{"id":1564,"date":"2016-09-07T15:12:17","date_gmt":"2016-09-07T15:12:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-collegesuccess\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1564"},"modified":"2024-04-30T22:49:29","modified_gmt":"2024-04-30T22:49:29","slug":"text-factors-of-diversity","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-collegesuccess-2\/chapter\/text-factors-of-diversity\/","title":{"raw":"Factors of Diversity","rendered":"Factors of Diversity"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Describe factors in diversity<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe multiple roles we play in life\u2014student, sibling, employee, roommate, for example\u2014are only a partial glimpse into our true identity. Right now, you may think, \u201cI really don\u2019t know what I want to be,\u201d meaning you don\u2019t know what you want to do for a living, but have you ever tried to define yourself in terms of the sum of your parts?\r\n\r\n<strong>Social roles<\/strong> are those identities we assume in relationship to others. Our social roles tend to shift based on where we are and who we are with. Taking into account your social roles as well as your nationality, ethnicity, race, friends, gender, sexuality, beliefs, abilities, geography, etc., who are you?\r\n<h2>Who Am I?<\/h2>\r\nPopeye, a familiar twentieth-century cartoon character, was a sailor-philosopher. He declared his own identity in a circular manner, landing us right where we started: \u201cI am what I am and that\u2019s all that I am.\u201d Popeye proves his existence rather than helping us identify him. It is his title, \u201cThe Sailor Man,\u201d that tells us how Popeye operates in the social sphere.\r\n\r\nAccording to the American Psychological Association, personal identity is an individual\u2019s sense of self defined by (a) a set of physical, psychological, and interpersonal characteristics that is not wholly shared with any other person and (b) a range of affiliations (e.g., ethnicity) and social roles. Your identity is tied to the most dominant aspects of your background and personality. It determines the lens through which you see the world and the lens through which you receive information.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>I am<\/h3>\r\nComplete the following statement using no more than four words:\r\n\r\nI am ______________________________.\r\n\r\nIt is difficult to narrow down our identity to just a few options. One way to complete the statement would be to use gender and geography markers. For example, \u201cI am a male New Englander\u201d or \u201cI am an American woman.\u201d Assuming they are true, no one can argue against those identities, but do those statements represent everything or at least most things that identify the speakers? Probably not.\r\n\r\nTry finishing the statement again by using as many words as you wish.\r\n\r\nI am ______________________________.\r\n\r\nIf you ended up with a long string of descriptors that would be hard for a new acquaintance to manage, don\u2019t worry. Our identities are complex and reflect that we lead interesting and multifaceted lives.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nTo better understand identity, consider how social psychologists describe it. Social psychologists, those who study how social interactions take place, often categorize identity into four types: personal identity, role identity, social identity, and collective identity.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Personal identity<\/strong> captures what distinguishes one person from another based on life experiences. No two people, even identical twins, live the same life.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Role identity<\/strong> defines how we interact in certain situations. Our roles change from setting to setting, and so do our identities. At work, you may be a supervisor; in the classroom, you are a peer working collaboratively; at home, you may be the parent of a ten-year-old. In each setting, your bubbly personality may be the same, but how your coworkers, classmates, and family see you is different.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Social identity<\/strong> shapes our public lives by our awareness of how we relate to certain groups. For example, an individual might relate to or identify with Korean Americans, Chicagoans, Methodists, and Lakers fans. These identities influence our interactions with others. Upon meeting someone, for example, we look for connections as to how we are the same or different. Our awareness of who we are makes us behave a certain way in relation to others. If you identify as a hockey fan, you may feel an affinity for someone else who also loves the game.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Collective identity<\/strong> refers to how groups form around a common cause or belief. For example, individuals may bond over similar political ideologies or social movements. Their identity is as much a physical formation as a shared understanding of the issues they believe in. For example, many people consider themselves part of the collective energy surrounding the #metoo movement. Others may identify as fans of a specific type of entertainment such as Trekkies.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/5a1ebd7b-8759-4353-bcf7-4b6ca7443506\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>What Is Diversity?<\/h2>\r\nThere are few words in the English language that have more diverse interpretations than<strong> diversity<\/strong>. What does diversity mean? Better yet\u2014what does diversity mean to you? And what does it mean to your best friend, your teacher, your parents, your religious leader, or the person standing behind you in a grocery store?\r\n\r\nAs we\u2019ll use the term here, diversity refers to the great variety of human characteristics\u2014ways that we are different even as we are all human and share more similarities than differences. These differences are an essential part of what enriches humanity. Aspects of diversity may be cultural, biological, or personal in nature. Diversity generally involves things that may significantly affect some people\u2019s perceptions of others\u2014not just any way people happen to be different. For example, having different tastes in music, movies, or books is not what we usually refer to as diversity.