{"id":4274,"date":"2021-03-12T23:43:01","date_gmt":"2021-03-12T23:43:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-collegesuccess-2\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=4274"},"modified":"2022-07-25T20:56:17","modified_gmt":"2022-07-25T20:56:17","slug":"critical-thinking","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-collegesuccess-2\/chapter\/critical-thinking\/","title":{"raw":"Critical Thinking","rendered":"Critical Thinking"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Define critical thinking<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nThinking comes naturally. You don\u2019t have to make it happen\u2014it just does. But you can make it happen in different ways. For example, you can think positively or\u00a0negatively. You can think with your heart and you can think with rational judgment. You can also think strategically and analytically, and mathematically and scientifically. These are a few of multiple ways in which the mind can process thought.\r\n\r\nWhat are some forms of thinking you use? When do you use them and why?\r\n\r\nAs a college student, you are tasked with engaging and expanding your thinking skills. One of the most important thinking skills is\u00a0critical thinking. Critical thinking is important because it relates to nearly all tasks, situations, topics, careers, environments, challenges, and opportunities. It's a \u201cdomain-general\u201d thinking skill\u2014not a thinking skill that's reserved for a one\u00a0subject alone or restricted to a particular subject area. Critical thinking is used in every domain, from physics to auto mechanics. It is often employed to problem solve when we are puzzled by something or to reveal that there is an error in common ways of thinking about things. Thus, critical thinking is essential for revealing biases.\r\n\r\nFor example, Galileo used a common form of reasoning called <em>reductio ad absurdum<\/em>\u00a0(Latin for \u201creduce to absurdity) to show that the physics of his day was mistaken. People at that time believed that the heavier something was, the faster it would fall. Galileo knew this common conception was mistaken and he proved it both empirically and conceptually. Here is how he proved it conceptually. Suppose you have two objects, one heavier (call it B) than the other (call it A). Suppose the heavier object falls faster. When you put the lighter object under the heavier object (c), the lighter object should slow down the heavier object. On the other hand gluing together both objects results in a heavier object (c), which should fall even faster than (b). <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Thought-experiment-free-falling-bodies.svg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">See diagram here<\/a>. The contradiction proves by reductio ad absurdum that the assumption must be false.\u00a0This is just one example, but the form of reasoning (reductio ad absurdum) is the same across every domain\u2014from science to religion to auto mechanics. The form of reasoning is just this: assume for the sake of the argument that A is true. If we can then show that A leads to a contradiction (literally where two statements are asserted that cannot possibly be true), then we prove that A is false.\r\n\r\nGreat leaders have highly attuned critical thinking skills, and you can too. In fact, you probably have a lot of these skills already. Of all your thinking skills, critical thinking\u00a0may have the greatest value.\r\n<h2>What Is Critical Thinking?<\/h2>\r\n<strong>Critical thinking<\/strong> is clear, reasonable, reflective thinking focused on deciding what to believe or do. It means\u00a0asking probing questions like, \"How do we know?\"\u00a0or\u00a0\"Is this true in every case or just in this instance?\" It involves being skeptical and challenging assumptions, rather than simply memorizing facts or blindly accepting what you hear or read.\r\n\r\nImagine, for example, that you're reading a history textbook. You wonder who wrote it and why because you detect certain\u00a0biases in the writing. You find that the author has a limited scope of research focused only on a particular group within a population. In this case, your critical thinking reveals\u00a0that there are other sides to the story.\r\n\r\nWho are critical thinkers, and what characteristics do they have in common? Critical thinkers are usually\u00a0curious and reflective people. They like to explore and probe new areas and seek knowledge, clarification, and new solutions. They ask pertinent questions, evaluate statements and arguments, and they distinguish between facts and opinion. They are also willing to examine their own beliefs, possessing a manner of humility that allows them to admit lack of knowledge or understanding when needed. They are open to changing their mind. Perhaps most of all, they actively enjoy learning and seeking new knowledge is a lifelong pursuit.\r\n\r\nThis description may well be you!\r\n\r\nNo matter where you are on the road to being a critical thinker, you can always more fully develop and finely tune your skills. Doing so will help you develop more balanced arguments, express yourself clearly, read critically, and glean important information efficiently. Critical thinking skills will help you in any profession or any circumstance of life, from science to art to business to teaching. With critical thinking, you become a clearer thinker and problem solver.\r\n<div>\r\n<table><caption>Understanding Critical Thinking<\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Critical Thinking IS<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Critical Thinking Is NOT<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Questioning<\/td>\r\n<td>Memorizing<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Examining assumptions<\/td>\r\n<td>Blindly following what others around you think<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Requiring evidence before you accept a claim<\/td>\r\n<td>Blind acceptance of authority<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/b5ec5223-5fd3-417e-ae70-def7785f5480\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe following video from Lawrence Bland presents the major concepts and benefits of critical thinking.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=1291184&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=WiSklIGUblo&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-abxyesn4-WiSklIGUblo\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nYou can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/College+Success\/Transcripts\/CriticalThinking_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \"Critical Thinking.wmv\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n<h2>Supporting Claims with Evidence<\/h2>\r\nThinking and constructing analyses based on your thinking will bring you in contact with a great deal of information. Some of that information will be factual, and some will not be. You need to be able to distinguish between facts and opinions so you know how to support your arguments. Begin with the following basic definitions:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Fact: a statement that can be supported by objective evidence such as observation, argument, or research.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Opinion: a statement whose truth depends on someone\u2019s desire(s) rather than objective evidence. Opinions that cannot be supported by objective evidence are at most subjectively true.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nOf course, the tricky part is that most people do not label statements as fact and opinion, so you need to be aware and recognize the difference as you go about honing your critical thinking skills.\r\n\r\nYou probably have heard the old saying \u201cEveryone is entitled to their own opinions,\u201d which may be true, but conversely not everyone is entitled to their own facts. Facts are true for everyone, not just those who want to believe in them. For example, \u201cmice are mammals\u201d\u00a0 is a fact since it has been established by scientific research. In contrast, \u201cmice make the best pets\u201d is an opinion (since <em>best<\/em> means whatever one likes the best\u2014and that is a matter of one\u2019s subjective desires).\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Facts vs. opinion<\/h3>\r\nDetermine if the following statements are facts or opinions based on just the information provided here, referring to the basic definitions above. Some people consider scientific findings to be opinions even when they are convincingly backed by reputable evidence and experimentation. However, remember the definition of fact\u2014verifiable by research or observation. Think about what other research you may have to conduct to make an informed decision.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Oregon is a state in the United States. (How would this be proven?)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Beef is made from cattle. (See current legislation concerning vegetarian \u201cburgers.\u201d)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Increased street lighting decreases criminal behavior. (What information would you need to validate this claim?)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">In 1952, Elizabeth became Queen of England. (What documents could validate this statement?)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Oatmeal tastes plain. (What factors might play into this claim?)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Acne is an embarrassing skin condition. (Who might verify this claim?)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Kindergarten decreases student dropout rates. (Think of different interest groups that may take sides on this issue.)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Carbohydrates promote weight gain. (Can you determine if this is a valid statement?)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Cell phones cause brain tumors. (What research considers this claim?)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Immigration is good for the US economy. (What research would help you make an informed decision on this topic?)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Defending against Bias<\/h2>\r\nOnce you have all your information gathered and you have checked your sources for currency and validity, you need to direct your attention to how you\u2019re going to present your now well-informed analysis. Be careful on this step to recognize your own possible biases (metacognition). Facts are verifiable statements; <strong>opinions<\/strong> are statements without supporting evidence. Stating an opinion is just that. You could say, \u201cBlue is the best color,\u201d and that would be your opinion. In contrast, suppose you were to conduct research and find the use of blue paint in mental hospitals reduces patients\u2019 heart rates by twenty-five percent and contributes to fewer angry outbursts from patients. In that case, the statement \u201cblue paint in mental hospitals reduces patients\u2019 heart rate by twenty-five percent\u201d would be a fact supported by objective evidence.