{"id":1069,"date":"2016-12-02T21:29:55","date_gmt":"2016-12-02T21:29:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1069"},"modified":"2024-04-25T17:53:17","modified_gmt":"2024-04-25T17:53:17","slug":"the-diversity-of-life","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/chapter\/the-diversity-of-life\/","title":{"raw":"The Diversity of Life","rendered":"The Diversity of Life"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Explain the \u201cdiversity of life\u201d<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1375\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"400\"]<img class=\"wp-image-1375\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/2016\/05\/02161121\/biodiversity_examples.jpg\" alt=\"A photo collage of a tiger, a lizard, mushrooms, a fish, an ant, trees, a parrot, pine needles, and a flower. \" width=\"400\" height=\"264\" \/> Figure 1. Life on earth is incredibly diverse.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nBiological diversity is the variety of life on earth. This includes all the different plants, animals, and microorganisms; the genes they contain; and the ecosystems they form on land and in water.\u00a0Biological diversity is constantly changing. It is increased by new genetic variation and reduced by extinction and habitat degradation.\r\n<h2>What Is Biodiversity?<\/h2>\r\nBiodiversity refers to the variety of life and its processes, including the variety of living organisms, the genetic differences among them, and the communities and ecosystems in which they occur. Scientists have identified about 1.9 million species alive today. They are divided into the six kingdoms of life shown in Figure 2. Scientists are still discovering new species. Thus, they do not know for sure how many species really exist today. Most estimates range from 5 to 30 million species.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3141\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/2016\/06\/24181849\/knownspecies.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img class=\"wp-image-3141 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/2016\/06\/24181849\/knownspecies-1024x284.jpg\" alt=\"Three pie charts showing the diversity of life. The first shows the known species of organisms. The total equals roughly one million eight hundred thousand species. Animals take up approximately 72 percent of the chart, plants 17, fungi 6, protists 4, and eubacteria 1. The second chart shows the know species of animals. The total equals roughly on millions three hundred fifteen thousand and three hundred seventy eight. Invertebrates total one million two hundred fifty-six thousand and eight hundred eighty (about 95 percent) and vertebrates total fifty-eight thousand and four hundred ninety-eight (about 5 percent). Invertebrates include insects, arachnids, nematode worms, annelid worms, mollusks, flatworms, cnidarians, sponges, echinoderms, and crustaceans. Vertebrates include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. The third chart shows the known species of plants. The total equals about 287,655 species. Flowering plants dicots equal about 68.5 percent, flowering plants monocots equal 21, mosses 5, ferns 5, and conifers .5.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"284\" \/><\/a> Figure 2. Click for a larger image. Known life on earth[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Cogs and Wheels<\/h2>\r\n<blockquote>To save every cog and wheel is the first precaution of intelligent tinkering.\r\n\r\n\u2014Aldo Leopold, <em>Round River: from the Journals of Aldo Leopold<\/em>, 1953<\/blockquote>\r\nLeopold\u2014often considered the father of modern ecology\u2014would have likely found the term <em>biodiversity<\/em>\u00a0an appropriate description of his \u201ccogs and wheels,\u201d\u00a0even though idea\u00a0did not become a vital component of biology until nearly 40 years after his\u00a0death in 1948.\r\n<p class=\"textbox standard\">Literally, the word <em>biodiversity<\/em>\u00a0means the many different kinds (<em>diversity<\/em>) of life (<em>bio<\/em>-), or the number of species in a particular area.<\/p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1087\/2016\/04\/19212326\/ABMI_whatisbiodiversity_Large.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-4691 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1087\/2016\/04\/19212326\/ABMI_whatisbiodiversity_Large-975x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram of many different deer around a river labeled Genetic Diversity, many different plants, animals, fish, bugs around a forest labeled Species Diversity, many differently ecosystems (ie.e Grassland, Rocky Mountains, Boreal Forest) and everything they contain with mountains and streams labeled Ecosystem Diversity.\" width=\"548\" height=\"576\" \/><\/a>Biologists, however, are always alert to levels of organization, and have identified three unique measures of life\u2019s variation:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The most precise and specific measure of biodiversity is <strong>genetic diversity or genetic variation <\/strong>within a species. This measure of diversity looks at differences among individuals within a\u00a0population, or at difference across different populations of the same species.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The level just broader is<strong>\u00a0species diversity<\/strong>, which best fits the literal translation of <i>biodiversity<\/i>: the number of different species in a particular ecosystem or on Earth. This type of diversity simply looks at an area and reports what can be found there.