{"id":2695,"date":"2016-06-13T15:36:23","date_gmt":"2016-06-13T15:36:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biologyxwaymakerxmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2695"},"modified":"2024-04-29T16:27:28","modified_gmt":"2024-04-29T16:27:28","slug":"reading-steps-of-genetic-transcription","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology1\/chapter\/reading-steps-of-genetic-transcription\/","title":{"raw":"Steps of Genetic Transcription","rendered":"Steps of Genetic Transcription"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Understand the basic steps in the transcription of DNA into RNA<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nTranscription takes place in the nucleus. It uses DNA as a template to make an RNA (mRNA) molecule. During transcription, a strand of mRNA is made that is complementary to a strand of DNA. Figure\u00a01\u00a0shows how this occurs.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2697\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-2697\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/2016\/06\/13153134\/transcription.png\" alt=\"Overview of transcription of DNA to mRNA\" width=\"500\" height=\"358\" \/> Figure\u00a01. Overview of Transcription. Transcription uses the sequence of bases in a strand of DNA to make a complementary strand of mRNA. Triplets are groups of three successive nucleotide bases in DNA. Codons are complementary groups of bases in mRNA.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">You can\u00a0also <a href=\"http:\/\/vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu\/animations\/transcription\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">walk through the steps of transcription in this link<\/a>.<\/div>\r\nTranscription takes place in three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. The steps are illustrated in Figure\u00a02.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2699\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"400\"]<img class=\"wp-image-2699\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/2016\/06\/13153312\/steps.png\" alt=\"Steps of transcription: initiation, elongation, termination\" width=\"400\" height=\"484\" \/> Figure\u00a02. Transcription occurs in the three steps\u2014initiation, elongation, and termination\u2014all shown here.[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Step 1: Initiation<\/h2>\r\n<strong>Initiation<\/strong> is the beginning of transcription. It occurs when the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. This signals the DNA to unwind so the enzyme can \u2018\u2018read\u2019\u2019 the bases in one of the DNA strands. The enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mRNA with a complementary sequence of bases.\r\n<h2>Step 2: Elongation<\/h2>\r\n<strong>Elongation<\/strong> is the addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand. RNA polymerase reads the unwound DNA strand and builds the mRNA molecule, using complementary base pairs. There is a brief time during this process when the newly formed RNA is bound to the unwound DNA. During this process, an adenine (A) in the DNA binds to an uracil (U) in the RNA.\r\n<h2>Step 3: Termination<\/h2>\r\n<strong>Termination<\/strong> is the ending of transcription, and occurs when RNA polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. The mRNA strand is complete, and it detaches from DNA.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\nThis video provides a review of these steps. You can stop watching the video at 5:35. (After this point, it discusses translation, which we'll discuss in the next outcome.)\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/h3b9ArupXZg\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/e231f583-c756-4c12-9c0b-abadf9192489\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Understand the basic steps in the transcription of DNA into RNA<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Transcription takes place in the nucleus. It uses DNA as a template to make an RNA (mRNA) molecule. During transcription, a strand of mRNA is made that is complementary to a strand of DNA. Figure\u00a01\u00a0shows how this occurs.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2697\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2697\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2697\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/2016\/06\/13153134\/transcription.png\" alt=\"Overview of transcription of DNA to mRNA\" width=\"500\" height=\"358\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2697\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure\u00a01. Overview of Transcription. Transcription uses the sequence of bases in a strand of DNA to make a complementary strand of mRNA. Triplets are groups of three successive nucleotide bases in DNA. Codons are complementary groups of bases in mRNA.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">You can\u00a0also <a href=\"http:\/\/vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu\/animations\/transcription\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">walk through the steps of transcription in this link<\/a>.<\/div>\n<p>Transcription takes place in three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. The steps are illustrated in Figure\u00a02.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2699\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2699\" class=\"wp-image-2699\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/2016\/06\/13153312\/steps.png\" alt=\"Steps of transcription: initiation, elongation, termination\" width=\"400\" height=\"484\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2699\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure\u00a02. Transcription occurs in the three steps\u2014initiation, elongation, and termination\u2014all shown here.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Step 1: Initiation<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Initiation<\/strong> is the beginning of transcription. It occurs when the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. This signals the DNA to unwind so the enzyme can \u2018\u2018read\u2019\u2019 the bases in one of the DNA strands. The enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mRNA with a complementary sequence of bases.<\/p>\n<h2>Step 2: Elongation<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Elongation<\/strong> is the addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand. RNA polymerase reads the unwound DNA strand and builds the mRNA molecule, using complementary base pairs. There is a brief time during this process when the newly formed RNA is bound to the unwound DNA. During this process, an adenine (A) in the DNA binds to an uracil (U) in the RNA.<\/p>\n<h2>Step 3: Termination<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Termination<\/strong> is the ending of transcription, and occurs when RNA polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. The mRNA strand is complete, and it detaches from DNA.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p>This video provides a review of these steps. You can stop watching the video at 5:35. (After this point, it discusses translation, which we&#8217;ll discuss in the next outcome.)<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Transcription and Translation\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/h3b9ArupXZg?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_e231f583-c756-4c12-9c0b-abadf9192489\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/e231f583-c756-4c12-9c0b-abadf9192489?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_e231f583-c756-4c12-9c0b-abadf9192489\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2695\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Transcription of DNA to RNA. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: CK-12. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/biology\/Transcription-of-DNA-to-RNA\/lesson\/Transcription-of-DNA-to-RNA-BIO\/\">http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/biology\/Transcription-of-DNA-to-RNA\/lesson\/Transcription-of-DNA-to-RNA-BIO\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Transcription and Translation. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Bozeman Science. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/h3b9ArupXZg\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/h3b9ArupXZg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Transcription of DNA to RNA\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"CK-12\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/biology\/Transcription-of-DNA-to-RNA\/lesson\/Transcription-of-DNA-to-RNA-BIO\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Transcription and Translation\",\"author\":\"Bozeman Science\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/h3b9ArupXZg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"arr\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"6364a4c0-19cb-4cc8-92c3-939c6ca71d96, 7405cd85-c248-4052-ad48-a976d7c8efba","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2695","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":316,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2695","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2695\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5976,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2695\/revisions\/5976"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/316"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2695\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2695"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2695"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2695"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2695"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}