\r\n\r\nIn the following video, students from Juniata College describe\u00a0what diversity means to them and explain why it's an important aspect of their college experience.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=5096098&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=D6ft8w0wHRo&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-6olugp1t-D6ft8w0wHRo\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nYou can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/College+Success\/Transcripts\/EmpoweringConversationsDiversityAndInclusionAtJuniataCollege_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \"Empowering Conversations: Diversity and Inclusion at Juniata College\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n<h2>Surface Diversity and Deep Diversity<\/h2>\r\nSurface diversity and deep diversity are categories of personal attributes\u2014or differences in attributes\u2014that people perceive to exist between people or groups of people.\r\n\r\nSurface-level diversity refers to differences you can generally observe in others, like ethnicity, race, gender, age, culture, language, disability, etc. You can quickly and easily observe these features in a person. And people often do just that, making subtle judgments at the same time, which can lead to bias or discrimination. For example, if a teacher believes that older students perform better than younger students, she may give slightly higher grades to the older students than the younger students. This bias is based on perception of the attribute of age, which is surface-level diversity.\r\n\r\nDeep-level diversity, on the other hand, reflects differences that are less visible, like personality, attitude, beliefs, and values. These attributes are generally communicated verbally and non-verbally, so they are not easily noticeable or measurable. You may not detect deep-level diversity in a classmate, for example, until you get to know him or her, at which point you may find that you are either comfortable with these deeper character levels or perhaps not. But once you gain this deeper level of awareness, you may focus less on surface diversity. For example, at the beginning of a term, a classmate belonging to a minority ethnic group whose native language is not English (surface diversity) may be treated differently by fellow classmates in another ethnic group. But as the term gets under way, classmates begin discovering the person\u2019s values and beliefs (deep-level diversity), which they find they are comfortable with. The surface-level attributes of language and perhaps skin color become more transparent as comfort is gained with deep-level attributes.\r\n<h2>Intersections of Identity<\/h2>\r\n<blockquote>\u201cI am large. I contain multitudes.\u201d Walt Whitman<\/blockquote>\r\nIn his epic poem <em>Song of Myself<\/em>, Walt Whitman writes, \u201cDo I contradict myself? \/ Very well then I contradict myself, \/ (I am large, I contain multitudes.)\u201d Whitman was asserting and defending his shifting sense of self and identity. Those lines importantly point out that our identities may evolve over time. What we do and believe today may not be the same tomorrow. Further, at any one moment, the identities we claim may seem at odds with each other. Shifting identities are a part of personal growth. While we are figuring out who we truly are and what we believe, our sense of self and the image that others have of us may be unclear or ambiguous.\r\n\r\nMany people are uncomfortable with identities that do not fit squarely into one category. How do you respond when someone\u2019s identity or social role is unclear? Such ambiguity may challenge your sense of certainty about the roles that we all play in relationship to one another. Racial, ethnic, and gender ambiguity, in particular, can challenge some people\u2019s sense of social order and social identity.\r\n\r\nWhen we force others to choose only one category of identity (race, ethnicity, or gender, for example) to make ourselves feel comfortable, we do a disservice to the person who identifies with more than one group. For instance, people with multiracial ancestry are often told that they are too much of one and not enough of another.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4511\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"200\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5571\/2016\/09\/05182732\/malcom.jpeg\"><img class=\"wp-image-4511 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5571\/2016\/09\/05182732\/malcom-200x300.jpeg\" alt=\"Malcolm Gladwell\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a> Writer Malcolm Gladwell\u2019s racial expression has impacted his treatment by others and his everyday experiences. (Credit: Kris Krug, Pop!Tech \/ Flickr \/ Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC-BY 2.0))[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe actor Keanu Reeves has a complex background. He was born in Beirut, Lebanon, to a White, English mother and a father with Chinese-Hawaiian ancestry. His childhood was spent in Hawaii, Australia, New York, and Toronto. Reeves considers himself Canadian and has publicly acknowledged influences from all aspects of his heritage. Would you feel comfortable telling Keanu Reeves how he must identify racially and ethnically?\r\n\r\nThere is a question many people ask when they meet someone whom they cannot clearly identify by checking a specific identity box. Inappropriate or not, you have probably heard people ask, \u201cWhat are you?\u201d Would it surprise you if someone like Keanu Reeves shrugged and answered, \u201cI\u2019m just me\u201d?\r\n\r\nMalcom Gladwell is an author of five <em>New York Times<\/em> best-sellers and is hailed as one of <em>Foreign Policy<\/em>\u2019s Top Global Thinkers. He has spoken on his experience with identity as well. Gladwell has a Black, Jamaican mother and a White, Irish father. He often tells the story of how the perception of his hair has allowed him to straddle racial groups. As long as he kept his hair cut very short, his fair skin obscured his Black ancestry, and he was most often perceived as White. However, once he let his hair grow long into a curly Afro style, Gladwell says he began being pulled over for speeding tickets and stopped at airport check-ins. His racial expression carried serious consequences.