{"id":4374,"date":"2017-03-28T22:15:37","date_gmt":"2017-03-28T22:15:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=4374"},"modified":"2024-04-26T01:37:35","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T01:37:35","slug":"hormone-regulation","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/chapter\/hormone-regulation\/","title":{"raw":"Hormone Regulation","rendered":"Hormone Regulation"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Explain how hormone production is regulated<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nHormone production and release are primarily controlled by negative feedback. In negative feedback systems, a stimulus elicits the release of a substance; once the substance reaches a certain level, it sends a signal that stops further release of the substance.\u00a0In this way, the concentration of hormones in blood is maintained within a narrow range.\u00a0For example, the amount of glucose in the blood controls the secretion of insulin and glucagons via negative feedback.\r\n\r\nDuring hormone regulation, hormones are released, either directly by an endocrine gland or indirectly through the action of the hypothalamus of the brain, which stimulates other endocrine glands to release hormones in order\u00a0to maintain homeostasis. The hormones activate target cells, which initiate physiological changes that adjust the body conditions. When normal conditions have been recovered, the corrective action - the production of hormones - is discontinued. Thus, in negative feedback, when the original (abnormal) condition has been repaired, or negated, corrective actions decrease or discontinue.\r\n\r\nIn another example of hormone regulation, the anterior pituitary signals the thyroid to release thyroid hormones. Increasing levels of these hormones in the blood then give feedback to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to inhibit further signaling to the thyroid gland, as illustrated in Figure\u00a01.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2746\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]<img class=\"wp-image-2746\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1223\/2017\/02\/07231706\/Figure_37_04_01.png\" alt=\"The hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone, which causes the anterior pituitary gland to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone. Thyroid-stimulating hormone causes the thyroid gland to secrete the thyroid hormones T3 and T4, which increase metabolism, resulting in growth and development. In a negative feedback loop, T3 and T4 inhibit hormone secretion by the hypothalamus and pituitary, terminating the signal.\" width=\"500\" height=\"667\" \/> Figure\u00a01.\u00a0The anterior pituitary stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones T<sub>3<\/sub> and T<sub>4<\/sub>. Increasing levels of these hormones in the blood results in feedback to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to inhibit further signaling to the thyroid gland. (credit: modification of work by Mikael H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m)[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Stimuli<\/h2>\r\nThere are three mechanisms by which endocrine glands are stimulated to synthesize and release hormones: humoral stimuli, hormonal stimuli, and neural stimuli.\r\n<h3>Humoral Stimuli<\/h3>\r\nThe term \"humoral\" is derived from the term \"humor,\" which refers to bodily fluids such as blood. A <strong>humoral stimuli<\/strong>\u00a0refers to the control of hormone release in response to changes in extracellular fluids such as blood or the ion concentration in the blood. For example, a rise in blood glucose levels triggers the pancreatic release of insulin. Insulin causes blood glucose levels to drop, which signals the pancreas to stop producing insulin in a negative feedback loop.\r\n<h3>Hormonal Stimuli<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Hormonal stimuli<\/strong> refers to the release of a hormone in response to another hormone. A number of endocrine glands release hormones when stimulated by hormones released by other endocrine glands. For example, the hypothalamus produces hormones that stimulate the anterior portion of the pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary in turn releases hormones that regulate hormone production by other endocrine glands. The anterior pituitary releases the thyroid-stimulating hormone, which then stimulates the thyroid gland to produce the hormones T<sub>3<\/sub> and T<sub>4<\/sub>. As blood concentrations of T<sub>3<\/sub> and T<sub>4<\/sub> rise, they inhibit both the pituitary and the hypothalamus in a negative feedback loop.\r\n<h3>Neural Stimuli<\/h3>\r\nIn some cases, the nervous system directly stimulates endocrine glands to release hormones, which is referred to as <strong>neural stimuli<\/strong>. Recall that in a short-term stress response, the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are important for providing the bursts of energy required for the body to respond. Here, neuronal signaling from the sympathetic nervous system directly stimulates the adrenal medulla to release the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stress.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Practice Question<\/h3>\r\nHyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is overactive. Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is underactive. Which of the conditions are the following two patients most likely to have?\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Patient A has symptoms including weight gain, cold sensitivity, low heart rate and fatigue.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Patient B has symptoms including weight loss, profuse sweating, increased heart rate and difficulty sleeping.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"71349\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"71349\"]Patient A has symptoms associated with decreased metabolism, and may be suffering from hypothyroidism. Patient B has symptoms associated with increased metabolism, and may be suffering from hyperthyroidism.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/2a9cd4ce-1341-44f3-a05f-b831789b3021\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Explain how hormone production is regulated<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Hormone production and release are primarily controlled by negative feedback. In negative feedback systems, a stimulus elicits the release of a substance; once the substance reaches a certain level, it sends a signal that stops further release of the substance.\u00a0In this way, the concentration of hormones in blood is maintained within a narrow range.\u00a0For example, the amount of glucose in the blood controls the secretion of insulin and glucagons via negative feedback.<\/p>\n<p>During hormone regulation, hormones are released, either directly by an endocrine gland or indirectly through the action of the hypothalamus of the brain, which stimulates other endocrine glands to release hormones in order\u00a0to maintain homeostasis. The hormones activate target cells, which initiate physiological changes that adjust the body conditions. When normal conditions have been recovered, the corrective action &#8211; the production of hormones &#8211; is discontinued. Thus, in negative feedback, when the original (abnormal) condition has been repaired, or negated, corrective actions decrease or discontinue.