{"id":78,"date":"2020-07-13T18:18:30","date_gmt":"2020-07-13T18:18:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/abnormalpsych\/chapter\/tutorial-mystery-client\/"},"modified":"2022-07-26T20:05:29","modified_gmt":"2022-07-26T20:05:29","slug":"international-classification-of-diseases","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/chapter\/international-classification-of-diseases\/","title":{"raw":"International Classification of Diseases","rendered":"International Classification of Diseases"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>\u00a0Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Explain how the\u00a0<em>International Classification of Diseases<\/em> is used to classify mental disorders<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<section>\r\n<h2>International Classification of Diseases<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2302\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"362\"]<img class=\"wp-image-2302\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5351\/2020\/07\/22235438\/globe-32299_1280-300x154.png\" alt=\"A blue and white map of the continents.\" width=\"362\" height=\"186\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> The <em>ICD<\/em> is used globally while the <em>DSM<\/em> is rarely used outside of the United States.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nA second classification system, the <em>International Classification of Diseases<\/em> (<em>ICD<\/em>), is also widely recognized. Published by the World Health Organization (WHO), the <em>ICD<\/em> was developed in Europe shortly after World War II and, like the <em>DSM,<\/em> has been revised several times. The <em>ICD<\/em> is much larger and more comprehensive than the <em>DSM<\/em> because it deals with all manners of healthcare and is not specific only to mental health. The categories of psychological disorders in both the <em>DSM<\/em> and <em>ICD<\/em> are similar, as are the criteria for specific disorders; however, some differences exist. Although the <em>ICD<\/em> is used for clinical purposes, this tool is also used to examine the general health of populations and to monitor the prevalence of diseases and other health problems internationally (WHO, 2013). The<em>\u00a0<b>ICD-11,\u00a0<\/b><\/em>in development for many years but officially adopted in January 2022,\u00a0is the eleventh revision and replaced the\u00a0<em>ICD-10<\/em>\u00a0as the global standard for coding health information and causes of death. The <em>ICD-11<\/em> has not yet been officially implemented in the United States, so until at least 2025, clinicians still use the\u00a0<em>ICD-10-CM<\/em>.\r\n<h2><span id=\"Overview\" class=\"mw-headline\">Overview<\/span><\/h2>\r\nThe following mental disorders have been newly added to the <em>ICD-11<\/em>, but were already included in the American\u00a0<em>ICD-10-CM<\/em>\u00a0adaption: binge eating disorder, Bipolar II disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, excoriation disorder, frotteuristic disorder, hoarding disorder, and intermittent explosive disorder.\r\n\r\nThe following mental disorders have been newly added to the <em>ICD-11,<\/em> and are not in the <em>ICD-10-CM<\/em>: avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder, body integrity dysphoria, catatonia, complex post-traumatic stress disorder, gaming disorder (generally defined as the problematic, compulsive use of video games that results in significant impairment to an individual's ability to function in various life domains over a prolonged period of time), olfactory reference disorder (a\u00a0psychiatric condition\u00a0in which there is a persistent false belief and preoccupation with the idea of emitting abnormal\u00a0body odors\u00a0which the patient thinks are foul and offensive to other individuals), and prolonged grief disorder.\r\n\r\nOther notable changes include the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Distinct\u00a0personality disorders\u00a0have been collapsed into a single personality disorder diagnosis, using a dimensional (as opposed to categorical) model. Personality disorders are classified as mild, moderate, or severe.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>All subtypes of schizophrenia\u00a0(e.g., paranoid,\u00a0hebephrenic,\u00a0catatonic) have been removed. Instead, a dimensional model is used with the category symptomatic manifestations of primary psychotic disorders, which allows the coding for positive symptoms, negative symptoms, depressive\u00a0symptoms, manic\u00a0symptoms, psychomotor\u00a0symptoms, and cognitive\u00a0symptoms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Persistent mood disorders, including cyclothymia and dysthymia, have been deleted.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The <em>ICD-10<\/em> differentiated between phobic anxiety disorders, such as agoraphobia, and other anxiety disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder. The <em>ICD-11<\/em> merges both groups together as anxiety or fear-related disorders.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>All pervasive developmental disorders are merged into one category, autism spectrum disorder, except for\u00a0Rett syndrome, which is moved to the developmental anomalies chapter.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Hyperkinetic disorder is renamed attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and a distinction in subtypes is made between\u00a0predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined. Hyperkinetic conduct disorder has been removed.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Acute stress reaction has been moved out of the mental disorder chapter, and placed in the chapter \"Factors influencing health status or contact with health services.\" Thus, in the <em>ICD-11<\/em>, acute stress reaction is no longer considered a mental disorder.<sup id=\"cite_ref-21\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe <em>ICD-11<\/em> features five new chapters. Those most relevant to mental disorders are the new chapters on\u00a0\"Sleep-Wake Disorders\" and \"Conditions Related to Sexual Health.