It’s not enough for a communicator to craft a message that’s clearly understood by an audience, the goal should be to leverage the seven principles of business communication. Here is the list of the seven pillars about communication:

• Objective.
• Understanding the audience’s knowledge.
• Relevant.
• Concise.
• Consistent.
• Complete.
• Considerate of the knowledge the audience possesses.

Figure 1. How might ethics affect the decisions you make as an employee?

In reality, if you adhere to the seven principles, you will communicate ethically.  For instance, if you craft a message that is not clear and concise, and you use tricky language that manipulates your consideration for your audience’s knowledge, then you are not being ethical. If you’re not being objective, and you are trying to communicate your opinion (or the opinion of others) as fact, then you are not being ethical. If you purposely do not disclose complete information, then you are not being ethical.

You don’t have to look too far today to see examples of unethical communication; they’re all over the media. “Fake news” media sites abound, even though social media outlets like Facebook and Twitter are making efforts to prevent them from being posted and shared. Is fake news ethical?

The seven principles of business communication should be enough to keep your messages ethical. But if you want further guidance as to what is and is not ethical in business communication, the International Association of Business Communicators outlines a code of ethics for all its members:^[1]

• I am honest—my actions bring respect for and trust in the communication profession.
• I communicate accurate information and promptly correct any errors.
• I obey laws and public policies; if I violate any law or public policy, I act promptly to correct the situation.
• I protect confidential information while acting within the law.
• I support the ideals of free speech, freedom of assembly, and access to an open marketplace of ideas.
• I am sensitive to others’ cultural values and beliefs.
• I give credit to others for their work and cite my sources.
• I do not use confidential information for personal benefit.
• I do not represent conflicting or competing interests without full disclosure and the written consent of those involved.
• I do not accept undisclosed gifts or payments for professional services from anyone other than a client or employer.
• I do not guarantee results that are beyond my power to deliver.

If you have any question regarding the ethics of a particular message, these guidelines should serve you well.  Betraying the trust of your audience is lethal to effective communication.

Principles of Ethical Decision Making

After ethical intensity, a thoughtful manager will consider the principles that might apply to an issue. There is no one set of principles to check off, but the seven listed here are common to most people.

• Legal and regulatory requirements set the minimum standard for behavior. Any company or individual can disagree with the law, but given the consequences, such disagreement must be done carefully. The Hobby Lobby stores refused, on religious grounds, to follow the Affordable Care Act requirements for certain health benefits. The US Supreme Court found in their favor in 2014.
• Long-term self-interest means the pursuit of outcomes that will benefit the self in the long run. For example, a company must make choices to ensure its continued existence. The costs and harm from failure are substantial.
• Personal virtue refers to conformity to a standard of righteousness. You should make choices that are honest and truthful individually. The good of the company does not justify lying.
• Utilitarianism seeks the greatest benefit for the maximum number of people. This is often difficult to judge over large groups of people.
• Individual rights are related to the freedom to act and think without punishment through regulatory, legal, or societal means. For example, we make individual health decisions to smoke or drink beverages loaded with sugar even though the health costs are borne by many through private and government insurance programs.
• Distributive justice is the fairness of the outcomes. That is, how are the benefits shared or distributed among the individuals in a group? The US market system can have winner-take-all outcomes. Our welfare system redistributes a little to the disadvantaged individuals in the market game who are also part of our society.
• Religious injunction is the main moral and ethical guide for many people.

Watch the following video for an overview of the ethical decision making process: