipitating event or illness. Other people with the disorder describe also having ingestion, which may serve as a trigger. Studies have shown that some people with rumination disorder also have depression, anxiety, or an eating disorder. These conditions may likewise play a role in rumination disorder. Conditions like depression and anxiety are known to be more common in people with other functional gastrointestinal conditions as well, for example, irritable bowel\u00a0syndrome.\r\n<h3>Treatment<\/h3>\r\nThe main treatment of rumination disorder is behavioral therapy. Treatment may involve habitat reversal strategies, relaxation, diaphragmatic breathing, and biofeedback. These types of therapies can often be administered by a gastroenterologist. Other professionals, such as nurse practitioners, psychologists, massage therapists, and recreational therapists may also be involved in care. Ensuring adequate nutrition is essential and treatment will also involve managing other symptoms, such as anxiety, nausea, and stomach discomfort (which may involve anti-depressive agents or SSRIs).\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nWatch this video to learn about the rumination eating disorder and how it is related to bulimia and other binge-related eating disorders.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/EM5Z5Pfc52Y\r\n\r\nYou can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Abnormal+Psychology\/transcripts\/WhatIsRuminationDisorder_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \"What is Rumination Disorder? | Eating Disorders\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Key Takeaways: Rumination Disorder<\/h3>\r\n<iframe title=\"32. Rumination Disorder\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1291229952815127378\/embed\" width=\"982\" height=\"598\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script>ss\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/a6d36952-a55a-443a-a79d-0a1fe658b445\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/e3f104dc-d382-480d-bedd-bfa2bdc4a5f6\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/8bd66fc3-c2b1-4409-859e-c2a1dc34b504\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong>avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder:<\/strong>\u00a0apparent lack of interest in eating or food\r\n\r\n<strong>rumination disorder:<\/strong>\u00a0individuals with rumination disorder regurgitate the contents of their stomach and then either re-chew, re-swallow, or spit out the vomit\r\n\r\n<strong>emetophobia:<\/strong> fear of vomiting\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the characteristics, complications, and health outcomes of avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID)<\/li>\n<li>Describe rumination disorder<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"main-content lit-style\">\n<div class=\"body-content whole_rhythm\">\n<div id=\"ch3.t18\" class=\"table\">\n<h2>Avoidant\/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)<\/h2>\n<p>Avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is an eating or feeding disturbance associated with an apparent lack of interest in eating or food.\u00a0Previously defined as a disorder exclusive to children and adolescents, the DSM-5 broadened the disorder to include adults who limit their eating and are affected by related physiological or psychological problems, but who do not fall under the definition of another eating disorder.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_3388\" style=\"width: 260px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3388\" class=\"wp-image-3388\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5351\/2020\/08\/17032630\/11027156566_9d8ee2e1db_c-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"An assortment of purple vegetables such as red onions, radishes and garlic.\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-3388\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> Someone with ARFID may avoid eggplant altogether because of its color.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>People with avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) have an inability to eat certain foods. &#8220;Safe&#8221; foods may be limited to certain food types and even specific brands. In some cases, individuals with the condition will exclude whole food groups, such as fruits or vegetables. Sometimes excluded foods can be refused based on color. Some may only like very hot or very cold foods, very crunchy or hard-to-chew foods or very soft foods, or avoid sauces.<\/p>\n<p>Most people with avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) will still maintain a healthy or typical body weight. There are no specific outward appearances associated with ARFID. Sufferers can experience physical gastrointestinal reactions to adverse foods such as retching, vomiting, or gagging. Some studies have identified symptoms of social avoidance due to their eating habits. Most, however, would change their eating habits if they could.<\/p>\n<p>In a research study of children and adolescents who were receiving treatments for an eating disorder at a clinic, 14% of the patients met the criteria for AFRID and were more likely to be younger and male.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Statistics &amp; Research on Eating Disorders. National Eating Disorders Association. (2020, May 8). https:\/\/www.nationaleatingdisorders.org\/statistics-research-eating-disorders.