\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">Gender<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm340546144\">More and more, gender is also a diversity category that we increasingly understand to be less clearly defined. Some people identify themselves as gender fluid or nonbinary. <em>Binary<\/em>\u00a0refers to the notion that gender is only one of two possibilities, male or female. Fluidity suggests that there is a range or continuum of expression. Gender fluidity acknowledges that a person may vacillate between male and female identity.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4512\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5571\/2016\/09\/05183120\/asia.jpeg\"><img class=\"wp-image-4512\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5571\/2016\/09\/05183120\/asia.jpeg\" alt=\"Asia Kate Dillon\" width=\"500\" height=\"441\" \/><\/a> Asia Kate Dillon is a nonbinary actor best known for their roles on <em>Orange Is the New Black<\/em> and <em>Billions<\/em>. (Credit: Billions Official Youtube Channel \/ Wikimedia Commons \/ Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY 3.0))[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm379495104\">Asia Kate Dillon is an American actor and the first nonbinary actor to perform in a major television show with their roles on\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Orange is the New Black<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Billions<\/em>. In an article about the actor, a reporter conducting the interview describes his struggle with trying to describe Dillon to the manager of the restaurant where the two planned to meet. The reporter and the manager struggle with describing someone who does not fit a pre-defined notion of gender identity. Imagine the situation: You\u2019re meeting someone at a restaurant for the first time, and you need to describe the person so the host can identify them. Often, the person\u2019s gender would be a part of the description, but how could you do it respectfully without using the term man or woman?<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm363714704\">Within any group, individuals obviously have a right to define themselves; however, collectively, a group\u2019s self-determination is also important. The history of Black Americans demonstrates a progression of self-determined labels: Negro, Afro-American, Colored, Black, African American. Similarly, in the nonbinary community, self-described labels have evolved. Nouns such as\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">genderqueer<\/em>\u00a0and pronouns such as\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">hir<\/em>, <em data-effect=\"italics\">ze<\/em>,\u00a0and\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Mx<\/em>. (instead of\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Miss<\/em>,<em data-effect=\"italics\"> Mrs<\/em>.,<em data-effect=\"italics\"> or Mr.)<\/em>\u00a0have entered not only our informal lexicon, but the dictionary as well.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote id=\"fs-idm389403408\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm385628320\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\">Merriam-Webster\u2019s dictionary includes a definition of \u201cthey\u201d that denotes a nonbinary identity; that is, someone who fluidly moves between male and female identities.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm339661200\">Transgender men and women were assigned a gender identity at birth that does not fit their true identity. Even though our culture is increasingly giving space to non-heteronormative people to speak out and live openly, these people do so at a risk. Violence against gay, nonbinary, and transgender people occurs at more frequent rates than for other groups.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm364206080\">To make ourselves feel comfortable, we often want people to fall into specific categories so that our own social identity is clear. However, instead of asking someone to make us feel comfortable, we should accept the identity people choose for themselves. Cultural competency includes respectfully addressing individuals as they ask to be addressed.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<table id=\"ch09tab01\" class=\"top-titled\" summary=\"Table 9.1 The website Transstudent.org provides educational resources such as the above graphic for anyone seeking clarity on gender identity. Note that these are only examples of some gender pronouns, not a complete list.\"><caption>Table Gender Pronoun Examples<\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Subjective<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Objective<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Possessive<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Reflexive<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Example<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>She<\/td>\r\n<td>Her<\/td>\r\n<td>Hers<\/td>\r\n<td>Herself<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm379242528\">She is speaking.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm378268448\">I listened to her.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm381772304\">The backpack is hers.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>He<\/td>\r\n<td>Him<\/td>\r\n<td>His<\/td>\r\n<td>Himself<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm390117024\">He is speaking.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm379406064\">I listened to him.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm385112672\">The backpack is his.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>They<\/td>\r\n<td>Them<\/td>\r\n<td>Theirs<\/td>\r\n<td>Themself<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm388252256\">They are speaking.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm367738272\">I listened to them.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm343994512\">The backpack is theirs.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Ze<\/td>\r\n<td>Hir\/Zir<\/td>\r\n<td>Hirs\/Zirs<\/td>\r\n<td>Hirself\/Zirself<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm375964432\">Ze is speaking.