\"\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3><em>ICD<\/em> chapters<\/h3>\r\nBelow is a list of\u00a0all chapters of the <em>ICD-11. <\/em>You can\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse11\/l-m\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the <em>ICD-11<\/em>\u00a0here<\/a>\u00a0or learn more about it in this<a href=\"https:\/\/icdcdn.who.int\/icd11referenceguide\/en\/html\/index.html#icd11-reference-guide\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em> ICD-11<\/em> reference guide<\/a>.\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<div>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0Certain Infectious or Parasitic Diseases<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0Neoplasms<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0Diseases of the Blood or Blood-Forming Organs<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0Diseases of the Immune System<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0Endocrine, Nutritional or Metabolic Diseases<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Mental, Behavioral, or Neurodevelopmental Disorders<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Sleep-Wake Disorders<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0Diseases of the Nervous System<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Diseases of the Visual System<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Diseases of the Ear or Mastoid Process<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Diseases of the Circulatory System<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Diseases of the Respiratory System<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Diseases of the Digestive System<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Diseases of the Skin<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<div>\r\n<ol start=\"15\">\r\n \t<li>Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System or Connective Tissue<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Diseases of the Genitourinary System<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Conditions Related to Sexual Health<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Pregnancy, Childbirth, or the Puerperium<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Developmental Anomalies<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Symptoms, Signs, or Clinical Findings Not Elsewhere Classified<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Injury, Poisoning or Certain Other Consequences of External Causes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>External Causes of Morbidity or Mortality<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Factors Influencing Health Status or Contact with Health Services<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0Codes for Special Purposes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Supplementary Chapter Traditional Medicine Conditions\u2014Module I<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Supplementary Section for Functioning Assessment<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Extension Codes<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\nA study that compared the use of the two classification systems found that worldwide the <em>ICD<\/em> is more frequently used for clinical diagnosis, whereas the <em>DSM<\/em> is more valued for research (Mezzich, 2002). Most research findings concerning the etiology and treatment of psychological disorders are based on criteria set forth in the <em>DSM<\/em> (Oltmanns &amp; Castonguay, 2013). The <em>DSM<\/em> also includes more explicit disorder criteria, along with an extensive and helpful explanatory text (Regier et al., 2012). The <em>DSM<\/em> is the classification system of choice among U.S. mental health professionals, and\u00a0the modules in this course are\u00a0based on the <em>DSM<\/em> paradigm.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/36996072-9460-4579-bf4e-dc95f9533a90\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><section>\r\n<h2>Compassionate View of Psychological Disorders<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2270\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"310\"]<img class=\"wp-image-2270\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5351\/2020\/07\/22170041\/A-genderqueer-person-comforting-a-transgender-woman-on-a-therapists-couch-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"A couple sitting on a couch. One is comforting the other. \" width=\"310\" height=\"207\" \/> <strong>Figure 2.<\/strong> It's important to be considerate of those dealing with psychological disorders.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nAs these disorders are outlined, please bear two things in mind. First, remember that psychological disorders represent <em>extremes<\/em> of inner experience and behavior. If, while reading about these disorders, you feel that these descriptions begin to personally characterize you, do not worry\u2014this moment of enlightenment probably means nothing more than you are normal. Each of us experiences episodes of sadness, anxiety, and preoccupation with certain thoughts\u2014times when we do not quite feel ourselves. These episodes should not be considered problematic unless the accompanying thoughts and behaviors become extreme and have a disruptive effect on one\u2019s life.\r\n\r\nSecond, understand that people with psychological disorders are far more than just embodiments of their disorders. We do not use terms such as schizophrenics, depressives, or phobics because they are labels that objectify people who suffer from these conditions, thus promoting biased and disparaging assumptions about them. It is important to remember that a psychological disorder is not what a person <em>is<\/em>; it is something that a person <em>has<\/em>\u2014through no fault of their own. As is the case with cancer or diabetes, those with psychological disorders suffer debilitating, often painful conditions that are not of their own choosing. These individuals deserve to be viewed and treated with compassion, understanding, and dignity.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nWatch this <em>CrashCourse Psychology<\/em> video to better understand the history of diagnosing psychological disorders and how they are classified.