{"id":1441,"date":"2017-01-23T23:59:35","date_gmt":"2017-01-23T23:59:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1441"},"modified":"2024-04-25T18:51:04","modified_gmt":"2024-04-25T18:51:04","slug":"basidiomycota","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/chapter\/basidiomycota\/","title":{"raw":"Basidiomycota: The Club Fungi","rendered":"Basidiomycota: The Club Fungi"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Identify characteristics and examples of fungi in the phylum Basidiomycota<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1742\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"349\"]<img class=\" wp-image-1742\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1223\/2017\/01\/26180327\/Figure_24_02_06.jpg\" alt=\"Photo shows toadstools growing in a ring on a lawn.\" width=\"349\" height=\"262\" \/> Figure 1.\u00a0The fruiting bodies of a basidiomycete form a ring in a meadow, commonly called \u201cfairy ring.\u201d\u00a0(Credit: \"Cropcircles\"\/Wikipedia Commons)][\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe fungi in the Phylum <b>Basidiomycota<\/b> are easily recognizable under a light microscope by their club-shaped fruiting bodies called <b>basidia<\/b> (singular, <b>basidium<\/b>), which are the swollen terminal cell of a hypha. The basidia, which are the reproductive organs of these fungi, are often contained within the familiar mushroom, commonly seen in fields after rain, on the supermarket shelves, and growing on your lawn.\u00a0The fruiting bodies of a basidiomycete form a ring in a meadow, commonly called \u201cfairy ring\u201d (Figure 1). The best-known fairy ring fungus has the scientific name <em>Marasmius oreades<\/em>. The body of this fungus, its mycelium, is underground and grows outward in a circle. As it grows, the mycelium depletes the soil of nitrogen, causing the mycelia to grow away from the center and leading to the \u201cfairy ring\u201d of fruiting bodies where there is adequate soil nitrogen.\r\n\r\nThese mushroom-producing basidiomyces are sometimes referred to as \u201cgill fungi\u201d because of the presence of gill-like structures on the underside of the cap. The \u201cgills\u201d are actually compacted hyphae on which the basidia are borne. This group also includes shelf fungus, which cling to the bark of trees like small shelves. In addition, the basidiomycota includes smuts and rusts, which are important plant pathogens, and toadstools. Most edible fungi belong to the Phylum Basidiomycota; however, some basidiomycetes produce deadly toxins. For example, <i>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/i> causes severe respiratory illness.\r\n\r\nThe lifecycle of basidiomycetes includes sexual and asexual reproduction (Figure 2). Most fungi are haploid through most of their life cycles, but the basidiomycetes produce\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">both<\/em>\u00a0haploid and dikaryotic mycelia, with the dikaryotic phase being dominant. (Note: The dikaryotic phase is technically not diploid, since the nuclei remain unfused until shortly before spore production.) In the basidiomycetes, sexual spores are more common than asexual spores. The sexual spores form in the club-shaped basidium and are called basidiospores. In the basidium, nuclei of two different mating strains fuse (karyogamy), giving rise to a diploid zygote that then undergoes meiosis. The haploid nuclei migrate into four different chambers appended to the basidium, and then become basidiospores.\r\n\r\nEach basidiospore germinates and generates\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">monokaryotic haploid hyphae<\/em>. The mycelium that results is called a primary mycelium. Mycelia of different mating strains can combine and produce a secondary mycelium that contains haploid nuclei of two different mating strains. This is the dominant dikaryotic stage of the basidiomycete life cycle. Thus, each cell in this mycelium has two haploid nuclei, which will not fuse until formation of the basidium. Eventually, the secondary mycelium generates a\u00a0<span id=\"term923\" data-type=\"term\">basidiocarp<\/span>, a fruiting body that protrudes from the ground\u2014this is what we think of as a mushroom. The basidiocarp bears the developing basidia on the gills under its cap.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1743\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"600\"]<img class=\" wp-image-1743\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1223\/2017\/01\/26180519\/Figure_24_02_07.png\" alt=\" The life cycle of basidiomycetes, better known as mushrooms, is shown. Basidiomycetes have a sexual life cycle that begins with the germination of 1n basidiospores into mycelia with plus and minus mating types. In a process called plasmogamy, the plus and minus mycelia form a dikaryotic mycelium. Under the right conditions, the dikaryotic mycelium grows into a basdiocarp, or mushroom. Gills on the underside of the mushroom cap contain cells called basidia. The basidia undergo karyogamy to form a 2n zygote. The zygote undergoes meiosis to form cells with four haploid (1n) nuclei. Cell division results in four basidiospores. Dispersal and germination of basidiospores ends the cycle.\" width=\"600\" height=\"738\" \/> Figure 2.\u00a0The lifecycle of a basidiomycete alternates generation with a prolonged stage in which two nuclei (dikaryon) are present in the hyphae.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Practice Question<\/h3>\r\nWhich of the following statements is true?\r\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\r\n \t<li>A basidium is the fruiting body of a mushroom-producing fungus, and it forms four basidiocarps.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The result of the plasmogamy step is four basidiospores.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Karyogamy results directly in the formation of mycelia.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A basidiocarp is the fruiting body of a mushroom-producing fungus.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"197947\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"197947\"]Statement d\u00a0is true.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/6320f444-3aed-400f-b316-0cd4cc95d9c2\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Identify characteristics and examples of fungi in the phylum Basidiomycota<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_1742\" style=\"width: 359px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1742\" class=\"wp-image-1742\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1223\/2017\/01\/26180327\/Figure_24_02_06.jpg\" alt=\"Photo shows toadstools growing in a ring on a lawn.\" width=\"349\" height=\"262\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-1742\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1.\u00a0The fruiting bodies of a basidiomycete form a ring in a meadow, commonly called \u201cfairy ring.