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm374182496\">I listened to hir.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm386482512\">The backpack is zirs.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"os-caption-container\"><span class=\"os-caption\">The website transstudent.org provides educational resources such as the above graphic for anyone seeking clarity on gender identity. Note that these are only examples of some gender pronouns, not a complete list.<\/span><\/div>\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Intersectionality<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm384337968\">The many layers of our multiple identities do not fit together like puzzle pieces with clear boundaries between one piece and another. Our identities overlap, creating a combined identity in which one aspect is inseparable from the next.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm380349280\">The term\u00a0<strong><span id=\"term51\" class=\"no-emphasis\" data-type=\"term\">intersectionality<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0was coined by legal scholar Kimberl\u00e9 Crenshaw in 1989 to describe how the experience of Black women was a unique combination of gender and race that could not be divided into two separate identities. In other words, this group could not be seen solely as women or solely as Black; where their identities overlapped is considered the intersection, or crossroads, where identities combine in specific and inseparable ways.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4513\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"800\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5571\/2016\/09\/05183337\/intersections.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-4513\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5571\/2016\/09\/05183337\/intersections-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"Factors of identity. The outer ring includes political belief, work experience, education, appearance, religion, income, language and communication skills, organizational role, and family. The inner ring includes national origin, race and ethnicity, mental and physical ability, sexual orientation, age, gender, and gender identity or expression.\" width=\"800\" height=\"801\" \/><\/a> Our identities are formed by dozens of factors, sometimes represented in intersection wheels. Consider the subset of identity elements represented here. Generally, the outer ring contains elements that may change relatively often while the inner circle elements are often considered more permanent. (There are certainly exceptions.) How does each element contribute to who you are and how might these categories change your self-defined identity?[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm375287088\">Intersectionality and awareness of intersectionality can drive societal change, both in how people see themselves and how they interact with others. That experience can be very inward-facing, or can be more external. It can also lead to debate and challenges. For example, the term <em>Latinx<\/em>\u00a0is growing in use because it is seen as more inclusive than \u201cLatino\/Latina,\u201d but some people\u2014including scholars and advocates\u2014lay out substantive arguments against its use. While the debate continues, it serves as an important reminder of a key element of intersectionality: Never assume that all people in a certain group or population feel the same way. Why not? Because people are more than any one element of their identity; they are defined by more than their race, geographic origin, gender, or socio-economic status. The overlapping aspects of each person\u2019s identity and experiences will create a unique perspective.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm338615184\" class=\"analysis-question ui-has-child-title\" data-type=\"note\" data-has-label=\"true\" data-label=\"\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Intersectional identity<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm373054272\">Consider the intersectionality of race, gender, and sexuality; religion, ethnicity, and geography; military experience; age and socioeconomic status; and many other ways our identities overlap. Consider how these elements overlap in you.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm384850848\">Do you know people who talk easily about their various identities? How does it impact the way you interact with them?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1292085682888313498\/embed\" width=\"1089\" height=\"638\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" aria-label=\"Zooming in: Intersectionality\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>GLOSSARY<\/h3>\r\n<strong>diversity:<\/strong>\u00a0the great variety of human characteristics, especially those\u00a0that may significantly affect some people\u2019s perceptions of others\r\n\r\n<strong>intersectionality:<\/strong> the idea that identities, for example \"Black\" and \"woman,\"\u00a0combine in specific and inseparable ways\r\n\r\n<strong>social roles:<\/strong>\u00a0those identities we assume in relationship to others\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Describe factors in diversity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>The multiple roles we play in life\u2014student, sibling, employee, roommate, for example\u2014are only a partial glimpse into our true identity. Right now, you may think, \u201cI really don\u2019t know what I want to be,\u201d meaning you don\u2019t know what you want to do for a living, but have you ever tried to define yourself in terms of the sum of your parts?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Social roles<\/strong> are those identities we assume in relationship to others. Our social roles tend to shift based on where we are and who we are with. Taking into account your social roles as well as your nationality, ethnicity, race, friends, gender, sexuality, beliefs, abilities, geography, etc., who are you?<\/p>\n<h2>Who Am I?<\/h2>\n<p>Popeye, a familiar twentieth-century cartoon character, was a sailor-philosopher. He declared his own identity in a circular manner, landing us right where we started: \u201cI am what I am and that\u2019s all that I am.