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/wuhJ-GkRRQc\" width=\"800\" height=\"470\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe>\r\nYou can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Psychology\/Transcriptions\/PsychologicalDisordersCrashCoursePsychology28.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for \"Psychological Disorders: Crash Course Psychology #28\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><section>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/acdbff89-5736-42d5-9fb5-17ac1badb3b7\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><section><section>\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<b>axis:<\/b>\u00a0a category of information regarding one dimension of an individual's functioning\r\n\r\n<span class=\"keyTerm ls2\"><b>categorical approach<\/b><\/span>: attempts to categorize mental disorders into distinct diagnoses\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\"><strong>dimension<\/strong>: refers to a continuum on which an individual can have various levels of a characteristic<\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>dimensional approach<\/strong>:\u00a0focuses on\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">varying levels of different behaviors that a person exhibits, r<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">ather than whether or not a person meets criteria for a particular disorder.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>gaming disorder:<\/strong>\u00a0problematic, compulsive use of video games that results in significant impairment to an individual's ability to function in various life domains over a prolonged period of time\r\n\r\n<strong><em>International Classification of Diseases <\/em>(<em>ICD<\/em>):\u00a0<\/strong>authoritative index of mental and physical diseases, including infectious diseases, and the criteria for their diagnosis; published by the World Health Organization (WHO)\r\n\r\n<strong>olfactory reference disorder<\/strong>: a\u00a0psychiatric condition\u00a0in which there is a persistent false belief and preoccupation with the idea of emitting abnormal\u00a0body odors that the patient thinks are foul and offensive to other individuals\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/section>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>\u00a0Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Explain how the\u00a0<em>International Classification of Diseases<\/em> is used to classify mental disorders<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<section>\n<h2>International Classification of Diseases<\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_2302\" style=\"width: 372px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2302\" class=\"wp-image-2302\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5351\/2020\/07\/22235438\/globe-32299_1280-300x154.png\" alt=\"A blue and white map of the continents.\" width=\"362\" height=\"186\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2302\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> The <em>ICD<\/em> is used globally while the <em>DSM<\/em> is rarely used outside of the United States.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>A second classification system, the <em>International Classification of Diseases<\/em> (<em>ICD<\/em>), is also widely recognized. Published by the World Health Organization (WHO), the <em>ICD<\/em> was developed in Europe shortly after World War II and, like the <em>DSM,<\/em> has been revised several times. The <em>ICD<\/em> is much larger and more comprehensive than the <em>DSM<\/em> because it deals with all manners of healthcare and is not specific only to mental health. The categories of psychological disorders in both the <em>DSM<\/em> and <em>ICD<\/em> are similar, as are the criteria for specific disorders; however, some differences exist. Although the <em>ICD<\/em> is used for clinical purposes, this tool is also used to examine the general health of populations and to monitor the prevalence of diseases and other health problems internationally (WHO, 2013). The<em>\u00a0<b>ICD-11,\u00a0<\/b><\/em>in development for many years but officially adopted in January 2022,\u00a0is the eleventh revision and replaced the\u00a0<em>ICD-10<\/em>\u00a0as the global standard for coding health information and causes of death. The <em>ICD-11<\/em> has not yet been officially implemented in the United States, so until at least 2025, clinicians still use the\u00a0<em>ICD-10-CM<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Overview\" class=\"mw-headline\">Overview<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The following mental disorders have been newly added to the <em>ICD-11<\/em>, but were already included in the American\u00a0<em>ICD-10-CM<\/em>\u00a0adaption: binge eating disorder, Bipolar II disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, excoriation disorder, frotteuristic disorder, hoarding disorder, and intermittent explosive disorder.<\/p>\n<p>The following mental disorders have been newly added to the <em>ICD-11,<\/em> and are not in the <em>ICD-10-CM<\/em>: avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder, body integrity dysphoria, catatonia, complex post-traumatic stress disorder, gaming disorder (generally defined as the problematic, compulsive use of video games that results in significant impairment to an individual&#8217;s ability to function in various life domains over a prolonged period of time), olfactory reference disorder (a\u00a0psychiatric condition\u00a0in which there is a persistent false belief and preoccupation with the idea of emitting abnormal\u00a0body odors\u00a0which the patient thinks are foul and offensive to other individuals), and prolonged grief disorder.<\/p>\n<p>Other notable changes include the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Distinct\u00a0personality disorders\u00a0have been collapsed into a single personality disorder diagnosis, using a dimensional (as opposed to categorical) model. Personality disorders are classified as mild, moderate, or severe.