{"id":2977,"date":"2016-06-15T21:46:24","date_gmt":"2016-06-15T21:46:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biologyxwaymakerxmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2977"},"modified":"2024-04-29T16:38:58","modified_gmt":"2024-04-29T16:38:58","slug":"reading-medicinal-biotechnology","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology1\/chapter\/reading-medicinal-biotechnology\/","title":{"raw":"Medicinal Biotechnology","rendered":"Medicinal Biotechnology"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>List at least 3 medicinal uses of biotechnology advances<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1232227\">It is easy to see how biotechnology can be used for medicinal purposes. Knowledge of the genetic makeup of our species, the genetic basis of heritable diseases, and the invention of technology to manipulate and fix variant genes provides methods to treat the disease. Biotechnology in agriculture can enhance resistance to disease, pest, and environmental stress, and improve both crop yield and quality.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<section id=\"fs-id1424991\" data-depth=\"2\"><\/section>\r\n<h2>Genetic Diagnosis and Gene Therapy<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1497\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"500\"]<img class=\"wp-image-1497\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/2016\/05\/02200726\/Figure_17_01_08.jpg\" alt=\"To cure disease using an adenovirus vector, a new gene intended to replace a defective one is packaged with the adenovirus genome. The genes that make the virus pathogenic are removed. The modified DNA is put inside the virus\u2019 capsid, or protein coat. The person to be cured is infected with the modified virus. Viral DNA enters the nucleus, where the modified gene can replace the defective one.\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" \/> Figure 1. Gene therapy using an adenovirus vector can be used to cure certain genetic diseases in which a person has a defective gene. (credit: NIH)[\/caption]\r\n\r\nScientists call the process of testing for suspected genetic defects before administering treatment\u00a0<strong><span id=\"term647\" data-type=\"term\">genetic diagnosis<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0by\u00a0<strong><span id=\"term648\" data-type=\"term\">genetic testing<\/span><\/strong>. Depending on the inheritance patterns of a disease-causing gene, family members are advised to undergo genetic testing. For example, doctors usually advise women diagnosed with breast cancer to have a biopsy so that the medical team can determine the genetic basis of cancer development. Doctors base treatment plans on genetic test findings that determine the type of cancer. If inherited gene mutations cause the cancer, doctors also advise other female relatives to undergo genetic testing and periodic screening for breast cancer. Doctors also offer genetic testing for fetuses (or embryos with in vitro fertilization) to determine the presence or absence of disease-causing genes in families with specific debilitating diseases.\r\n\r\n<strong><span id=\"term649\" data-type=\"term\">Gene therapy<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0is a genetic engineering technique used to cure disease. In its simplest form, it involves the introduction of a good gene at a random location in the genome to aid the cure of a disease that is caused by a mutated gene. The good gene is usually introduced into diseased cells as part of a vector transmitted by a virus that can infect the host cell and deliver the foreign DNA (Figure 1). More advanced forms of gene therapy try to correct the mutation at the original site in the genome, such as is the case with treatment of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID).\r\n<h2>Production of Vaccines, Antibiotics, and Hormones<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id2016556\">Traditional vaccination strategies use weakened or inactive forms of microorganisms to mount the initial immune response. Modern techniques use the genes of microorganisms cloned into vectors to mass produce the desired antigen. Doctors then introduce the antigen into the body to stimulate the primary immune response and trigger immune memory. The medical field has used genes cloned from the influenza virus to combat the constantly changing strains of this virus.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id944574\">Antibiotics are a biotechnological product. Microorganisms, such as fungi, naturally produce them to attain an advantage over bacterial populations. Cultivating and manipulating fungal cells produces antibodies.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1942719\">Scientists used recombinant DNA technology to produce large-scale quantities of human insulin in\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">E. coli<\/em>\u00a0as early as 1978. Previously, it was only possible to treat diabetes with pig insulin, which caused allergic reactions in humans because of differences in the gene product. In addition, doctors use human growth hormone (HGH) to treat growth disorders in children. Researchers cloned the HGH gene from a cDNA library and inserted it into\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">E. coli<\/em>\u00a0cells by cloning it into a bacterial vector.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>In Summary: Medicinal Biotechnology<\/h3>\r\nTransgenic organisms possess DNA from a different species, usually generated by molecular cloning techniques. Vaccines, antibiotics, and hormones are examples of products obtained by recombinant DNA technology. Transgenic plants are usually created to improve characteristics of crop plants.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/c57c7af1-7113-4d93-8ec7-c790748ea0f5\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>List at least 3 medicinal uses of biotechnology advances<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1232227\">It is easy to see how biotechnology can be used for medicinal purposes. Knowledge of the genetic makeup of our species, the genetic basis of heritable diseases, and the invention of technology to manipulate and fix variant genes provides methods to treat the disease. Biotechnology in agriculture can enhance resistance to disease, pest, and environmental stress, and improve both crop yield and quality.