\u201d Popeye proves his existence rather than helping us identify him. It is his title, \u201cThe Sailor Man,\u201d that tells us how Popeye operates in the social sphere.<\/p>\n<p>According to the American Psychological Association, personal identity is an individual\u2019s sense of self defined by (a) a set of physical, psychological, and interpersonal characteristics that is not wholly shared with any other person and (b) a range of affiliations (e.g., ethnicity) and social roles. Your identity is tied to the most dominant aspects of your background and personality. It determines the lens through which you see the world and the lens through which you receive information.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>I am<\/h3>\n<p>Complete the following statement using no more than four words:<\/p>\n<p>I am ______________________________.<\/p>\n<p>It is difficult to narrow down our identity to just a few options. One way to complete the statement would be to use gender and geography markers. For example, \u201cI am a male New Englander\u201d or \u201cI am an American woman.\u201d Assuming they are true, no one can argue against those identities, but do those statements represent everything or at least most things that identify the speakers? Probably not.<\/p>\n<p>Try finishing the statement again by using as many words as you wish.<\/p>\n<p>I am ______________________________.<\/p>\n<p>If you ended up with a long string of descriptors that would be hard for a new acquaintance to manage, don\u2019t worry. Our identities are complex and reflect that we lead interesting and multifaceted lives.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>To better understand identity, consider how social psychologists describe it. Social psychologists, those who study how social interactions take place, often categorize identity into four types: personal identity, role identity, social identity, and collective identity.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Personal identity<\/strong> captures what distinguishes one person from another based on life experiences. No two people, even identical twins, live the same life.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Role identity<\/strong> defines how we interact in certain situations. Our roles change from setting to setting, and so do our identities. At work, you may be a supervisor; in the classroom, you are a peer working collaboratively; at home, you may be the parent of a ten-year-old. In each setting, your bubbly personality may be the same, but how your coworkers, classmates, and family see you is different.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Social identity<\/strong> shapes our public lives by our awareness of how we relate to certain groups. For example, an individual might relate to or identify with Korean Americans, Chicagoans, Methodists, and Lakers fans. These identities influence our interactions with others. Upon meeting someone, for example, we look for connections as to how we are the same or different. Our awareness of who we are makes us behave a certain way in relation to others. If you identify as a hockey fan, you may feel an affinity for someone else who also loves the game.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Collective identity<\/strong> refers to how groups form around a common cause or belief. For example, individuals may bond over similar political ideologies or social movements. Their identity is as much a physical formation as a shared understanding of the issues they believe in. For example, many people consider themselves part of the collective energy surrounding the #metoo movement. Others may identify as fans of a specific type of entertainment such as Trekkies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_5a1ebd7b-8759-4353-bcf7-4b6ca7443506\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/5a1ebd7b-8759-4353-bcf7-4b6ca7443506?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_5a1ebd7b-8759-4353-bcf7-4b6ca7443506\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>What Is Diversity?<\/h2>\n<p>There are few words in the English language that have more diverse interpretations than<strong> diversity<\/strong>. What does diversity mean? Better yet\u2014what does diversity mean to you? And what does it mean to your best friend, your teacher, your parents, your religious leader, or the person standing behind you in a grocery store?<\/p>\n<p>As we\u2019ll use the term here, diversity refers to the great variety of human characteristics\u2014ways that we are different even as we are all human and share more similarities than differences. These differences are an essential part of what enriches humanity. Aspects of diversity may be cultural, biological, or personal in nature. Diversity generally involves things that may significantly affect some people\u2019s perceptions of others\u2014not just any way people happen to be different. For example, having different tastes in music, movies, or books is not what we usually refer to as diversity.<\/p>\n<p>In the following video, students from Juniata College describe\u00a0what diversity means to them and explain why it&#8217;s an important aspect of their college experience.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=5096098&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=D6ft8w0wHRo&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-6olugp1t-D6ft8w0wHRo\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/College+Success\/Transcripts\/EmpoweringConversationsDiversityAndInclusionAtJuniataCollege_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for &#8220;Empowering Conversations: Diversity and Inclusion at Juniata College&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Surface Diversity and Deep Diversity<\/h2>\n<p>Surface diversity and deep diversity are categories of personal attributes\u2014or differences in attributes\u2014that people perceive to exist between people or groups of people.<\/p>\n<p>Surface-level diversity refers to differences you can generally observe in others, like ethnicity, race, gender, age, culture, language, disability, etc. You can quickly and easily observe these features in a person. And people often do just that, making subtle judgments at the same time, which can lead to bias or discrimination. For example, if a teacher believes that older students perform better than younger students, she may give slightly higher grades to the older students than the younger students. This bias is based on perception of the attribute of age, which is surface-level diversity.