<\/li>\n<li>All subtypes of schizophrenia\u00a0(e.g., paranoid,\u00a0hebephrenic,\u00a0catatonic) have been removed. Instead, a dimensional model is used with the category symptomatic manifestations of primary psychotic disorders, which allows the coding for positive symptoms, negative symptoms, depressive\u00a0symptoms, manic\u00a0symptoms, psychomotor\u00a0symptoms, and cognitive\u00a0symptoms.<\/li>\n<li>Persistent mood disorders, including cyclothymia and dysthymia, have been deleted.<\/li>\n<li>The <em>ICD-10<\/em> differentiated between phobic anxiety disorders, such as agoraphobia, and other anxiety disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder. The <em>ICD-11<\/em> merges both groups together as anxiety or fear-related disorders.<\/li>\n<li>All pervasive developmental disorders are merged into one category, autism spectrum disorder, except for\u00a0Rett syndrome, which is moved to the developmental anomalies chapter.<\/li>\n<li>Hyperkinetic disorder is renamed attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and a distinction in subtypes is made between\u00a0predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined. Hyperkinetic conduct disorder has been removed.<\/li>\n<li>Acute stress reaction has been moved out of the mental disorder chapter, and placed in the chapter &#8220;Factors influencing health status or contact with health services.&#8221; Thus, in the <em>ICD-11<\/em>, acute stress reaction is no longer considered a mental disorder.<sup id=\"cite_ref-21\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The <em>ICD-11<\/em> features five new chapters. Those most relevant to mental disorders are the new chapters on\u00a0&#8220;Sleep-Wake Disorders&#8221; and &#8220;Conditions Related to Sexual Health.&#8221;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3><em>ICD<\/em> chapters<\/h3>\n<p>Below is a list of\u00a0all chapters of the <em>ICD-11. <\/em>You can\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse11\/l-m\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the <em>ICD-11<\/em>\u00a0here<\/a>\u00a0or learn more about it in this<a href=\"https:\/\/icdcdn.who.int\/icd11referenceguide\/en\/html\/index.html#icd11-reference-guide\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em> ICD-11<\/em> reference guide<\/a>.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div>\n<ol>\n<li>\u00a0Certain Infectious or Parasitic Diseases<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Neoplasms<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Diseases of the Blood or Blood-Forming Organs<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Diseases of the Immune System<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Endocrine, Nutritional or Metabolic Diseases<\/li>\n<li>Mental, Behavioral, or Neurodevelopmental Disorders<\/li>\n<li>Sleep-Wake Disorders<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Diseases of the Nervous System<\/li>\n<li>Diseases of the Visual System<\/li>\n<li>Diseases of the Ear or Mastoid Process<\/li>\n<li>Diseases of the Circulatory System<\/li>\n<li>Diseases of the Respiratory System<\/li>\n<li>Diseases of the Digestive System<\/li>\n<li>Diseases of the Skin<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div>\n<ol start=\"15\">\n<li>Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System or Connective Tissue<\/li>\n<li>Diseases of the Genitourinary System<\/li>\n<li>Conditions Related to Sexual Health<\/li>\n<li>Pregnancy, Childbirth, or the Puerperium<\/li>\n<li>Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period<\/li>\n<li>Developmental Anomalies<\/li>\n<li>Symptoms, Signs, or Clinical Findings Not Elsewhere Classified<\/li>\n<li>Injury, Poisoning or Certain Other Consequences of External Causes<\/li>\n<li>External Causes of Morbidity or Mortality<\/li>\n<li>Factors Influencing Health Status or Contact with Health Services<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Codes for Special Purposes<\/li>\n<li>Supplementary Chapter Traditional Medicine Conditions\u2014Module I<\/li>\n<li>Supplementary Section for Functioning Assessment<\/li>\n<li>Extension Codes<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>A study that compared the use of the two classification systems found that worldwide the <em>ICD<\/em> is more frequently used for clinical diagnosis, whereas the <em>DSM<\/em> is more valued for research (Mezzich, 2002). Most research findings concerning the etiology and treatment of psychological disorders are based on criteria set forth in the <em>DSM<\/em> (Oltmanns &amp; Castonguay, 2013). The <em>DSM<\/em> also includes more explicit disorder criteria, along with an extensive and helpful explanatory text (Regier et al., 2012). The <em>DSM<\/em> is the classification system of choice among U.S. mental health professionals, and\u00a0the modules in this course are\u00a0based on the <em>DSM<\/em> paradigm.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_36996072-9460-4579-bf4e-dc95f9533a90\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/36996072-9460-4579-bf4e-dc95f9533a90?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_36996072-9460-4579-bf4e-dc95f9533a90\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<h2>Compassionate View of Psychological Disorders<\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_2270\" style=\"width: 320px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2270\" class=\"wp-image-2270\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5351\/2020\/07\/22170041\/A-genderqueer-person-comforting-a-transgender-woman-on-a-therapists-couch-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"A couple sitting on a couch. One is comforting the other.\" width=\"310\" height=\"207\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2270\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2.<\/strong> It&#8217;s important to be considerate of those dealing with psychological disorders.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>As these disorders are outlined, please bear two things in mind. First, remember that psychological disorders represent <em>extremes<\/em> of inner experience and behavior. If, while reading about these disorders, you feel that these descriptions begin to personally characterize you, do not worry\u2014this moment of enlightenment probably means nothing more than you are normal. Each of us experiences episodes of sadness, anxiety, and preoccupation with certain thoughts\u2014times when we do not quite feel ourselves. These episodes should not be considered problematic unless the accompanying thoughts and behaviors become extreme and have a disruptive effect on one\u2019s life.