Annie is counting the shoes in her closet. The shoes are matched in pairs, so she doesn’t have to count each one. She counts by twos: [latex]2,4,6,8,10,12[/latex]. She has [latex]12[/latex] shoes in her closet.

The numbers [latex]2,4,6,8,10,12[/latex] are called multiples of [latex]2[/latex]. Multiples of [latex]2[/latex] can be written as the product of a counting number and [latex]2[/latex]. The first six multiples of [latex]2[/latex] are given below.

[latex]\begin{array}{l}1\cdot 2=2\\ 2\cdot 2=4\\ 3\cdot 2=6\\ 4\cdot 2=8\\ 5\cdot 2=10\\ 6\cdot 2=12\end{array}[/latex]

A multiple of a number is the product of the number and a counting number. So a multiple of [latex]3[/latex] would be the product of a counting number and [latex]3[/latex]. Below are the first six multiples of [latex]3[/latex].

[latex]\begin{array}{l}1\cdot 3=3\\ 2\cdot 3=6\\ 3\cdot 3=9\\ 4\cdot 3=12\\ 5\cdot 3=15\\ 6\cdot 3=18\end{array}[/latex]

We can find the multiples of any number by continuing this process. The table below shows the multiples of [latex]2[/latex] through [latex]9[/latex] for the first twelve counting numbers.

Recognizing the patterns for multiples of [latex]2, 5, 10, \text{and }3[/latex] will be helpful to you as you continue in this course.

Doing the Manipulative Mathematics activity “Multiples” will help you develop a better understanding of multiples.
The table below shows the counting numbers from [latex]1[/latex] to [latex]50[/latex]. Multiples of [latex]2[/latex] are highlighted. Do you notice a pattern?

Multiples of [latex]2[/latex] between [latex]1[/latex] and [latex]50[/latex]

The last digit of each highlighted number in the table is either [latex]0, 2, 4, 6, \text{or }8[/latex]. This is true for the product of [latex]2[/latex] and any counting number. So, to tell if any number is a multiple of [latex]2[/latex] look at the last digit. If it is [latex]0, 2, 4, 6, \text{or }8[/latex], then the number is a multiple of [latex]2[/latex].

Now let’s look at multiples of [latex]5[/latex]. The table below highlights all of the multiples of [latex]5[/latex] between [latex]1[/latex] and [latex]50[/latex]. What do you notice about the multiples of [latex]5?[/latex]

Multiples of [latex]5[/latex] between [latex]1[/latex] and [latex]50[/latex]

All multiples of [latex]5[/latex] end with either [latex]5[/latex] or [latex]0[/latex]. Just like we identify multiples of [latex]2[/latex] by looking at the last digit, we can identify multiples of [latex]5[/latex] by looking at the last digit.

The table below highlights the multiples of [latex]10[/latex] between [latex]1[/latex] and [latex]50[/latex]. All multiples of [latex]10[/latex] all end with a zero.

Multiples of [latex]10[/latex] between [latex]1[/latex] and [latex]50[/latex]

The table below highlights multiples of [latex]3[/latex]. The pattern for multiples of [latex]3[/latex] is not as obvious as the patterns for multiples of [latex]2,5,\text{and }10[/latex].

Multiples of [latex]3[/latex] between [latex]1[/latex] and [latex]50[/latex]

Unlike the other patterns we’ve examined so far, this pattern does not involve the last digit. The pattern for multiples of [latex]3[/latex] is based on the sum of the digits. If the sum of the digits of a number is a multiple of [latex]3[/latex], then the number itself is a multiple of [latex]3[/latex]. See the example below.

Consider the number [latex]42[/latex]. The digits are [latex]4[/latex] and [latex]2[/latex], and their sum is [latex]4+2=6[/latex]. Since [latex]6[/latex] is a multiple of [latex]3[/latex], we know that [latex]42[/latex] is also a multiple of [latex]3[/latex].

Look back at the charts where you highlighted the multiples of [latex]2[/latex], of [latex]5[/latex], and of [latex]10[/latex]. Notice that the multiples of [latex]10[/latex] are the numbers that are multiples of both [latex]2[/latex] and [latex]5[/latex]. That is because [latex]10=2\cdot 5[/latex]. Likewise, since [latex]6=2\cdot 3[/latex], the multiples of [latex]6[/latex] are the numbers that are multiples of both [latex]2[/latex] and [latex]3[/latex].

The following video shows how to determine the first four multiples of 6.

Using Common Divisibility Tests

Another way to say that [latex]375[/latex] is a multiple of [latex]5[/latex] is to say that [latex]375[/latex] is divisible by [latex]5[/latex]. In fact, [latex]375\div 5[/latex] is [latex]75[/latex], so [latex]375[/latex] is [latex]5\cdot 75[/latex]. Notice in the last example that [latex]10,519[/latex] is not a multiple [latex]3[/latex]. When we divided [latex]10,519[/latex] by [latex]3[/latex] we did not get a counting number, so [latex]10,519[/latex] is not divisible by [latex]3[/latex].

Since multiplication and division are inverse operations, the patterns of multiples that we found can be used as divisibility tests. The table below summarizes divisibility tests for some of the counting numbers between one and ten.

The following video lesson shows how to determine whether a number is divisible by [latex]2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10[/latex]