<\/p>\n<p>Deep-level diversity, on the other hand, reflects differences that are less visible, like personality, attitude, beliefs, and values. These attributes are generally communicated verbally and non-verbally, so they are not easily noticeable or measurable. You may not detect deep-level diversity in a classmate, for example, until you get to know him or her, at which point you may find that you are either comfortable with these deeper character levels or perhaps not. But once you gain this deeper level of awareness, you may focus less on surface diversity. For example, at the beginning of a term, a classmate belonging to a minority ethnic group whose native language is not English (surface diversity) may be treated differently by fellow classmates in another ethnic group. But as the term gets under way, classmates begin discovering the person\u2019s values and beliefs (deep-level diversity), which they find they are comfortable with. The surface-level attributes of language and perhaps skin color become more transparent as comfort is gained with deep-level attributes.<\/p>\n<h2>Intersections of Identity<\/h2>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cI am large. I contain multitudes.\u201d Walt Whitman<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>In his epic poem <em>Song of Myself<\/em>, Walt Whitman writes, \u201cDo I contradict myself? \/ Very well then I contradict myself, \/ (I am large, I contain multitudes.)\u201d Whitman was asserting and defending his shifting sense of self and identity. Those lines importantly point out that our identities may evolve over time. What we do and believe today may not be the same tomorrow. Further, at any one moment, the identities we claim may seem at odds with each other. Shifting identities are a part of personal growth. While we are figuring out who we truly are and what we believe, our sense of self and the image that others have of us may be unclear or ambiguous.<\/p>\n<p>Many people are uncomfortable with identities that do not fit squarely into one category. How do you respond when someone\u2019s identity or social role is unclear? Such ambiguity may challenge your sense of certainty about the roles that we all play in relationship to one another. Racial, ethnic, and gender ambiguity, in particular, can challenge some people\u2019s sense of social order and social identity.<\/p>\n<p>When we force others to choose only one category of identity (race, ethnicity, or gender, for example) to make ourselves feel comfortable, we do a disservice to the person who identifies with more than one group. For instance, people with multiracial ancestry are often told that they are too much of one and not enough of another.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_4511\" style=\"width: 210px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5571\/2016\/09\/05182732\/malcom.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4511\" class=\"wp-image-4511 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5571\/2016\/09\/05182732\/malcom-200x300.jpeg\" alt=\"Malcolm Gladwell\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-4511\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Writer Malcolm Gladwell\u2019s racial expression has impacted his treatment by others and his everyday experiences. (Credit: Kris Krug, Pop!Tech \/ Flickr \/ Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC-BY 2.0))<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The actor Keanu Reeves has a complex background. He was born in Beirut, Lebanon, to a White, English mother and a father with Chinese-Hawaiian ancestry. His childhood was spent in Hawaii, Australia, New York, and Toronto. Reeves considers himself Canadian and has publicly acknowledged influences from all aspects of his heritage. Would you feel comfortable telling Keanu Reeves how he must identify racially and ethnically?<\/p>\n<p>There is a question many people ask when they meet someone whom they cannot clearly identify by checking a specific identity box. Inappropriate or not, you have probably heard people ask, \u201cWhat are you?\u201d Would it surprise you if someone like Keanu Reeves shrugged and answered, \u201cI\u2019m just me\u201d?<\/p>\n<p>Malcom Gladwell is an author of five <em>New York Times<\/em> best-sellers and is hailed as one of <em>Foreign Policy<\/em>\u2019s Top Global Thinkers. He has spoken on his experience with identity as well. Gladwell has a Black, Jamaican mother and a White, Irish father. He often tells the story of how the perception of his hair has allowed him to straddle racial groups. As long as he kept his hair cut very short, his fair skin obscured his Black ancestry, and he was most often perceived as White. However, once he let his hair grow long into a curly Afro style, Gladwell says he began being pulled over for speeding tickets and stopped at airport check-ins. His racial expression carried serious consequences.<\/p>\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">Gender<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idm340546144\">More and more, gender is also a diversity category that we increasingly understand to be less clearly defined. Some people identify themselves as gender fluid or nonbinary. <em>Binary<\/em>\u00a0refers to the notion that gender is only one of two possibilities, male or female. Fluidity suggests that there is a range or continuum of expression. Gender fluidity acknowledges that a person may vacillate between male and female identity.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_4512\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5571\/2016\/09\/05183120\/asia.