\r\n\r\nNot everyone will accept your analysis, which can be frustrating. Most people resist change and have firm beliefs on both important issues and less significant preferences. With all the competing information surfacing online, on the news, and in general conversation, you can understand how confusing it can be to make any decisions. Look at all the reliable, valid sources that claim different approaches to be the best diet for healthy living: ketogenic, low-carb, vegan, vegetarian, low fat, raw foods, paleo, Mediterranean, etc. All you can do in this sort of situation is conduct your own serious research, check your sources, and write clearly and concisely to provide your analysis of the information for consideration. You cannot force others to accept your stance, but you can show your evidence in support of your thinking, being as persuasive as possible without lapsing into your own personal biases.\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong>critical thinking:<\/strong>\u00a0clear, reasonable, reflective thinking focused on deciding what to believe or do, often as a result of challenging assumptions\r\n\r\n<strong>opinions:\u00a0<\/strong>statements offered without supporting evidence\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Define critical thinking<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Thinking comes naturally. You don\u2019t have to make it happen\u2014it just does. But you can make it happen in different ways. For example, you can think positively or\u00a0negatively. You can think with your heart and you can think with rational judgment. You can also think strategically and analytically, and mathematically and scientifically. These are a few of multiple ways in which the mind can process thought.<\/p>\n<p>What are some forms of thinking you use? When do you use them and why?<\/p>\n<p>As a college student, you are tasked with engaging and expanding your thinking skills. One of the most important thinking skills is\u00a0critical thinking. Critical thinking is important because it relates to nearly all tasks, situations, topics, careers, environments, challenges, and opportunities. It&#8217;s a \u201cdomain-general\u201d thinking skill\u2014not a thinking skill that&#8217;s reserved for a one\u00a0subject alone or restricted to a particular subject area. Critical thinking is used in every domain, from physics to auto mechanics. It is often employed to problem solve when we are puzzled by something or to reveal that there is an error in common ways of thinking about things. Thus, critical thinking is essential for revealing biases.<\/p>\n<p>For example, Galileo used a common form of reasoning called <em>reductio ad absurdum<\/em>\u00a0(Latin for \u201creduce to absurdity) to show that the physics of his day was mistaken. People at that time believed that the heavier something was, the faster it would fall. Galileo knew this common conception was mistaken and he proved it both empirically and conceptually. Here is how he proved it conceptually. Suppose you have two objects, one heavier (call it B) than the other (call it A). Suppose the heavier object falls faster. When you put the lighter object under the heavier object (c), the lighter object should slow down the heavier object. On the other hand gluing together both objects results in a heavier object (c), which should fall even faster than (b). <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Thought-experiment-free-falling-bodies.svg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">See diagram here<\/a>. The contradiction proves by reductio ad absurdum that the assumption must be false.\u00a0This is just one example, but the form of reasoning (reductio ad absurdum) is the same across every domain\u2014from science to religion to auto mechanics. The form of reasoning is just this: assume for the sake of the argument that A is true. If we can then show that A leads to a contradiction (literally where two statements are asserted that cannot possibly be true), then we prove that A is false.<\/p>\n<p>Great leaders have highly attuned critical thinking skills, and you can too. In fact, you probably have a lot of these skills already. Of all your thinking skills, critical thinking\u00a0may have the greatest value.<\/p>\n<h2>What Is Critical Thinking?<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Critical thinking<\/strong> is clear, reasonable, reflective thinking focused on deciding what to believe or do. It means\u00a0asking probing questions like, &#8220;How do we know?&#8221;\u00a0or\u00a0&#8220;Is this true in every case or just in this instance?&#8221; It involves being skeptical and challenging assumptions, rather than simply memorizing facts or blindly accepting what you hear or read.<\/p>\n<p>Imagine, for example, that you&#8217;re reading a history textbook. You wonder who wrote it and why because you detect certain\u00a0biases in the writing. You find that the author has a limited scope of research focused only on a particular group within a population. In this case, your critical thinking reveals\u00a0that there are other sides to the story.