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>At the broadest most encompassing level, we have <strong>ecosystem diversity<\/strong>. As Leopold clearly understood, the \u201ccogs and wheels\u201d include not only life but also the land, sea, and air that support life. In ecosystem diversity, biologists look at the many types of functional units formed by living communities interacting with their environments.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAlthough all three levels of diversity are important, the term biodiversity usually refers to <em><strong>species diversity!<\/strong><\/em>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Video Review<\/h3>\r\nWatch this discussion about biodiversity:\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=1280781&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=573&amp;video_id=vGxJArebKoc&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-p7d7h4bv-vGxJArebKoc\" width=\"800px\" height=\"500px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nYou can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/WM-BiologyforMajors\/Transcripts\/BiodiversityfromtheWildClassroom_Transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for \"Biodiversity from 'the Wild Classroom'\" here (link opens in new window).<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nBiodiversity provides us with all of our food. It also provides for many medicines and industrial products, and it\u00a0has great potential for developing new and improved products for the future. Perhaps most importantly,\u00a0biological diversity provides and maintains a wide array of ecological \"services.\" These include provision of clean air and water, soil, food and shelter. The quality\u2014and the continuation\u2014 of our life and our economy is dependent on these \"services.\"\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Australia's Biological Diversity<\/h3>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3598\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"350\"]<img class=\" wp-image-3598\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1087\/2016\/12\/01234200\/Long-beakedEchidna.jpg\" alt=\"The echidna is a small brown spiney animal. Its spines all face away from the animal\u2019s head, and it has a narrow beak.\" width=\"350\" height=\"268\" \/> Figure 2. The short-beaked echidna is endemic to Australia. This animal\u2014along with the platypus and three other species of \u00a0echidnas\u2014is one of the five surviving species of egg-laying mammals.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe long isolation of Australia over much of the last 50 million years and its northward movement have led to the evolution of a distinct biota. Significant features of Australia's biological diversity include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>A high percentage of endemic species (that is, they occur nowhere else):\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>over\u00a080% of\u00a0flowering plants<\/li>\r\n \t<li>over\u00a080% of\u00a0land mammals<\/li>\r\n \t<li>88% of reptiles<\/li>\r\n \t<li>45% of birds<\/li>\r\n \t<li>92% of frogs<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Wildlife groups of great richness. Australia has an exceptional diversity of lizards in the arid zone, many ground orchids, and a total invertebrate fauna estimated at 200,000 species with more than 4,000 different species of ants alone. Marsupials and monotremes collectively account for about 56% of native terrestrial mammals in Australia.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Wildlife of major evolutionary importance. For example, Australia has 12 of the 19 known families of primitive flowering plants, two of which occur nowhere else. Some species, such as the Queensland lungfish and peripatus, have remained relatively unchanged for hundreds of millions of years.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/a57d35c6-8f9e-4375-83f5-acf20c9ea472\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Explain the \u201cdiversity of life\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_1375\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1375\" class=\"wp-image-1375\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/2016\/05\/02161121\/biodiversity_examples.jpg\" alt=\"A photo collage of a tiger, a lizard, mushrooms, a fish, an ant, trees, a parrot, pine needles, and a flower.\" width=\"400\" height=\"264\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-1375\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. Life on earth is incredibly diverse.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Biological diversity is the variety of life on earth. This includes all the different plants, animals, and microorganisms; the genes they contain; and the ecosystems they form on land and in water.\u00a0Biological diversity is constantly changing. It is increased by new genetic variation and reduced by extinction and habitat degradation.<\/p>\n<h2>What Is Biodiversity?<\/h2>\n<p>Biodiversity refers to the variety of life and its processes, including the variety of living organisms, the genetic differences among them, and the communities and ecosystems in which they occur. Scientists have identified about 1.9 million species alive today. They are divided into the six kingdoms of life shown in Figure 2. Scientists are still discovering new species. Thus, they do not know for sure how many species really exist today. Most estimates range from 5 to 30 million species.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_3141\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/2016\/06\/24181849\/knownspecies.