{"id":2543,"date":"2018-03-26T19:16:16","date_gmt":"2018-03-26T19:16:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-businesscommunicationmgrs\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2543"},"modified":"2024-05-09T21:53:55","modified_gmt":"2024-05-09T21:53:55","slug":"bad-presentations","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-businesscommunicationmgrs\/chapter\/bad-presentations\/","title":{"raw":"Bad Presentations","rendered":"Bad Presentations"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Discuss common mistakes in presentations<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nFor many, the prospect of developing and delivering a business presentation rates right up there with death and taxes. Interestingly, that same mixture of fear and loathing is often felt by audience members as well. But it doesn\u2019t have to be that way. The ability to craft a compelling story is a skill as old as the human race, and the need to communicate is as primal and potentially powerful.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2702\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"350\"]<img class=\"wp-image-2702\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2785\/2018\/03\/02215544\/Akhenaten_as_a_Sphinx_Kestner_Museum.jpg\" alt=\"A carved stone relief of a sphinx under a sun, whose rays are shining onto the sphinx. Both are surrounded by hieroglyphics.\" width=\"350\" height=\"219\" \/> Figure 1. Akhenaten as a sphinx, and was originally found in the city of Amarna.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nFor millions of years before the invention of modern technology, humans used the tools available to perpetuate traditions and culture and to document\u2014and often rewrite\u2014history. Do a few internet searches and immerse yourself in the Egyptian tombs; the caves of Chauvet; or El Castillo, the Temple of Kukulcan. What you\u2019re experiencing is a feat of both artistry and communication. Although we don\u2019t know the full significance of these early carvings and structures, there\u2019s no doubt that these early humans captured their world view in a way that is still deeply resonant. While the tools have changed, the communication challenges\u2014and opportunity\u2014remain the same: to communicate an engaging and inspiring point of view.\r\n\r\nRegardless of whether you want to change the world, build your brand, or build a billion-dollar business, effective presentation skills are essential. To quote legendary investor, philanthropist and Berkshire Hathaway chairman and CEO Warren Buffet, \u201cIf you can\u2019t communicate and talk to other people and get across your ideas, you\u2019re giving up your potential.\u201d[footnote]Gallo, Carmine. \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/carminegallo\/2013\/05\/16\/how-warren-buffett-and-joel-osteen-conquered-their-terrifying-fear-of-public-speaking\/#72f5f85704aa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How Warren Buffet and Joel Osteen Conquered Their Terrifying Fear of Public Speaking<\/a>,\" <em>Forbes<\/em>. May 16, 2013.[\/footnote] As would be expected of a numbers person, Buffet has quantified his point in talks on student campuses and professional organizations. Speaking at his alma mater in 2009, Warren Buffett told Columbia Business School students that he believed learning effective communication skills could translate into 50 percent higher lifetime earnings.\r\n\r\nGiven our vibrant storytelling tradition and with so much at stake, why are there still so many bad presentations? Wouldn\u2019t you think that modern communication technology\u2014considering the advances in graphics and communications software alone!\u2014would lead to more compelling presentations? Interestingly, the problem is, to some extent, the technology. It\u2019s estimated that 30 million PowerPoint presentations are created every day, with (seemingly) a majority of presenters opting for default layouts and templates. The problem is, we\u2019re wired for story, not bullet points. A related failure is our use of available technology.\r\n\r\nSeth Godin has a wonderful\u2014and instructive\u2014rant on these points: <a href=\"https:\/\/seths.blog\/2007\/01\/really_bad_powe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Really Bad PowerPoint (and how to avoid it)<\/a>, blaming Microsoft wizards, templates, built-in clip art and lazy presenters for ineffective presentations. In response to a question regarding \u201cdeath by PowerPoint\u201d on the TechTarget Network, Margaret Rouse provided this definition: \u201ca phenomenon cause by the poor use of presentation software,\u201d identifying the primary contributors of this condition as \u201cconfusing graphics, slides with too much text and presenters whose idea of a good presentation is to read 40 slides out loud.\u201d[footnote]Rouse, Margaret. \"<a href=\"https:\/\/whatis.techtarget.com\/definition\/death-by-PowerPoint\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What is death by PowerPoint?<\/a>\" <em>TechTarget Network<\/em>. [\/footnote]\r\n\r\nSo how do we avoid causing \u201cdeath by PowerPoint\"\u2014or by whatever presentation software we use? The common denominator of presentation mistakes is that they represent a failure of communication. This failure can be attributed to two errors: too much or too little. The error of too much is generally the result of trying to use slides as a teleprompter or a substitute to a report, or, it would seem, to bludgeon the audience into submission. Of course, this tends to have an alternate effect, namely, prompting audience members to walk out or tune out, turning their attention instead to doodling or their device of choice.\r\n\r\nWhat bad presentations have too little of is emotion. Presentation expert and author of the classic Presentation Zen (and 4 related books) Gar Reynolds captures the crux of the problem: \u201ca good presentation is a mix of logic, data, emotion, and inspiration. We are usually OK with the logic and data part, but fail on the emotional and inspirational end.\u201d[footnote]Reynolds, Garr. \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.presentationzen.com\/presentationzen\/2014\/11\/10-tips-for-improving-your-presentations-lectures-speeches.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10 tips for Improving Your Presentations Today<\/a>,\u201d Presentation Zen. Nov 2014.[\/footnote] There\u2019s also a hybrid too little-too much mistake, where too little substance and\/or no design sensibility is \u2014 in the mind of the presenter \u2014 offset by transitions and special effects. Heed Seth Godin\u2019s advice: \u201cNo dissolves, spins or other transitions. None.\u201d[footnote]Godin, Seth. <em>Fix Your Really Bad PowerPoint<\/em>. Ebook, sethgodin.com, 2001.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nThe 10\/20\/30 rule, generally attributed to venture capitalist Guy Kawasaki, is a good guideline to help you achieve a \u201cjust right\u201d balance in your presentations. Geared for entrepreneurs pitching their business, his advice is a discipline that would improve the quality\u2014and, effectiveness\u2014of most presentations. In brief, 10\/20\/30 translates to a maximum of 10 slides, a maximum of 20 minutes and a minimum of 30 point font.[footnote]Kawasaki, Guy. <a href=\"https:\/\/guykawasaki.com\/the_102030_rule\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>The 10\/20\/30 Rule of PowerPoint<\/em><\/a>. December 2005.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2707\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"700\"]<img class=\"wp-image-2707\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2785\/2018\/03\/02232349\/102030-1024x328.png\" alt=\"A visual representation of the 10\/20\/30 rule as described in the text.\" width=\"700\" height=\"258\" \/> Figure 2. Your presentation should have no more than 10 slides, take no more than 20 minutes, and use type no smaller than 30 point font.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nWhile this rule is a good starting point, it doesn't overrule your audience analysis or understanding of your purpose. Sometimes, you may need more slides or have a more involved purpose\u2014like training people in new software or presenting the results of a research study\u2014that takes more than 30 minutes to address. In that case, go with what your audience needs and what will make your presentation most effective. The concept behind the 10\/20\/30 rule\u2014to make new learning easy for your audience to take in, process and remember\u2014should still be your guide even if you don't follow the rule exactly.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>How to Avoid Death By PowerPoint<\/h3>\r\nFor more on how to avoid causing death by PowerPoint, watch Swedish presentation expert and How to Avoid Death By PowerPoint author David Phillips TED Talk on the topic:\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Iwpi1Lm6dFo\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Practice Question<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/7e984232-bcc4-4167-adfd-1c6739c96e4d\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Discuss common mistakes in presentations<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>For many, the prospect of developing and delivering a business presentation rates right up there with death and taxes. Interestingly, that same mixture of fear and loathing is often felt by audience members as well. But it doesn\u2019t have to be that way. The ability to craft a compelling story is a skill as old as the human race, and the need to communicate is as primal and potentially powerful.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2702\" style=\"width: 360px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2702\" class=\"wp-image-2702\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2785\/2018\/03\/02215544\/Akhenaten_as_a_Sphinx_Kestner_Museum.jpg\" alt=\"A carved stone relief of a sphinx under a sun, whose rays are shining onto the sphinx. Both are surrounded by hieroglyphics.\" width=\"350\" height=\"219\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2702\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. Akhenaten as a sphinx, and was originally found in the city of Amarna.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>For millions of years before the invention of modern technology, humans used the tools available to perpetuate traditions and culture and to document\u2014and often rewrite\u2014history. Do a few internet searches and immerse yourself in the Egyptian tombs; the caves of Chauvet; or El Castillo, the Temple of Kukulcan. What you\u2019re experiencing is a feat of both artistry and communication. Although we don\u2019t know the full significance of these early carvings and structures, there\u2019s no doubt that these early humans captured their world view in a way that is still deeply resonant. While the tools have changed, the communication challenges\u2014and opportunity\u2014remain the same: to communicate an engaging and inspiring point of view.<\/p>\n<p>Regardless of whether you want to change the world, build your brand, or build a billion-dollar business, effective presentation skills are essential. To quote legendary investor, philanthropist and Berkshire Hathaway chairman and CEO Warren Buffet, \u201cIf you can\u2019t communicate and talk to other people and get across your ideas, you\u2019re giving up your potential.\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Gallo, Carmine. &quot;How Warren Buffet and Joel Osteen Conquered Their Terrifying Fear of Public Speaking,&quot; Forbes. May 16, 2013.