{"id":3320,"date":"2017-02-14T18:54:18","date_gmt":"2017-02-14T18:54:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=3320"},"modified":"2024-04-26T02:50:50","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T02:50:50","slug":"competition","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/chapter\/competition\/","title":{"raw":"Competition","rendered":"Competition"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Define the competitive exclusion principle<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp206151696\">Resources are often limited within a habitat and multiple species may compete to obtain them. All species have an ecological niche in the ecosystem, which describes how they acquire the resources they need and how they interact with other species in the community. The\u00a0<strong><span id=\"term2301\" data-type=\"term\">competitive exclusion principle<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0states that two species cannot occupy the same niche in a habitat. In other words, different species cannot coexist in a community if they are competing for all the same resources. An example of this principle is shown in\u00a0Figure 1, with two protozoan species,\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Paramecium aurelia<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Paramecium caudatum<\/em>. When grown individually in the laboratory, they both thrive. But when they are placed together in the same test tube (habitat),\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">P. aurelia<\/em>\u00a0outcompetes\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">P. caudatum\u00a0<\/em>for food, leading to the latter\u2019s eventual extinction.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3335\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<img class=\"size-large wp-image-3335\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1223\/2017\/02\/14185011\/Figure_45_06_07abc-1024x741.jpg\" alt=\"Graphs a, b, and c all plot number of cells versus time in days. In Graph (a), P. aurelia is grown alone. In graph (b), P. caudatum is grown alone. In graph (c), both species are grown together. When grown together, the two species both exhibit logistic growth and grow to a relatively high cell density. When the two species are grown together, P. aurelia shows logistic growth to nearly the same cell density as it exhibited when grown alone, but P. caudatum hardly grows at all, and eventually its population drops to zero.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"741\" \/> Figure\u00a01. <em>Paramecium aurelia<\/em> and <em>Paramecium caudatum<\/em> grow well individually, but when they compete for the same resources, the <em>P. aurelia<\/em> outcompetes the <em>P. caudatum<\/em>.[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Resource Partitioning<\/h2>\r\nCompetitive exclusion may be avoided if one or both of the competing species evolves to use a different resource, occupy a different area of the habitat, or feed during a different time of day. The result of this kind of evolution is that two similar species use largely non-overlapping resources and thus have different microniches. This is called <strong>resource partitioning<\/strong>, and it helps the species coexist because there is less direct competition between them.\u00a0These organisms coexist by minimizing direct competition.\r\n\r\nThe anole lizards found on the island of Puerto Rico are a good example of resource partitioning. In this group, natural selection has led to the evolution of different species that make use of different resources. The figure below shows resource partitioning among 11 species of anole lizards. Each species lives in its own preferred habitat, which is defined by type and height of vegetation (trees, shrubs, cactus, etc.), sunlight, and moisture, among other factors.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3673\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"720\"]<img class=\"wp-image-3673 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1223\/2017\/03\/06160425\/Figure_32_12_01.png\" alt=\"Diagram representing resource partitioning among species of the anole lizard. Some live high in the tree, others in the middle of the tree, others on the trunk. Other anole species live in bushes or cactuses. Also, some live in a sunnier drier environment and some in a shadier moister environment. There are eleven species pictured in all, each with a slightly different environment it occupies.\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" \/> Figure 2. Resource partitioning among anole lizards[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Video Review<\/h3>\r\nWatch this video to\u00a0review competition and how populations share resources in a community:\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/GxE1SSqbSn4\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/9d4fa14f-d8f5-4956-8cf3-998f9ecf9a0c\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Define the competitive exclusion principle<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idp206151696\">Resources are often limited within a habitat and multiple species may compete to obtain them. All species have an ecological niche in the ecosystem, which describes how they acquire the resources they need and how they interact with other species in the community. The\u00a0<strong><span id=\"term2301\" data-type=\"term\">competitive exclusion principle<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0states that two species cannot occupy the same niche in a habitat. In other words, different species cannot coexist in a community if they are competing for all the same resources. An example of this principle is shown in\u00a0Figure 1, with two protozoan species,\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Paramecium aurelia<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Paramecium caudatum<\/em>. When grown individually in the laboratory, they both thrive. But when they are placed together in the same test tube (habitat),\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">P. aurelia<\/em>\u00a0outcompetes\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">P. caudatum\u00a0<\/em>for food, leading to the latter\u2019s eventual extinction.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_3335\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3335\" class=\"size-large wp-image-3335\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1223\/2017\/02\/14185011\/Figure_45_06_07abc-1024x741.jpg\" alt=\"Graphs a, b, and c all plot number of cells versus time in days. In Graph (a), P. aurelia is grown alone. In graph (b), P. caudatum is grown alone. In graph (c), both species are grown together. When grown together, the two species both exhibit logistic growth and grow to a relatively high cell density. When the two species are grown together, P. aurelia shows logistic growth to nearly the same cell density as it exhibited when grown alone, but P. caudatum hardly grows at all, and eventually its population drops to zero.