{"id":4144,"date":"2017-03-27T21:49:19","date_gmt":"2017-03-27T21:49:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=4144"},"modified":"2024-04-26T02:35:11","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T02:35:11","slug":"hormonal-responses-to-food","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/chapter\/hormonal-responses-to-food\/","title":{"raw":"Hormonal Responses to Food","rendered":"Hormonal Responses to Food"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Explain how hormones regulate digestion<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe <b>endocrine system<\/b> controls the response of the various glands in the body and the release of hormones at the appropriate times.\r\n\r\nOne of the important factors under hormonal control is the stomach acid environment. During the gastric phase, the hormone <b>gastrin\u00a0<\/b>is secreted by G cells in the stomach in response to the presence of proteins. Gastrin stimulates the release of stomach acid, or hydrochloric acid (HCl) which aids in the digestion of the proteins. However, when the stomach is emptied, the acidic environment need not be maintained and a hormone called <b>somatostatin<\/b> stops the release of hydrochloric acid. This is controlled by a negative feedback mechanism.\r\n\r\nIn the duodenum, digestive secretions from the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder play an important role in digesting chyme during the intestinal phase. In order to neutralize the acidic chyme, a hormone called <b>secretin<\/b> stimulates the pancreas to produce alkaline bicarbonate solution and deliver it to the duodenum. Secretin acts in tandem with another hormone called <b>cholecystokinin<\/b> (CCK). Not only does CCK stimulate the pancreas to produce the requisite pancreatic juices, it also stimulates the gallbladder to release bile into the duodenum.\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">Visit <a href=\"http:\/\/www.vivo.colostate.edu\/hbooks\/pathphys\/digestion\/basics\/gi_endocrine.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">VIVO Pathophysiology<\/a> to learn more about the endocrine system. Review the text and watch the animation of how control is implemented in the endocrine system.<\/div>\r\nAnother level of hormonal control occurs in response to the composition of food. Foods high in lipids take a long time to digest. A hormone called <b>gastric inhibitory peptide<\/b> is secreted by the small intestine to slow down the peristaltic movements of the intestine to allow fatty foods more time to be digested and absorbed.\r\n\r\nUnderstanding the hormonal control of the digestive system is an important area of ongoing research. Scientists are exploring the role of each hormone in the digestive process and developing ways to target these hormones. Advances could lead to knowledge that may help to battle the obesity epidemic.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/45e62d6e-82a3-4aa0-997b-e05327ce94af\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Explain how hormones regulate digestion<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>The <b>endocrine system<\/b> controls the response of the various glands in the body and the release of hormones at the appropriate times.<\/p>\n<p>One of the important factors under hormonal control is the stomach acid environment. During the gastric phase, the hormone <b>gastrin\u00a0<\/b>is secreted by G cells in the stomach in response to the presence of proteins. Gastrin stimulates the release of stomach acid, or hydrochloric acid (HCl) which aids in the digestion of the proteins. However, when the stomach is emptied, the acidic environment need not be maintained and a hormone called <b>somatostatin<\/b> stops the release of hydrochloric acid. This is controlled by a negative feedback mechanism.<\/p>\n<p>In the duodenum, digestive secretions from the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder play an important role in digesting chyme during the intestinal phase. In order to neutralize the acidic chyme, a hormone called <b>secretin<\/b> stimulates the pancreas to produce alkaline bicarbonate solution and deliver it to the duodenum. Secretin acts in tandem with another hormone called <b>cholecystokinin<\/b> (CCK). Not only does CCK stimulate the pancreas to produce the requisite pancreatic juices, it also stimulates the gallbladder to release bile into the duodenum.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">Visit <a href=\"http:\/\/www.vivo.colostate.edu\/hbooks\/pathphys\/digestion\/basics\/gi_endocrine.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">VIVO Pathophysiology<\/a> to learn more about the endocrine system. Review the text and watch the animation of how control is implemented in the endocrine system.<\/div>\n<p>Another level of hormonal control occurs in response to the composition of food. Foods high in lipids take a long time to digest. A hormone called <b>gastric inhibitory peptide<\/b> is secreted by the small intestine to slow down the peristaltic movements of the intestine to allow fatty foods more time to be digested and absorbed.<\/p>\n<p>Understanding the hormonal control of the digestive system is an important area of ongoing research. Scientists are exploring the role of each hormone in the digestive process and developing ways to target these hormones. Advances could lead to knowledge that may help to battle the obesity epidemic.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_45e62d6e-82a3-4aa0-997b-e05327ce94af\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/45e62d6e-82a3-4aa0-997b-e05327ce94af?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_45e62d6e-82a3-4aa0-997b-e05327ce94af\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-4144\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Biology 2e. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@10.8\">http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@10.8<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/biology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":13,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Biology 2e\",\"author\":\"OpenStax\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@10.8\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/biology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"e90158e4-b445-49ed-9825-3f627f4f6682, e8901ff1-8478-4e9e-9841-cb933a359abe","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-4144","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":3794,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4144","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4144\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8668,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4144\/revisions\/8668"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3794"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4144\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4144"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=4144"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=4144"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=4144"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}