<\/p>\n<p>In another example of hormone regulation, the anterior pituitary signals the thyroid to release thyroid hormones. Increasing levels of these hormones in the blood then give feedback to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to inhibit further signaling to the thyroid gland, as illustrated in Figure\u00a01.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2746\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2746\" class=\"wp-image-2746\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1223\/2017\/02\/07231706\/Figure_37_04_01.png\" alt=\"The hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone, which causes the anterior pituitary gland to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone. Thyroid-stimulating hormone causes the thyroid gland to secrete the thyroid hormones T3 and T4, which increase metabolism, resulting in growth and development. In a negative feedback loop, T3 and T4 inhibit hormone secretion by the hypothalamus and pituitary, terminating the signal.\" width=\"500\" height=\"667\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2746\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure\u00a01.\u00a0The anterior pituitary stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones T<sub>3<\/sub> and T<sub>4<\/sub>. Increasing levels of these hormones in the blood results in feedback to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to inhibit further signaling to the thyroid gland. (credit: modification of work by Mikael H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Stimuli<\/h2>\n<p>There are three mechanisms by which endocrine glands are stimulated to synthesize and release hormones: humoral stimuli, hormonal stimuli, and neural stimuli.<\/p>\n<h3>Humoral Stimuli<\/h3>\n<p>The term &#8220;humoral&#8221; is derived from the term &#8220;humor,&#8221; which refers to bodily fluids such as blood. A <strong>humoral stimuli<\/strong>\u00a0refers to the control of hormone release in response to changes in extracellular fluids such as blood or the ion concentration in the blood. For example, a rise in blood glucose levels triggers the pancreatic release of insulin. Insulin causes blood glucose levels to drop, which signals the pancreas to stop producing insulin in a negative feedback loop.<\/p>\n<h3>Hormonal Stimuli<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Hormonal stimuli<\/strong> refers to the release of a hormone in response to another hormone. A number of endocrine glands release hormones when stimulated by hormones released by other endocrine glands. For example, the hypothalamus produces hormones that stimulate the anterior portion of the pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary in turn releases hormones that regulate hormone production by other endocrine glands. The anterior pituitary releases the thyroid-stimulating hormone, which then stimulates the thyroid gland to produce the hormones T<sub>3<\/sub> and T<sub>4<\/sub>. As blood concentrations of T<sub>3<\/sub> and T<sub>4<\/sub> rise, they inhibit both the pituitary and the hypothalamus in a negative feedback loop.<\/p>\n<h3>Neural Stimuli<\/h3>\n<p>In some cases, the nervous system directly stimulates endocrine glands to release hormones, which is referred to as <strong>neural stimuli<\/strong>. Recall that in a short-term stress response, the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are important for providing the bursts of energy required for the body to respond. Here, neuronal signaling from the sympathetic nervous system directly stimulates the adrenal medulla to release the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stress.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Practice Question<\/h3>\n<p>Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is overactive. Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is underactive. Which of the conditions are the following two patients most likely to have?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Patient A has symptoms including weight gain, cold sensitivity, low heart rate and fatigue.<\/li>\n<li>Patient B has symptoms including weight loss, profuse sweating, increased heart rate and difficulty sleeping.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q71349\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q71349\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Patient A has symptoms associated with decreased metabolism, and may be suffering from hypothyroidism. Patient B has symptoms associated with increased metabolism, and may be suffering from hyperthyroidism.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_2a9cd4ce-1341-44f3-a05f-b831789b3021\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/2a9cd4ce-1341-44f3-a05f-b831789b3021?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_2a9cd4ce-1341-44f3-a05f-b831789b3021\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-4374\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Revision and Adaptation. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Monisha Scott and Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Biology 2e. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@10.8\">http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@10.8<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/biology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><li>Human Physiology. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikibooks. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/Human_Physiology\">https:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/Human_Physiology<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Biology 2e\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@10.8\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/biology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Human Physiology\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikibooks\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/Human_Physiology\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Revision and Adaptation\",\"author\":\"Monisha Scott and Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"719c5ff4-54f5-48d0-acd4-a9128d249f01, 49f61255-4b89-43e9-b031-3d1bfcdf24cc","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-4374","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":3800,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4374","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4374\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8530,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4374\/revisions\/8530"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3800"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4374\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4374"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=4374"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=4374"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=4374"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}