<\/p>\n<p>Second, understand that people with psychological disorders are far more than just embodiments of their disorders. We do not use terms such as schizophrenics, depressives, or phobics because they are labels that objectify people who suffer from these conditions, thus promoting biased and disparaging assumptions about them. It is important to remember that a psychological disorder is not what a person <em>is<\/em>; it is something that a person <em>has<\/em>\u2014through no fault of their own. As is the case with cancer or diabetes, those with psychological disorders suffer debilitating, often painful conditions that are not of their own choosing. These individuals deserve to be viewed and treated with compassion, understanding, and dignity.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>Watch this <em>CrashCourse Psychology<\/em> video to better understand the history of diagnosing psychological disorders and how they are classified.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/wuhJ-GkRRQc\" width=\"800\" height=\"470\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><br \/>\nYou can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Psychology\/Transcriptions\/PsychologicalDisordersCrashCoursePsychology28.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for &#8220;Psychological Disorders: Crash Course Psychology #28&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_acdbff89-5736-42d5-9fb5-17ac1badb3b7\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/acdbff89-5736-42d5-9fb5-17ac1badb3b7?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_acdbff89-5736-42d5-9fb5-17ac1badb3b7\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<section>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><b>axis:<\/b>\u00a0a category of information regarding one dimension of an individual&#8217;s functioning<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"keyTerm ls2\"><b>categorical approach<\/b><\/span>: attempts to categorize mental disorders into distinct diagnoses<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\"><strong>dimension<\/strong>: refers to a continuum on which an individual can have various levels of a characteristic<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>dimensional approach<\/strong>:\u00a0focuses on\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">varying levels of different behaviors that a person exhibits, r<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">ather than whether or not a person meets criteria for a particular disorder.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>gaming disorder:<\/strong>\u00a0problematic, compulsive use of video games that results in significant impairment to an individual&#8217;s ability to function in various life domains over a prolonged period of time<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>International Classification of Diseases <\/em>(<em>ICD<\/em>):\u00a0<\/strong>authoritative index of mental and physical diseases, including infectious diseases, and the criteria for their diagnosis; published by the World Health Organization (WHO)<\/p>\n<p><strong>olfactory reference disorder<\/strong>: a\u00a0psychiatric condition\u00a0in which there is a persistent false belief and preoccupation with the idea of emitting abnormal\u00a0body odors that the patient thinks are foul and offensive to other individuals<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-78\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Sonja Ann Miller for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Mental Disorders. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mental_disorder\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mental_disorder<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Summaries from psychological disorders section. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/Sr8Ev5Og@5.52:OBtWuv0R@5\/Personality-Disorders\">http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/Sr8Ev5Og@5.52:OBtWuv0R@5\/Personality-Disorders<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@5.48<\/li><li>World map. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Clker-Free-Vector-Images. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/vectors\/globe-world-map-earth-blue-earth-32299\/\">https:\/\/pixabay.com\/vectors\/globe-world-map-earth-blue-earth-32299\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Couple on couch. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Vice. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/genderphotos.vice.com\/\">https:\/\/genderphotos.vice.com\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-ND: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives <\/a><\/em><\/li><li>ICD-11. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ICD-11\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ICD-11<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Video game addiction. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Video_game_addiction\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Video_game_addiction<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Olfactory reference syndrome. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Olfactory_reference_syndrome\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Olfactory_reference_syndrome<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>play button icon. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: kropekk_pl . <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/en\/icon-icons-button-buttons-theme-354294\/\">https:\/\/pixabay.com\/en\/icon-icons-button-buttons-theme-354294\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"Sonja Ann Miller for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"play 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syndrome\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Olfactory_reference_syndrome\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"8fc96ed1-1cca-453c-a4a6-a5e91e30c744, 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