<\/p>\n<p>Who are critical thinkers, and what characteristics do they have in common? Critical thinkers are usually\u00a0curious and reflective people. They like to explore and probe new areas and seek knowledge, clarification, and new solutions. They ask pertinent questions, evaluate statements and arguments, and they distinguish between facts and opinion. They are also willing to examine their own beliefs, possessing a manner of humility that allows them to admit lack of knowledge or understanding when needed. They are open to changing their mind. Perhaps most of all, they actively enjoy learning and seeking new knowledge is a lifelong pursuit.<\/p>\n<p>This description may well be you!<\/p>\n<p>No matter where you are on the road to being a critical thinker, you can always more fully develop and finely tune your skills. Doing so will help you develop more balanced arguments, express yourself clearly, read critically, and glean important information efficiently. Critical thinking skills will help you in any profession or any circumstance of life, from science to art to business to teaching. With critical thinking, you become a clearer thinker and problem solver.<\/p>\n<div>\n<table>\n<caption>Understanding Critical Thinking<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Critical Thinking IS<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Critical Thinking Is NOT<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Questioning<\/td>\n<td>Memorizing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Examining assumptions<\/td>\n<td>Blindly following what others around you think<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Requiring evidence before you accept a claim<\/td>\n<td>Blind acceptance of authority<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_b5ec5223-5fd3-417e-ae70-def7785f5480\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/b5ec5223-5fd3-417e-ae70-def7785f5480?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_b5ec5223-5fd3-417e-ae70-def7785f5480\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The following video from Lawrence Bland presents the major concepts and benefits of critical thinking.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=1291184&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=WiSklIGUblo&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-abxyesn4-WiSklIGUblo\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/College+Success\/Transcripts\/CriticalThinking_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for &#8220;Critical Thinking.wmv&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Supporting Claims with Evidence<\/h2>\n<p>Thinking and constructing analyses based on your thinking will bring you in contact with a great deal of information. Some of that information will be factual, and some will not be. You need to be able to distinguish between facts and opinions so you know how to support your arguments. Begin with the following basic definitions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Fact: a statement that can be supported by objective evidence such as observation, argument, or research.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Opinion: a statement whose truth depends on someone\u2019s desire(s) rather than objective evidence. Opinions that cannot be supported by objective evidence are at most subjectively true.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Of course, the tricky part is that most people do not label statements as fact and opinion, so you need to be aware and recognize the difference as you go about honing your critical thinking skills.<\/p>\n<p>You probably have heard the old saying \u201cEveryone is entitled to their own opinions,\u201d which may be true, but conversely not everyone is entitled to their own facts. Facts are true for everyone, not just those who want to believe in them. For example, \u201cmice are mammals\u201d\u00a0 is a fact since it has been established by scientific research. In contrast, \u201cmice make the best pets\u201d is an opinion (since <em>best<\/em> means whatever one likes the best\u2014and that is a matter of one\u2019s subjective desires).<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Facts vs. opinion<\/h3>\n<p>Determine if the following statements are facts or opinions based on just the information provided here, referring to the basic definitions above. Some people consider scientific findings to be opinions even when they are convincingly backed by reputable evidence and experimentation. However, remember the definition of fact\u2014verifiable by research or observation. Think about what other research you may have to conduct to make an informed decision.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Oregon is a state in the United States. (How would this be proven?)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Beef is made from cattle. (See current legislation concerning vegetarian \u201cburgers.\u201d)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Increased street lighting decreases criminal behavior. (What information would you need to validate this claim?)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">In 1952, Elizabeth became Queen of England. (What documents could validate this statement?)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Oatmeal tastes plain. (What factors might play into this claim?)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Acne is an embarrassing skin condition. (Who might verify this claim?)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Kindergarten decreases student dropout rates. (Think of different interest groups that may take sides on this issue.)