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4512\" class=\"wp-image-4512\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5571\/2016\/09\/05183120\/asia.jpeg\" alt=\"Asia Kate Dillon\" width=\"500\" height=\"441\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-4512\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Asia Kate Dillon is a nonbinary actor best known for their roles on <em>Orange Is the New Black<\/em> and <em>Billions<\/em>. (Credit: Billions Official Youtube Channel \/ Wikimedia Commons \/ Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY 3.0))<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm379495104\">Asia Kate Dillon is an American actor and the first nonbinary actor to perform in a major television show with their roles on\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Orange is the New Black<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Billions<\/em>. In an article about the actor, a reporter conducting the interview describes his struggle with trying to describe Dillon to the manager of the restaurant where the two planned to meet. The reporter and the manager struggle with describing someone who does not fit a pre-defined notion of gender identity. Imagine the situation: You\u2019re meeting someone at a restaurant for the first time, and you need to describe the person so the host can identify them. Often, the person\u2019s gender would be a part of the description, but how could you do it respectfully without using the term man or woman?<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm363714704\">Within any group, individuals obviously have a right to define themselves; however, collectively, a group\u2019s self-determination is also important. The history of Black Americans demonstrates a progression of self-determined labels: Negro, Afro-American, Colored, Black, African American. Similarly, in the nonbinary community, self-described labels have evolved. Nouns such as\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">genderqueer<\/em>\u00a0and pronouns such as\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">hir<\/em>, <em data-effect=\"italics\">ze<\/em>,\u00a0and\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Mx<\/em>. (instead of\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Miss<\/em>,<em data-effect=\"italics\"> Mrs<\/em>.,<em data-effect=\"italics\"> or Mr.)<\/em>\u00a0have entered not only our informal lexicon, but the dictionary as well.<\/p>\n<blockquote id=\"fs-idm389403408\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm385628320\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\">Merriam-Webster\u2019s dictionary includes a definition of \u201cthey\u201d that denotes a nonbinary identity; that is, someone who fluidly moves between male and female identities.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p id=\"fs-idm339661200\">Transgender men and women were assigned a gender identity at birth that does not fit their true identity. Even though our culture is increasingly giving space to non-heteronormative people to speak out and live openly, these people do so at a risk. Violence against gay, nonbinary, and transgender people occurs at more frequent rates than for other groups.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm364206080\">To make ourselves feel comfortable, we often want people to fall into specific categories so that our own social identity is clear. However, instead of asking someone to make us feel comfortable, we should accept the identity people choose for themselves. Cultural competency includes respectfully addressing individuals as they ask to be addressed.<\/p>\n<table id=\"ch09tab01\" class=\"top-titled\" summary=\"Table 9.1 The website Transstudent.org provides educational resources such as the above graphic for anyone seeking clarity on gender identity. Note that these are only examples of some gender pronouns, not a complete list.\">\n<caption>Table Gender Pronoun Examples<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Subjective<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Objective<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Possessive<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Reflexive<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Example<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>She<\/td>\n<td>Her<\/td>\n<td>Hers<\/td>\n<td>Herself<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"fs-idm379242528\">She is speaking.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm378268448\">I listened to her.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm381772304\">The backpack is hers.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>He<\/td>\n<td>Him<\/td>\n<td>His<\/td>\n<td>Himself<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"fs-idm390117024\">He is speaking.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm379406064\">I listened to him.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm385112672\">The backpack is his.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>They<\/td>\n<td>Them<\/td>\n<td>Theirs<\/td>\n<td>Themself<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"fs-idm388252256\">They are speaking.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm367738272\">I listened to them.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm343994512\">The backpack is theirs.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ze<\/td>\n<td>Hir\/Zir<\/td>\n<td>Hirs\/Zirs<\/td>\n<td>Hirself\/Zirself<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"fs-idm375964432\">Ze is speaking.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm374182496\">I listened to hir.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm386482512\">The backpack is zirs.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"os-caption-container\"><span class=\"os-caption\">The website transstudent.org provides educational resources such as the above graphic for anyone seeking clarity on gender identity. Note that these are only examples of some gender pronouns, not a complete list.<\/span><\/div>\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Intersectionality<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idm384337968\">The many layers of our multiple identities do not fit together like puzzle pieces with clear boundaries between one piece and another. Our identities overlap, creating a combined identity in which one aspect is inseparable from the next.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm380349280\">The term\u00a0<strong><span id=\"term51\" class=\"no-emphasis\" data-type=\"term\">intersectionality<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0was coined by legal scholar Kimberl\u00e9 Crenshaw in 1989 to describe how the experience of Black women was a unique combination of gender and race that could not be divided into two separate identities. In other words, this group could not be seen solely as women or solely as Black; where their identities overlapped is considered the intersection, or crossroads, where identities combine in specific and inseparable ways.