\" id=\"return-footnote-2543-1\" href=\"#footnote-2543-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a> As would be expected of a numbers person, Buffet has quantified his point in talks on student campuses and professional organizations. Speaking at his alma mater in 2009, Warren Buffett told Columbia Business School students that he believed learning effective communication skills could translate into 50 percent higher lifetime earnings.<\/p>\n<p>Given our vibrant storytelling tradition and with so much at stake, why are there still so many bad presentations? Wouldn\u2019t you think that modern communication technology\u2014considering the advances in graphics and communications software alone!\u2014would lead to more compelling presentations? Interestingly, the problem is, to some extent, the technology. It\u2019s estimated that 30 million PowerPoint presentations are created every day, with (seemingly) a majority of presenters opting for default layouts and templates. The problem is, we\u2019re wired for story, not bullet points. A related failure is our use of available technology.<\/p>\n<p>Seth Godin has a wonderful\u2014and instructive\u2014rant on these points: <a href=\"https:\/\/seths.blog\/2007\/01\/really_bad_powe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Really Bad PowerPoint (and how to avoid it)<\/a>, blaming Microsoft wizards, templates, built-in clip art and lazy presenters for ineffective presentations. In response to a question regarding \u201cdeath by PowerPoint\u201d on the TechTarget Network, Margaret Rouse provided this definition: \u201ca phenomenon cause by the poor use of presentation software,\u201d identifying the primary contributors of this condition as \u201cconfusing graphics, slides with too much text and presenters whose idea of a good presentation is to read 40 slides out loud.\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Rouse, Margaret. &quot;What is death by PowerPoint?&quot; TechTarget Network.\" id=\"return-footnote-2543-2\" href=\"#footnote-2543-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>So how do we avoid causing \u201cdeath by PowerPoint&#8221;\u2014or by whatever presentation software we use? The common denominator of presentation mistakes is that they represent a failure of communication. This failure can be attributed to two errors: too much or too little. The error of too much is generally the result of trying to use slides as a teleprompter or a substitute to a report, or, it would seem, to bludgeon the audience into submission. Of course, this tends to have an alternate effect, namely, prompting audience members to walk out or tune out, turning their attention instead to doodling or their device of choice.<\/p>\n<p>What bad presentations have too little of is emotion. Presentation expert and author of the classic Presentation Zen (and 4 related books) Gar Reynolds captures the crux of the problem: \u201ca good presentation is a mix of logic, data, emotion, and inspiration. We are usually OK with the logic and data part, but fail on the emotional and inspirational end.\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Reynolds, Garr. \u201c10 tips for Improving Your Presentations Today,\u201d Presentation Zen. Nov 2014.\" id=\"return-footnote-2543-3\" href=\"#footnote-2543-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a> There\u2019s also a hybrid too little-too much mistake, where too little substance and\/or no design sensibility is \u2014 in the mind of the presenter \u2014 offset by transitions and special effects. Heed Seth Godin\u2019s advice: \u201cNo dissolves, spins or other transitions. None.\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Godin, Seth. Fix Your Really Bad PowerPoint. Ebook, sethgodin.com, 2001.\" id=\"return-footnote-2543-4\" href=\"#footnote-2543-4\" aria-label=\"Footnote 4\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The 10\/20\/30 rule, generally attributed to venture capitalist Guy Kawasaki, is a good guideline to help you achieve a \u201cjust right\u201d balance in your presentations. Geared for entrepreneurs pitching their business, his advice is a discipline that would improve the quality\u2014and, effectiveness\u2014of most presentations. In brief, 10\/20\/30 translates to a maximum of 10 slides, a maximum of 20 minutes and a minimum of 30 point font.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Kawasaki, Guy. The 10\/20\/30 Rule of PowerPoint. December 2005.\" id=\"return-footnote-2543-5\" href=\"#footnote-2543-5\" aria-label=\"Footnote 5\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2707\" style=\"width: 710px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2707\" class=\"wp-image-2707\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2785\/2018\/03\/02232349\/102030-1024x328.png\" alt=\"A visual representation of the 10\/20\/30 rule as described in the text.\" width=\"700\" height=\"258\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2707\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2. Your presentation should have no more than 10 slides, take no more than 20 minutes, and use type no smaller than 30 point font.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>While this rule is a good starting point, it doesn&#8217;t overrule your audience analysis or understanding of your purpose. Sometimes, you may need more slides or have a more involved purpose\u2014like training people in new software or presenting the results of a research study\u2014that takes more than 30 minutes to address. In that case, go with what your audience needs and what will make your presentation most effective. The concept behind the 10\/20\/30 rule\u2014to make new learning easy for your audience to take in, process and remember\u2014should still be your guide even if you don&#8217;t follow the rule exactly.