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3141\" class=\"wp-image-3141 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/2016\/06\/24181849\/knownspecies-1024x284.jpg\" alt=\"Three pie charts showing the diversity of life. The first shows the known species of organisms. The total equals roughly one million eight hundred thousand species. Animals take up approximately 72 percent of the chart, plants 17, fungi 6, protists 4, and eubacteria 1. The second chart shows the know species of animals. The total equals roughly on millions three hundred fifteen thousand and three hundred seventy eight. Invertebrates total one million two hundred fifty-six thousand and eight hundred eighty (about 95 percent) and vertebrates total fifty-eight thousand and four hundred ninety-eight (about 5 percent). Invertebrates include insects, arachnids, nematode worms, annelid worms, mollusks, flatworms, cnidarians, sponges, echinoderms, and crustaceans. Vertebrates include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. The third chart shows the known species of plants. The total equals about 287,655 species. Flowering plants dicots equal about 68.5 percent, flowering plants monocots equal 21, mosses 5, ferns 5, and conifers .5.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"284\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-3141\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2. Click for a larger image. Known life on earth<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Cogs and Wheels<\/h2>\n<blockquote><p>To save every cog and wheel is the first precaution of intelligent tinkering.<\/p>\n<p>\u2014Aldo Leopold, <em>Round River: from the Journals of Aldo Leopold<\/em>, 1953<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Leopold\u2014often considered the father of modern ecology\u2014would have likely found the term <em>biodiversity<\/em>\u00a0an appropriate description of his \u201ccogs and wheels,\u201d\u00a0even though idea\u00a0did not become a vital component of biology until nearly 40 years after his\u00a0death in 1948.<\/p>\n<p class=\"textbox standard\">Literally, the word <em>biodiversity<\/em>\u00a0means the many different kinds (<em>diversity<\/em>) of life (<em>bio<\/em>-), or the number of species in a particular area.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1087\/2016\/04\/19212326\/ABMI_whatisbiodiversity_Large.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4691 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1087\/2016\/04\/19212326\/ABMI_whatisbiodiversity_Large-975x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram of many different deer around a river labeled Genetic Diversity, many different plants, animals, fish, bugs around a forest labeled Species Diversity, many differently ecosystems (ie.e Grassland, Rocky Mountains, Boreal Forest) and everything they contain with mountains and streams labeled Ecosystem Diversity.\" width=\"548\" height=\"576\" \/><\/a>Biologists, however, are always alert to levels of organization, and have identified three unique measures of life\u2019s variation:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The most precise and specific measure of biodiversity is <strong>genetic diversity or genetic variation <\/strong>within a species. This measure of diversity looks at differences among individuals within a\u00a0population, or at difference across different populations of the same species.<\/li>\n<li>The level just broader is<strong>\u00a0species diversity<\/strong>, which best fits the literal translation of <i>biodiversity<\/i>: the number of different species in a particular ecosystem or on Earth. This type of diversity simply looks at an area and reports what can be found there.<\/li>\n<li>At the broadest most encompassing level, we have <strong>ecosystem diversity<\/strong>. As Leopold clearly understood, the \u201ccogs and wheels\u201d include not only life but also the land, sea, and air that support life. In ecosystem diversity, biologists look at the many types of functional units formed by living communities interacting with their environments.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Although all three levels of diversity are important, the term biodiversity usually refers to <em><strong>species diversity!<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Video Review<\/h3>\n<p>Watch this discussion about biodiversity:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=1280781&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=573&amp;video_id=vGxJArebKoc&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-p7d7h4bv-vGxJArebKoc\" width=\"800px\" height=\"500px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/WM-BiologyforMajors\/Transcripts\/BiodiversityfromtheWildClassroom_Transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for &#8220;Biodiversity from &#8216;the Wild Classroom'&#8221; here (link opens in new window).<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Biodiversity provides us with all of our food. It also provides for many medicines and industrial products, and it\u00a0has great potential for developing new and improved products for the future. Perhaps most importantly,\u00a0biological diversity provides and maintains a wide array of ecological &#8220;services.&#8221; These include provision of clean air and water, soil, food and shelter. The quality\u2014and the continuation\u2014 of our life and our economy is dependent on these &#8220;services.