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_4513\" style=\"width: 810px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5571\/2016\/09\/05183337\/intersections.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4513\" class=\"wp-image-4513\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5571\/2016\/09\/05183337\/intersections-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"Factors of identity. The outer ring includes political belief, work experience, education, appearance, religion, income, language and communication skills, organizational role, and family. The inner ring includes national origin, race and ethnicity, mental and physical ability, sexual orientation, age, gender, and gender identity or expression.\" width=\"800\" height=\"801\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-4513\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Our identities are formed by dozens of factors, sometimes represented in intersection wheels. Consider the subset of identity elements represented here. Generally, the outer ring contains elements that may change relatively often while the inner circle elements are often considered more permanent. (There are certainly exceptions.) How does each element contribute to who you are and how might these categories change your self-defined identity?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm375287088\">Intersectionality and awareness of intersectionality can drive societal change, both in how people see themselves and how they interact with others. That experience can be very inward-facing, or can be more external. It can also lead to debate and challenges. For example, the term <em>Latinx<\/em>\u00a0is growing in use because it is seen as more inclusive than \u201cLatino\/Latina,\u201d but some people\u2014including scholars and advocates\u2014lay out substantive arguments against its use. While the debate continues, it serves as an important reminder of a key element of intersectionality: Never assume that all people in a certain group or population feel the same way. Why not? Because people are more than any one element of their identity; they are defined by more than their race, geographic origin, gender, or socio-economic status. The overlapping aspects of each person\u2019s identity and experiences will create a unique perspective.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-idm338615184\" class=\"analysis-question ui-has-child-title\" data-type=\"note\" data-has-label=\"true\" data-label=\"\">\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Intersectional identity<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idm373054272\">Consider the intersectionality of race, gender, and sexuality; religion, ethnicity, and geography; military experience; age and socioeconomic status; and many other ways our identities overlap. Consider how these elements overlap in you.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm384850848\">Do you know people who talk easily about their various identities? How does it impact the way you interact with them?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1292085682888313498\/embed\" width=\"1089\" height=\"638\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" aria-label=\"Zooming in: Intersectionality\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>GLOSSARY<\/h3>\n<p><strong>diversity:<\/strong>\u00a0the great variety of human characteristics, especially those\u00a0that may significantly affect some people\u2019s perceptions of others<\/p>\n<p><strong>intersectionality:<\/strong> the idea that identities, for example &#8220;Black&#8221; and &#8220;woman,&#8221;\u00a0combine in specific and inseparable ways<\/p>\n<p><strong>social roles:<\/strong>\u00a0those identities we assume in relationship to others<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1564\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Zooming in: Intersectionality. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Scott Barr. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>College Success. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Linda Bruce. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>College Success. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Amy Baldwin. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax; Modified by Lumen Learning. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/college-success\/pages\/9-2-categories-of-diversity\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/college-success\/pages\/9-2-categories-of-diversity<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Diversity and Cultural Competence. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Laura Lucas. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Austin Community College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/austincc-learningframeworks\/chapter\/chapter-17-diversity-and-cultural-competency\/\">https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/austincc-learningframeworks\/chapter\/chapter-17-diversity-and-cultural-competency\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Empowering Conversations: Diversity and Inclusion at Juniata College. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Juniata College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/D6ft8w0wHRo\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/D6ft8w0wHRo<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":19,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"College Success\",\"author\":\"Linda Bruce\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Empowering Conversations: Diversity and Inclusion at Juniata College\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Juniata College\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/D6ft8w0wHRo\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"arr\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"College Success\",\"author\":\"Amy Baldwin\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax; 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