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>How to Avoid Death By PowerPoint<\/h3>\n<p>For more on how to avoid causing death by PowerPoint, watch Swedish presentation expert and How to Avoid Death By PowerPoint author David Phillips TED Talk on the topic:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"How to avoid death By PowerPoint | David JP Phillips | TEDxStockholmSalon\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Iwpi1Lm6dFo?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Practice Question<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_7e984232-bcc4-4167-adfd-1c6739c96e4d\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/7e984232-bcc4-4167-adfd-1c6739c96e4d?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_7e984232-bcc4-4167-adfd-1c6739c96e4d\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2543\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Bad Presentations. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Nina Burokas. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Echnaton (Akhenaten) as Sphinx. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Hans Ollermann. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/4nvAVm\">https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/4nvAVm<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>How to avoid death By PowerPoint. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: David JP Phillips. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: TED. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Iwpi1Lm6dFo\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/Iwpi1Lm6dFo<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-2543-1\">Gallo, Carmine. \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/carminegallo\/2013\/05\/16\/how-warren-buffett-and-joel-osteen-conquered-their-terrifying-fear-of-public-speaking\/#72f5f85704aa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How Warren Buffet and Joel Osteen Conquered Their Terrifying Fear of Public Speaking<\/a>,\" <em>Forbes<\/em>. May 16, 2013. <a href=\"#return-footnote-2543-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-2543-2\">Rouse, Margaret. \"<a href=\"https:\/\/whatis.techtarget.com\/definition\/death-by-PowerPoint\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What is death by PowerPoint?<\/a>\" <em>TechTarget Network<\/em>.  <a href=\"#return-footnote-2543-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-2543-3\">Reynolds, Garr. \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.presentationzen.com\/presentationzen\/2014\/11\/10-tips-for-improving-your-presentations-lectures-speeches.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10 tips for Improving Your Presentations Today<\/a>,\u201d Presentation Zen. Nov 2014. <a href=\"#return-footnote-2543-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-2543-4\">Godin, Seth. <em>Fix Your Really Bad PowerPoint<\/em>. Ebook, sethgodin.com, 2001. <a href=\"#return-footnote-2543-4\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 4\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-2543-5\">Kawasaki, Guy. <a href=\"https:\/\/guykawasaki.com\/the_102030_rule\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>The 10\/20\/30 Rule of PowerPoint<\/em><\/a>. December 2005. <a href=\"#return-footnote-2543-5\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 5\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":62559,"menu_order":15,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Bad Presentations\",\"author\":\"Nina Burokas\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Echnaton (Akhenaten) as Sphinx\",\"author\":\"Hans Ollermann\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/4nvAVm\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"How to avoid death By PowerPoint\",\"author\":\"David JP Phillips\",\"organization\":\"TED\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Iwpi1Lm6dFo\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"arr\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"d8f7d83d-a7a4-47f8-9861-668f918e3da7, 76bba241-db9a-4b3c-800e-552bde912426","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2543","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":946,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-businesscommunicationmgrs\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2543","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-businesscommunicationmgrs\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-businesscommunicationmgrs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-businesscommunicationmgrs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/62559"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-businesscommunicationmgrs\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2543\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8211,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-businesscommunicationmgrs\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2543\/revisions\/8211"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-businesscommunicationmgrs\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/946"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-businesscommunicationmgrs\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2543\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-businesscommunicationmgrs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2543"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-businesscommunicationmgrs\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2543"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-businesscommunicationmgrs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2543"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-businesscommunicationmgrs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2543"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}