\" id=\"return-footnote-725-1\" href=\"#footnote-725-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Diagnosis<\/h3>\n<p>The DSM-5 defines the following diagnostic criteria for avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID):<sup id=\"cite_ref-10\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>disturbance in eating or feeding, as evidenced by one or more of the following:\n<ul>\n<li>substantial weight loss (or, in children, absence of expected weight gain)<\/li>\n<li>nutritional deficiency<\/li>\n<li>dependence on a\u00a0feeding tube\u00a0or\u00a0dietary supplements<\/li>\n<li>significant\u00a0psychosocial\u00a0interference<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>disturbance not due to unavailability of food or to observation of cultural norms<\/li>\n<li>disturbance not due to\u00a0anorexia nervosa\u00a0or\u00a0bulimia nervosa, and no evidence of disturbance in body shape or weight<\/li>\n<li>disturbance not better explained by another medical condition or mental disorder, or when occurring concurrently with another condition, the disturbance exceeds what is normally caused by that condition<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Associated Conditions<\/h3>\n<p>The determination of the cause of ARFID has been difficult due to the lack of diagnostic criteria and concrete definition. However, many have proposed other conditions that co-occur with ARFID.<\/p>\n<p>There are different kinds of sub-categories identified for ARFID:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>sensory-based avoidance, where the individual refuses food intake based on smell, texture, color, brand, presentation<\/li>\n<li>a lack of interest in consuming the food, or tolerating it nearby<\/li>\n<li>food associated with fear-evoking stimuli that have developed through a learned history<\/li>\n<li>anorexia and bulimia co-occurring in individuals suffering from ARFID<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Autism<\/h4>\n<p>Symptoms of ARFID are usually found with symptoms of other disorders or with neurodivergence. Some form of feeding disorder is found in 80% of children that also have a developmental disability. Children often exhibit symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder and autism. Although many people with ARFID have symptoms of these disorders, they usually do not qualify for a full diagnosis. Strict behavior patterns and difficulty adjusting to new things are common symptoms in patients that are on the autistic spectrum.<\/p>\n<p>A study done by Schreck at Pennsylvania State University compared the eating habits of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developing children. After analyzing their eating patterns, they suggested that the children with some degree of ASD have a higher degree of selective eating. These children were found to have similar patterns of selective eating and favored more energy-dense foods, such as nuts and whole grains. Eating a diet of energy-dense foods could put these children at a greater risk for health problems such as obesity and other chronic diseases due to the high fat and low fiber content of energy-dense foods. Due to the tie to ASD, children are less likely to outgrow their selective eating behaviors and most likely should meet with a clinician to address their eating issues.<\/p>\n<h4>Anxiety Disorder<\/h4>\n<p>Specific food avoidances could be caused by food phobias that cause great anxiety when a person is presented with new or feared foods. Most eating disorders are related to a fear of gaining weight. Those who have ARFID do not have this fear, but the psychological symptoms and anxiety created are similar. Nearly half of the children with an AFRID diagnosis report emetophobia (i.e., fear of vomiting),<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Statistics &amp; Research on Eating Disorders. National Eating Disorders Association. (2020, May 8). https:\/\/www.nationaleatingdisorders.org\/statistics-research-eating-disorders.\" id=\"return-footnote-725-2\" href=\"#footnote-725-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a> and others may report a fear of choking.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>Watch this video to better understand how the experience of ARFID is more than just picky eating.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=5576127&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=VFUz0jdIpNs&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-kzgr6i2g-VFUz0jdIpNs\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Abnormal+Psychology\/transcripts\/AvoidantRestrictiveFoodIntakeDisorder_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for &#8220;Avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) Signs &amp; Symptoms&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Treating ARFID<\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_3390\" style=\"width: 297px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3390\" class=\"wp-image-3390\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5351\/2020\/08\/17034022\/people-kid-child-girl-study-uniform-teach-books-read-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"A child sitting at a table and looking down at a notebook. An adult is sitting across from them.\" width=\"287\" height=\"191\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-3390\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2.<\/strong>\u00a0ARFID often involves certain foods due to sensory concerns, and a common treatment method includes systematic desensitization and gradual exposure to the types of foods that have been avoided. It is also helpful to identify concerns and review the progress.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3><span id=\"For_adults\" class=\"mw-headline\">For Adults<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>With time, the symptoms of ARFID can lessen and can eventually disappear without treatment. However, in some cases treatment will be needed as the symptoms persist into adulthood. The most common type of treatment for ARFID is some form of\u00a0CBT. Working with a clinician can help to change behaviors more quickly than symptoms may typically disappear without treatment.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"For_children\" class=\"mw-headline\">For Children<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Children can benefit from a four-stage, in-home treatment program based on the principles of\u00a0systematic desensitization. The four stages of the treatment are record, reward, relax, and review.