&#8221;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Australia&#8217;s Biological Diversity<\/h3>\n<div id=\"attachment_3598\" style=\"width: 360px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3598\" class=\"wp-image-3598\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1087\/2016\/12\/01234200\/Long-beakedEchidna.jpg\" alt=\"The echidna is a small brown spiney animal. Its spines all face away from the animal\u2019s head, and it has a narrow beak.\" width=\"350\" height=\"268\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-3598\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2. The short-beaked echidna is endemic to Australia. This animal\u2014along with the platypus and three other species of \u00a0echidnas\u2014is one of the five surviving species of egg-laying mammals.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The long isolation of Australia over much of the last 50 million years and its northward movement have led to the evolution of a distinct biota. Significant features of Australia&#8217;s biological diversity include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A high percentage of endemic species (that is, they occur nowhere else):\n<ul>\n<li>over\u00a080% of\u00a0flowering plants<\/li>\n<li>over\u00a080% of\u00a0land mammals<\/li>\n<li>88% of reptiles<\/li>\n<li>45% of birds<\/li>\n<li>92% of frogs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Wildlife groups of great richness. Australia has an exceptional diversity of lizards in the arid zone, many ground orchids, and a total invertebrate fauna estimated at 200,000 species with more than 4,000 different species of ants alone. Marsupials and monotremes collectively account for about 56% of native terrestrial mammals in Australia.<\/li>\n<li>Wildlife of major evolutionary importance. For example, Australia has 12 of the 19 known families of primitive flowering plants, two of which occur nowhere else. Some species, such as the Queensland lungfish and peripatus, have remained relatively unchanged for hundreds of millions of years.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_a57d35c6-8f9e-4375-83f5-acf20c9ea472\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/a57d35c6-8f9e-4375-83f5-acf20c9ea472?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_a57d35c6-8f9e-4375-83f5-acf20c9ea472\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1069\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Revision and adaptation. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Shelli Carter and Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Biodiversity. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: CK-12. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/biology\/Biodiversity\/lesson\/Biodiversity-BIO\/?referrer=featured_content\">http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/biology\/Biodiversity\/lesson\/Biodiversity-BIO\/?referrer=featured_content<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Conserving Australia&#039;s biological diversity. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.environment.gov.au\/sustainability\/education\/publications\/conserving-australias-biological-diversity-teachers-notes\">https:\/\/www.environment.gov.au\/sustainability\/education\/publications\/conserving-australias-biological-diversity-teachers-notes<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Long-beaked Echidna. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Jaganath. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Long-beakedEchidna.jpg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Long-beakedEchidna.jpg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Biodiversity - from The Wild Classroom. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Rob &amp; Jonas Filmmaking Tips. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/vGxJArebKoc\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/vGxJArebKoc<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Revision and adaptation\",\"author\":\"Shelli Carter and Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Biodiversity\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"CK-12\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/biology\/Biodiversity\/lesson\/Biodiversity-BIO\/?referrer=featured_content\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Biodiversity - from The Wild Classroom\",\"author\":\"Rob & Jonas Filmmaking Tips\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/vGxJArebKoc\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"arr\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Conserving Australia\\'s biological diversity\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.environment.gov.au\/sustainability\/education\/publications\/conserving-australias-biological-diversity-teachers-notes\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Long-beaked Echidna\",\"author\":\"Jaganath\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Long-beakedEchidna.jpg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"587cb8be-737c-484b-8f10-a678d310c4dc, 63ceab95-c3bf-431d-87be-a93d2e0817d5","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1069","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":1054,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1069","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1069\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8245,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1069\/revisions\/8245"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1054"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1069\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1069"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1069"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1069"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1069"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}