{"id":4281,"date":"2017-03-28T19:07:06","date_gmt":"2017-03-28T19:07:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=4281"},"modified":"2024-04-26T02:43:11","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T02:43:11","slug":"disorders-of-skin","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/chapter\/disorders-of-skin\/","title":{"raw":"Disorders of Skin","rendered":"Disorders of Skin"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe several different disorders of the skin<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nTwo common skin disorders are eczema and acne. Eczema is an inflammatory condition and occurs in individuals of all ages. Acne involves the clogging of pores, which can lead to infection and inflammation, and is often seen in adolescents. Other disorders, not discussed here, include seborrheic dermatitis (on the scalp), psoriasis, cold sores, impetigo, scabies, hives, and warts.\r\n<h2>Eczema<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2875\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-2875\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1223\/2017\/02\/08175217\/520_Eczema.jpg\" alt=\"This photo shows a person with eczema on the ventral skin of the forearms. The person is a Caucasian, but his or her white skin is mottled with many red marks, giving it the appearance of a rash. In some areas, the skin is breaking and peeling.\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" \/> Figure 1. Eczema is a common skin disorder that presents as a red, flaky rash. (credit: \u201cJambula\u201d\/Wikimedia Commons)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<strong>Eczema<\/strong> is an allergic reaction that manifests as dry, itchy patches of skin that resemble rashes (Figure 1). It may be accompanied by swelling of the skin, flaking, and in severe cases, bleeding. Many who suffer from eczema have antibodies against dust mites in their blood, but the link between eczema and allergy to dust mites has not been proven. Symptoms are usually managed with moisturizers, corticosteroid creams, and immunosuppressants.\r\n<h2>Acne<\/h2>\r\n<strong>Acne<\/strong> is a skin disturbance that typically occurs on areas of the skin that are rich in sebaceous glands (face and back). It is most common along with the onset of puberty due to associated hormonal changes, but can also occur in infants and continue into adulthood. Hormones, such as androgens, stimulate the release of sebum. An overproduction and accumulation of sebum along with keratin can block hair follicles. This plug is initially white. The sebum, when oxidized by exposure to air, turns black. Acne results from infection by acne-causing bacteria (<em>Propionibacterium<\/em> and <em>Staphylococcus<\/em>), which can lead to redness and potential scarring due to the natural wound healing process (Figure 2).\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2876\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"820\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-2876\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1223\/2017\/02\/08175301\/515_Acne_formation.jpg\" alt=\"Three diagrams show the progression of acne in three steps from left to right. All three depict a cross section of skin containing a hair follicle. In the left diagram, the follicle has a swollen area about halfway up the hair shaft, just above a sebaceous gland. The follicle is plugged with sebum, depicted as a yellowish substance. In the middle diagram, the follicle has become more swollen, as a label indicates that bacteria are reproducing within the blockage. The surrounding epidermis becomes inflamed as a result of the bacterial infection. In the rightmost image, the blockage has swollen to about five times its original size and has broken the surrounding epidermis, which is now red and inflamed.\" width=\"820\" height=\"446\" \/> Figure 2. Acne is a result of over-productive sebaceous glands, which leads to formation of blackheads and inflammation of the skin.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Practice Question<\/h3>\r\nWhy do teenagers often experience acne?\r\n\r\n[practice-area rows=\"2\"][\/practice-area]\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"790202\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"790202\"]Acne results from a blockage of sebaceous glands by sebum. The blockage causes blackheads to form, which are susceptible to infection. The infected tissue then becomes red and inflamed. Teenagers experience this at high rates because the sebaceous glands become active during puberty. Hormones that are especially active during puberty stimulate the release of sebum, leading in many cases to blockages.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/42e65c7a-962c-493f-924d-230a9e6d03ce\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe several different disorders of the skin<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Two common skin disorders are eczema and acne. Eczema is an inflammatory condition and occurs in individuals of all ages. Acne involves the clogging of pores, which can lead to infection and inflammation, and is often seen in adolescents. Other disorders, not discussed here, include seborrheic dermatitis (on the scalp), psoriasis, cold sores, impetigo, scabies, hives, and warts.<\/p>\n<h2>Eczema<\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_2875\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2875\" class=\"wp-image-2875\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1223\/2017\/02\/08175217\/520_Eczema.jpg\" alt=\"This photo shows a person with eczema on the ventral skin of the forearms. The person is a Caucasian, but his or her white skin is mottled with many red marks, giving it the appearance of a rash. In some areas, the skin is breaking and peeling.\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2875\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. Eczema is a common skin disorder that presents as a red, flaky rash. (credit: \u201cJambula\u201d\/Wikimedia Commons)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Eczema<\/strong> is an allergic reaction that manifests as dry, itchy patches of skin that resemble rashes (Figure 1). It may be accompanied by swelling of the skin, flaking, and in severe cases, bleeding. Many who suffer from eczema have antibodies against dust mites in their blood, but the link between eczema and allergy to dust mites has not been proven. Symptoms are usually managed with moisturizers, corticosteroid creams, and immunosuppressants.<\/p>\n<h2>Acne<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Acne<\/strong> is a skin disturbance that typically occurs on areas of the skin that are rich in sebaceous glands (face and back). It is most common along with the onset of puberty due to associated hormonal changes, but can also occur in infants and continue into adulthood. Hormones, such as androgens, stimulate the release of sebum. An overproduction and accumulation of sebum along with keratin can block hair follicles. This plug is initially white. The sebum, when oxidized by exposure to air, turns black. Acne results from infection by acne-causing bacteria (<em>Propionibacterium<\/em> and <em>Staphylococcus<\/em>), which can lead to redness and potential scarring due to the natural wound healing process (Figure 2).<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2876\" style=\"width: 830px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2876\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2876\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1223\/2017\/02\/08175301\/515_Acne_formation.jpg\" alt=\"Three diagrams show the progression of acne in three steps from left to right. All three depict a cross section of skin containing a hair follicle. In the left diagram, the follicle has a swollen area about halfway up the hair shaft, just above a sebaceous gland. The follicle is plugged with sebum, depicted as a yellowish substance. In the middle diagram, the follicle has become more swollen, as a label indicates that bacteria are reproducing within the blockage. The surrounding epidermis becomes inflamed as a result of the bacterial infection. In the rightmost image, the blockage has swollen to about five times its original size and has broken the surrounding epidermis, which is now red and inflamed.\" width=\"820\" height=\"446\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2876\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2. Acne is a result of over-productive sebaceous glands, which leads to formation of blackheads and inflammation of the skin.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Practice Question<\/h3>\n<p>Why do teenagers often experience acne?<\/p>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"2\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q790202\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q790202\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Acne results from a blockage of sebaceous glands by sebum. The blockage causes blackheads to form, which are susceptible to infection. The infected tissue then becomes red and inflamed. Teenagers experience this at high rates because the sebaceous glands become active during puberty. Hormones that are especially active during puberty stimulate the release of sebum, leading in many cases to blockages.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_42e65c7a-962c-493f-924d-230a9e6d03ce\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/42e65c7a-962c-493f-924d-230a9e6d03ce?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_42e65c7a-962c-493f-924d-230a9e6d03ce\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-4281\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Anatomy &amp; Physiology. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@8.79\">http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@8.79<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@8.79<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":17,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Anatomy & Physiology\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@8.79\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@8.79\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"3a326668-cfaa-4107-83be-1328dc301887, 9dfa7d2b-fd58-43fb-93bf-ea9fb0524aa4","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-4281","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":3797,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4281","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4281\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8720,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4281\/revisions\/8720"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3797"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4281\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4281"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=4281"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=4281"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=4281"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}