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Nicholls, D., Christie, D., Randall, L. and Lask, B. (2001). &quot;Selective Eating: Symptom, Disorder or Normal Variant.&quot; Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry. Vol 6(2): 257\u2013270.\" id=\"return-footnote-725-3\" href=\"#footnote-725-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-nicholls_3-5\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In the\u00a0<b>record stage<\/b>, children are encouraged to keep a log of their typical eating behaviors without attempting to change their habits as well as their\u00a0cognitive\u00a0feelings.\n<div class=\"mceTemp\"><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>The\u00a0<b>reward stage<\/b>\u00a0involves systematic desensitization. Children create a list of foods that they might like to try eating someday. These foods may not be drastically different from their normal diet, but perhaps a familiar food prepared in a different way. Because the goal is for the children to try new foods, children are rewarded when they sample new foods.<\/li>\n<li>The\u00a0<b>relaxation stage<\/b>\u00a0is most important for those children that suffer severe anxiety when presented with unfavorable foods. Children learn to relax to reduce the anxiety that they feel. Children work through a list of anxiety-producing stimuli and can create a storyline with relaxing imagery and scenarios. Often these stories can also include the introduction of new foods with the help of a real person or fantasy person. Children then listen to this story before eating new foods as a way to imagine themselves participating in an expanded variety of foods while relaxed.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nicholls_3-6\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>The final stage,\u00a0<b>review<\/b>, is important to keep track of the child&#8217;s progress. It is important to include both one-on-one sessions with the child, as well as with the parent in order to get a clear picture of how the child is progressing and if the relaxation techniques are working.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Takeaways: Avoidant\/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"31. ARFID\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1291229947995694558\/embed\" width=\"982\" height=\"710\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Rumination Disorder<\/h2>\n<p>Rumination is an eating disorder characterized by having the contents of the stomach regurgitated (drawn back up into the mouth), and either re-chewed, re-swallowed, or spit out. RD must take place repeatedly for at least a month and not be attributed to other gastrointestinal or medical issues.<\/p>\n<p>Signs and symptoms of rumination disorder include the backward flow of recently eaten food from the stomach to the mouth. RD typically occurs immediately to 15 to 30 minutes after eating. Rumination often occurs without retching or gagging. Rumination may be proceeded by a feeling of pressure, the need to belch, nausea, or discomfort. Some people with rumination disorder experience bloating, heartburn, diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, headaches, dizziness, or sleeping difficulties. Complications of the disorder include weight loss, malnutrition, and electrolyte imbalance.<\/p>\n<h3>Causes<\/h3>\n<p>Rumination disorder may occur following a viral illness, emotional stress, or physical injury. RD is theorized that while the initial stressor improves, an altered sensation in the abdomen persists. RD ultimately results in the relaxation of the muscle at the bottom of the esophagus. To relieve this discomfort, people with rumination disorder use abdominal wall muscles to expel and regurgitate foods. As a result of the relief of symptoms, the person repeats the same response when the discomfort returns. Overtime, the person unconsciously adopts this learned behavior.<\/p>\n<p>Some cases of rumination disorder occur without a precipitating event or illness. Other people with the disorder describe also having ingestion, which may serve as a trigger. Studies have shown that some people with rumination disorder also have depression, anxiety, or an eating disorder. These conditions may likewise play a role in rumination disorder. Conditions like depression and anxiety are known to be more common in people with other functional gastrointestinal conditions as well, for example, irritable bowel\u00a0syndrome.<\/p>\n<h3>Treatment<\/h3>\n<p>The main treatment of rumination disorder is behavioral therapy. Treatment may involve habitat reversal strategies, relaxation, diaphragmatic breathing, and biofeedback. These types of therapies can often be administered by a gastroenterologist. Other professionals, such as nurse practitioners, psychologists, massage therapists, and recreational therapists may also be involved in care. Ensuring adequate nutrition is essential and treatment will also involve managing other symptoms, such as anxiety, nausea, and stomach discomfort (which may involve anti-depressive agents or SSRIs).<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>Watch this video to learn about the rumination eating disorder and how it is related to bulimia and other binge-related eating disorders.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"What is Rumination Disorder? | Eating Disorders\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/EM5Z5Pfc52Y?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Abnormal+Psychology\/transcripts\/WhatIsRuminationDisorder_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for &#8220;What is Rumination Disorder? | Eating Disorders&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Takeaways: Rumination Disorder<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"32. Rumination Disorder\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1291229952815127378\/embed\" width=\"982\" height=\"598\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script>ss<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_a6d36952-a55a-443a-a79d-0a1fe658b445\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/a6d36952-a55a-443a-a79d-0a1fe658b445?