<\/p>\n<section id=\"fs-id1424991\" data-depth=\"2\"><\/section>\n<h2>Genetic Diagnosis and Gene Therapy<\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_1497\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1497\" class=\"wp-image-1497\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/2016\/05\/02200726\/Figure_17_01_08.jpg\" alt=\"To cure disease using an adenovirus vector, a new gene intended to replace a defective one is packaged with the adenovirus genome. The genes that make the virus pathogenic are removed. The modified DNA is put inside the virus\u2019 capsid, or protein coat. The person to be cured is infected with the modified virus. Viral DNA enters the nucleus, where the modified gene can replace the defective one.\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-1497\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. Gene therapy using an adenovirus vector can be used to cure certain genetic diseases in which a person has a defective gene. (credit: NIH)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Scientists call the process of testing for suspected genetic defects before administering treatment\u00a0<strong><span id=\"term647\" data-type=\"term\">genetic diagnosis<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0by\u00a0<strong><span id=\"term648\" data-type=\"term\">genetic testing<\/span><\/strong>. Depending on the inheritance patterns of a disease-causing gene, family members are advised to undergo genetic testing. For example, doctors usually advise women diagnosed with breast cancer to have a biopsy so that the medical team can determine the genetic basis of cancer development. Doctors base treatment plans on genetic test findings that determine the type of cancer. If inherited gene mutations cause the cancer, doctors also advise other female relatives to undergo genetic testing and periodic screening for breast cancer. Doctors also offer genetic testing for fetuses (or embryos with in vitro fertilization) to determine the presence or absence of disease-causing genes in families with specific debilitating diseases.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span id=\"term649\" data-type=\"term\">Gene therapy<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0is a genetic engineering technique used to cure disease. In its simplest form, it involves the introduction of a good gene at a random location in the genome to aid the cure of a disease that is caused by a mutated gene. The good gene is usually introduced into diseased cells as part of a vector transmitted by a virus that can infect the host cell and deliver the foreign DNA (Figure 1). More advanced forms of gene therapy try to correct the mutation at the original site in the genome, such as is the case with treatment of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID).<\/p>\n<h2>Production of Vaccines, Antibiotics, and Hormones<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-id2016556\">Traditional vaccination strategies use weakened or inactive forms of microorganisms to mount the initial immune response. Modern techniques use the genes of microorganisms cloned into vectors to mass produce the desired antigen. Doctors then introduce the antigen into the body to stimulate the primary immune response and trigger immune memory. The medical field has used genes cloned from the influenza virus to combat the constantly changing strains of this virus.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id944574\">Antibiotics are a biotechnological product. Microorganisms, such as fungi, naturally produce them to attain an advantage over bacterial populations. Cultivating and manipulating fungal cells produces antibodies.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1942719\">Scientists used recombinant DNA technology to produce large-scale quantities of human insulin in\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">E. coli<\/em>\u00a0as early as 1978. Previously, it was only possible to treat diabetes with pig insulin, which caused allergic reactions in humans because of differences in the gene product. In addition, doctors use human growth hormone (HGH) to treat growth disorders in children. Researchers cloned the HGH gene from a cDNA library and inserted it into\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">E. coli<\/em>\u00a0cells by cloning it into a bacterial vector.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>In Summary: Medicinal Biotechnology<\/h3>\n<p>Transgenic organisms possess DNA from a different species, usually generated by molecular cloning techniques. Vaccines, antibiotics, and hormones are examples of products obtained by recombinant DNA technology. Transgenic plants are usually created to improve characteristics of crop plants.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_c57c7af1-7113-4d93-8ec7-c790748ea0f5\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/c57c7af1-7113-4d93-8ec7-c790748ea0f5?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_c57c7af1-7113-4d93-8ec7-c790748ea0f5\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2977\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Biology 2e. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@10.8\">http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@10.8<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/biology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Biology 2e\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@10.8\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/biology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"4c8d1734-6723-4fae-b690-d6022dd6472b, c2844471-5151-4290-996b-8492b4b9cd4e","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2977","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":352,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2977","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2977\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6040,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2977\/revisions\/6040"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/352"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2977\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2977"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2977"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2977"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2977"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}