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Carbohydrates promote weight gain. (Can you determine if this is a valid statement?)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Cell phones cause brain tumors. (What research considers this claim?)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Immigration is good for the US economy. (What research would help you make an informed decision on this topic?)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Defending against Bias<\/h2>\n<p>Once you have all your information gathered and you have checked your sources for currency and validity, you need to direct your attention to how you\u2019re going to present your now well-informed analysis. Be careful on this step to recognize your own possible biases (metacognition). Facts are verifiable statements; <strong>opinions<\/strong> are statements without supporting evidence. Stating an opinion is just that. You could say, \u201cBlue is the best color,\u201d and that would be your opinion. In contrast, suppose you were to conduct research and find the use of blue paint in mental hospitals reduces patients\u2019 heart rates by twenty-five percent and contributes to fewer angry outbursts from patients. In that case, the statement \u201cblue paint in mental hospitals reduces patients\u2019 heart rate by twenty-five percent\u201d would be a fact supported by objective evidence.<\/p>\n<p>Not everyone will accept your analysis, which can be frustrating. Most people resist change and have firm beliefs on both important issues and less significant preferences. With all the competing information surfacing online, on the news, and in general conversation, you can understand how confusing it can be to make any decisions. Look at all the reliable, valid sources that claim different approaches to be the best diet for healthy living: ketogenic, low-carb, vegan, vegetarian, low fat, raw foods, paleo, Mediterranean, etc. All you can do in this sort of situation is conduct your own serious research, check your sources, and write clearly and concisely to provide your analysis of the information for consideration. You cannot force others to accept your stance, but you can show your evidence in support of your thinking, being as persuasive as possible without lapsing into your own personal biases.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>critical thinking:<\/strong>\u00a0clear, reasonable, reflective thinking focused on deciding what to believe or do, often as a result of challenging assumptions<\/p>\n<p><strong>opinions:\u00a0<\/strong>statements offered without supporting evidence<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-4274\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>College Success. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Matthew Van Cleave. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Critical Thinking. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Critical and Creative Thinking Program. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cct.wikispaces.umb.edu\/Critical+Thinking\">http:\/\/cct.wikispaces.umb.edu\/Critical+Thinking<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Thinking Critically. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: UBC Learning Commons. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The University of British Columbia, Vancouver Campus. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/learningcommons.ubc.ca\/student-toolkits\/thinking-critically\/\">https:\/\/learningcommons.ubc.ca\/student-toolkits\/thinking-critically\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>College Success. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Amy Baldwin; Modified by Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/college-success\/pages\/7-4-critical-thinking\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/college-success\/pages\/7-4-critical-thinking<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Thought-experiment-free-falling-bodies. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikimedia Commons. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Thought-experiment-free-falling-bodies.svg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Thought-experiment-free-falling-bodies.svg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Critical Thinking.wmv. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Lawrence Bland. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/WiSklIGUblo\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/WiSklIGUblo<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":169554,"menu_order":11,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Critical Thinking\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Critical and Creative Thinking Program\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cct.wikispaces.umb.edu\/Critical+Thinking\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Thinking Critically\",\"author\":\"UBC Learning Commons\",\"organization\":\"The University of British Columbia, Vancouver Campus\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/learningcommons.ubc.ca\/student-toolkits\/thinking-critically\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Critical Thinking.wmv\",\"author\":\"Lawrence Bland\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/WiSklIGUblo\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"arr\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"College Success\",\"author\":\"Amy Baldwin; 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