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_a6d36952-a55a-443a-a79d-0a1fe658b445\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_e3f104dc-d382-480d-bedd-bfa2bdc4a5f6\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/e3f104dc-d382-480d-bedd-bfa2bdc4a5f6?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_e3f104dc-d382-480d-bedd-bfa2bdc4a5f6\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_8bd66fc3-c2b1-4409-859e-c2a1dc34b504\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/8bd66fc3-c2b1-4409-859e-c2a1dc34b504?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_8bd66fc3-c2b1-4409-859e-c2a1dc34b504\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder:<\/strong>\u00a0apparent lack of interest in eating or food<\/p>\n<p><strong>rumination disorder:<\/strong>\u00a0individuals with rumination disorder regurgitate the contents of their stomach and then either re-chew, re-swallow, or spit out the vomit<\/p>\n<p><strong>emetophobia:<\/strong> fear of vomiting<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-725\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Avoidant\/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Avoidant\/restrictive_food_intake_disorder\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Avoidant\/restrictive_food_intake_disorder<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Purple vegetables. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Stu00e9phane Toumayan (Toumau0178). <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/60352852@N05\/11027156566\/\">https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/60352852@N05\/11027156566\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-ND: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives <\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Studying. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pikist.com\/free-photo-xsgeg\">https:\/\/www.pikist.com\/free-photo-xsgeg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) Signs &amp; Symptoms. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Eating Recovery Center. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=VFUz0jdIpNs\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=VFUz0jdIpNs<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><li>What is Rumination Disorder? | Eating Disorders. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: HowCast. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=EM5Z5Pfc52Y\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=EM5Z5Pfc52Y<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Rumination Disorder. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: NIH. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/rarediseases.info.nih.gov\/diseases\/7594\/rumination-disorder#ref_8742\">https:\/\/rarediseases.info.nih.gov\/diseases\/7594\/rumination-disorder#ref_8742<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-725-1\">Statistics &amp; Research on Eating Disorders. National Eating Disorders Association. (2020, May 8). https:\/\/www.nationaleatingdisorders.org\/statistics-research-eating-disorders. <a href=\"#return-footnote-725-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-725-2\">Statistics &amp; Research on Eating Disorders. National Eating Disorders Association. (2020, May 8). https:\/\/www.nationaleatingdisorders.org\/statistics-research-eating-disorders. <a href=\"#return-footnote-725-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-725-3\">Nicholls, D., Christie, D., Randall, L. and Lask, B. (2001). \"Selective Eating: Symptom, Disorder or Normal Variant.\" <em>Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry<\/em>. Vol 6(2): 257\u2013270. <a href=\"#return-footnote-725-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Avoidant\/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Avoidant\/restrictive_food_intake_disorder\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"Rumination Disorder\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"NIH\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/rarediseases.info.nih.gov\/diseases\/7594\/rumination-disorder#ref_8742\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) Signs & Symptoms\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Eating Recovery Center\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=VFUz0jdIpNs\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"What is Rumination Disorder? | Eating Disorders\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"HowCast\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=EM5Z5Pfc52Y\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Purple vegetables\",\"author\":\"Stu00e9phane Toumayan (Toumau0178)\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/60352852@N05\/11027156566\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-nd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Studying\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.pikist.com\/free-photo-xsgeg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"b9344553-15a1-42b0-a224-9c4f4223c3e8, d184e33c-05af-4218-9a31-7642feff5f6c, 7846006f-fe33-4ee5-aed1-80a807c0d1ef","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-725","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":148,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/725","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/29"}],"version-history":[{"count":32,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/725\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7515,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/725\/revisions\/7515"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/148"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/725\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=725"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=725"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=725"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=725"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}