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"741\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-3335\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure\u00a01. <em>Paramecium aurelia<\/em> and <em>Paramecium caudatum<\/em> grow well individually, but when they compete for the same resources, the <em>P. aurelia<\/em> outcompetes the <em>P. caudatum<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Resource Partitioning<\/h2>\n<p>Competitive exclusion may be avoided if one or both of the competing species evolves to use a different resource, occupy a different area of the habitat, or feed during a different time of day. The result of this kind of evolution is that two similar species use largely non-overlapping resources and thus have different microniches. This is called <strong>resource partitioning<\/strong>, and it helps the species coexist because there is less direct competition between them.\u00a0These organisms coexist by minimizing direct competition.<\/p>\n<p>The anole lizards found on the island of Puerto Rico are a good example of resource partitioning. In this group, natural selection has led to the evolution of different species that make use of different resources. The figure below shows resource partitioning among 11 species of anole lizards. Each species lives in its own preferred habitat, which is defined by type and height of vegetation (trees, shrubs, cactus, etc.), sunlight, and moisture, among other factors.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_3673\" style=\"width: 730px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3673\" class=\"wp-image-3673 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1223\/2017\/03\/06160425\/Figure_32_12_01.png\" alt=\"Diagram representing resource partitioning among species of the anole lizard. Some live high in the tree, others in the middle of the tree, others on the trunk. Other anole species live in bushes or cactuses. Also, some live in a sunnier drier environment and some in a shadier moister environment. There are eleven species pictured in all, each with a slightly different environment it occupies.\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-3673\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2. Resource partitioning among anole lizards<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Video Review<\/h3>\n<p>Watch this video to\u00a0review competition and how populations share resources in a community:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Community Ecology: Feel the Love - Crash Course Ecology #4\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/GxE1SSqbSn4?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_9d4fa14f-d8f5-4956-8cf3-998f9ecf9a0c\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/9d4fa14f-d8f5-4956-8cf3-998f9ecf9a0c?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_9d4fa14f-d8f5-4956-8cf3-998f9ecf9a0c\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-3320\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Biology 2e. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@10.8\">http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@10.8<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/biology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><li>Niches &amp; competition. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Khan Academy. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/ecology\/community-ecosystem-ecology\/a\/niches-competition\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/ecology\/community-ecosystem-ecology\/a\/niches-competition<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Anole Lizards. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Eva Horne. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax CNX. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/24nI-KJ8@24.18:lGjgOeNc@8\/Community-Ecology\">https:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/24nI-KJ8@24.18:lGjgOeNc@8\/Community-Ecology<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Principles of Biology. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Community Ecology: Feel the Love. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: CrashCourse. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/GxE1SSqbSn4\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/GxE1SSqbSn4<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Crash Course Ecology. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":26,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Biology 2e\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@10.8\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/biology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Niches & competition\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Khan Academy\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/ecology\/community-ecosystem-ecology\/a\/niches-competition\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Anole Lizards\",\"author\":\"Eva Horne\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax CNX\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/24nI-KJ8@24.18:lGjgOeNc@8\/Community-Ecology\",\"project\":\"Principles of Biology\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Community Ecology: Feel the Love\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"CrashCourse\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/GxE1SSqbSn4\",\"project\":\"Crash Course Ecology\",\"license\":\"arr\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"a39ae75f-88f3-4a9d-a179-ea8c7e6d4633, 33da988d-c435-4e74-a696-6cda61303449","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-3320","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":3091,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3320","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3320\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8766,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3320\/revisions\/8766"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3091"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3320\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3320"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=3320"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=3320"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=3320"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}