\u201d\u00a0(Credit: &#8220;Cropcircles&#8221;\/Wikipedia Commons)]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The fungi in the Phylum <b>Basidiomycota<\/b> are easily recognizable under a light microscope by their club-shaped fruiting bodies called <b>basidia<\/b> (singular, <b>basidium<\/b>), which are the swollen terminal cell of a hypha. The basidia, which are the reproductive organs of these fungi, are often contained within the familiar mushroom, commonly seen in fields after rain, on the supermarket shelves, and growing on your lawn.\u00a0The fruiting bodies of a basidiomycete form a ring in a meadow, commonly called \u201cfairy ring\u201d (Figure 1). The best-known fairy ring fungus has the scientific name <em>Marasmius oreades<\/em>. The body of this fungus, its mycelium, is underground and grows outward in a circle. As it grows, the mycelium depletes the soil of nitrogen, causing the mycelia to grow away from the center and leading to the \u201cfairy ring\u201d of fruiting bodies where there is adequate soil nitrogen.<\/p>\n<p>These mushroom-producing basidiomyces are sometimes referred to as \u201cgill fungi\u201d because of the presence of gill-like structures on the underside of the cap. The \u201cgills\u201d are actually compacted hyphae on which the basidia are borne. This group also includes shelf fungus, which cling to the bark of trees like small shelves. In addition, the basidiomycota includes smuts and rusts, which are important plant pathogens, and toadstools. Most edible fungi belong to the Phylum Basidiomycota; however, some basidiomycetes produce deadly toxins. For example, <i>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/i> causes severe respiratory illness.<\/p>\n<p>The lifecycle of basidiomycetes includes sexual and asexual reproduction (Figure 2). Most fungi are haploid through most of their life cycles, but the basidiomycetes produce\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">both<\/em>\u00a0haploid and dikaryotic mycelia, with the dikaryotic phase being dominant. (Note: The dikaryotic phase is technically not diploid, since the nuclei remain unfused until shortly before spore production.) In the basidiomycetes, sexual spores are more common than asexual spores. The sexual spores form in the club-shaped basidium and are called basidiospores. In the basidium, nuclei of two different mating strains fuse (karyogamy), giving rise to a diploid zygote that then undergoes meiosis. The haploid nuclei migrate into four different chambers appended to the basidium, and then become basidiospores.<\/p>\n<p>Each basidiospore germinates and generates\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">monokaryotic haploid hyphae<\/em>. The mycelium that results is called a primary mycelium. Mycelia of different mating strains can combine and produce a secondary mycelium that contains haploid nuclei of two different mating strains. This is the dominant dikaryotic stage of the basidiomycete life cycle. Thus, each cell in this mycelium has two haploid nuclei, which will not fuse until formation of the basidium. Eventually, the secondary mycelium generates a\u00a0<span id=\"term923\" data-type=\"term\">basidiocarp<\/span>, a fruiting body that protrudes from the ground\u2014this is what we think of as a mushroom. The basidiocarp bears the developing basidia on the gills under its cap.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1743\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1743\" class=\"wp-image-1743\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1223\/2017\/01\/26180519\/Figure_24_02_07.png\" alt=\"The life cycle of basidiomycetes, better known as mushrooms, is shown. Basidiomycetes have a sexual life cycle that begins with the germination of 1n basidiospores into mycelia with plus and minus mating types. In a process called plasmogamy, the plus and minus mycelia form a dikaryotic mycelium. Under the right conditions, the dikaryotic mycelium grows into a basdiocarp, or mushroom. Gills on the underside of the mushroom cap contain cells called basidia. The basidia undergo karyogamy to form a 2n zygote. The zygote undergoes meiosis to form cells with four haploid (1n) nuclei. Cell division results in four basidiospores. Dispersal and germination of basidiospores ends the cycle.\" width=\"600\" height=\"738\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-1743\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2.\u00a0The lifecycle of a basidiomycete alternates generation with a prolonged stage in which two nuclei (dikaryon) are present in the hyphae.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Practice Question<\/h3>\n<p>Which of the following statements is true?<\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<li>A basidium is the fruiting body of a mushroom-producing fungus, and it forms four basidiocarps.<\/li>\n<li>The result of the plasmogamy step is four basidiospores.<\/li>\n<li>Karyogamy results directly in the formation of mycelia.<\/li>\n<li>A basidiocarp is the fruiting body of a mushroom-producing fungus.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q197947\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q197947\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Statement d\u00a0is true.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_6320f444-3aed-400f-b316-0cd4cc95d9c2\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/6320f444-3aed-400f-b316-0cd4cc95d9c2?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_6320f444-3aed-400f-b316-0cd4cc95d9c2\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1441\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Biology 2e. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@10.8\">http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@10.8<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/biology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":10,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Biology 2e\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@10.8\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/biology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"b9d4a145-de19-481d-be62-380a77cd03eb, 213c22eb-3bd5-43dd-85d2-e484484c9f99","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1441","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":20,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1441","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1441\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8339,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1441\/revisions\/8339"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/20"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1441\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1441"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1441"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1441"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1441"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}