{"id":1228,"date":"2021-06-01T17:19:35","date_gmt":"2021-06-01T17:19:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomp2\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1228"},"modified":"2022-07-25T19:31:50","modified_gmt":"2022-07-25T19:31:50","slug":"connecting-with-the-audience-ethos-pathos-logos","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomp2\/chapter\/connecting-with-the-audience-ethos-pathos-logos\/","title":{"raw":"Connecting with the Audience: Ethos, Pathos, Logos","rendered":"Connecting with the Audience: Ethos, Pathos, Logos"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\nExplore strategies for connecting with particular audiences through rhetorical appeals\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Rhetorical Appeals: Connecting with a \"Real\" Audience<\/h2>\r\n2400 years ago, Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote the first \u201ctextbook\u201d on persuasion in the Western world. In the<em> Rhetoric<\/em>, Aristotle outlined three ways a speaker could persuade an audience.[footnote]Although Aristotle was focused on public speaking and oral arguments, his ideas on persuasion apply equally well to writing.[\/footnote] These three strategies, which Aristotle called the \"artistic proofs,\" are known by the Greek terms\u00a0<strong>ethos<\/strong>, <strong>pathos<\/strong>, and <strong>logos<\/strong>.\r\n\r\n<strong>Ethos<\/strong> (think <strong><em>ethics<\/em><\/strong>) is an appeal to the character of the speaker or writer. Appealing to ethos is all about using credibility, either your own as a writer or of your sources, in order to be persuasive. Essentially, ethos is about believability. Will your audience find you believable? What can you do to ensure that they do? You can establish ethos\u2014or credibility\u2014in two basic ways: you can use or build your own credibility on a topic, or you can use credible sources, which, in turn, builds your credibility as a writer.\r\n\r\nHere are some ways you can use the power of ethos in your writing:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>If you have specific experience or education related to your issues, mention it in some way.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If you don\u2019t have specific experience or education related to your issue, make sure you find sources from authors who do. When you integrate that source information, it\u2019s best if you can address the credibility of your sources. When you have credible sources, you want to let your audience know about them.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use a tone of voice that is appropriate to your writing situation and will make you sound reasonable and credible as a writer. Controversial issues can often bring out some extreme emotions in us when we write, but we have to be careful to avoid sounding extreme in our writing, especially in academic arguments. You may not convince everyone to agree with you, but you at least need your audience to listen to what you have to say.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Proofread your work carefully. Unfairly or not, there are situations in which errors, typos, and misspellings seem to erode the credibility of\u00a0the author. Some employers, for instance, consider errors on an applicant's resume to be a sign of carelessness or lack of attention to detail. (Martin-Lacroux and Lacroux) And according to one recent study, language errors made people seem less attractive on a dating site. (Van der Zanden et al.)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong><img class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-2844\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5599\/2021\/06\/01154435\/pathos-300x201.jpg\" alt=\"A person jumping for joy in front of a sunset\" width=\"300\" height=\"201\" \/>Pathos<\/strong> (think\u00a0<em>em<strong>pathy<\/strong>)<\/em> appeals to the emotions of the audience. Because people can be easily moved by their emotions, pathos is a powerful mode of persuasion. When you think about appealing to pathos, you should consider all of the potential emotions people experience. While we often see or hear arguments that appeal to sympathy or anger, appealing to pathos is not limited to these specific emotions. You can also use emotions such as humor, joy or even frustration, to note a few, in order to convince your audience.\u00a0It\u2019s important, however, to be careful when appealing to pathos, as arguments with an overly-strong focus on emotion are not considered as credible in an academic setting. This means you could, and should, use pathos, but you have to do so carefully. An overly-emotional argument can cause you to lose your credibility as a writer.\r\n\r\nWith the power of pathos in mind, here are some strategies you can use to carefully build pathos in your arguments.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Think about the emotions most related to your topic\u00a0in order to use those emotions effectively. For example, if you\u2019re calling for change in animal abuse laws, you would want to appeal to your audience\u2019s sense of sympathy, possibly by providing examples of animal cruelty. If your argument is focused on environmental issues related to water conservation, you might provide examples of how water shortages affect metropolitan areas in order to appeal to your audience\u2019s fear of a similar occurrence.<\/li>\r\n \t<li value=\"2\">In an effort to appeal to pathos,\u00a0use examples\u00a0to illustrate your position. Just be sure the examples you share are credible and can be verified.<\/li>\r\n \t<li value=\"4\">When presenting evidenced based on emotion,\u00a0maintain an even tone. If you sound too emotional, you might lose your audience\u2019s respect.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong><img class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-2847\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5599\/2021\/06\/01155017\/logos-300x205.jpg\" alt=\"A calculator and charts on a desk\" width=\"300\" height=\"205\" \/>Logos <\/strong>(<em>think <strong>logic<\/strong><\/em>) uses a well-reasoned argument to appeal<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">\u00a0to your audience\u2019s logical side. As writers, we appeal to logos by presenting a line of reasoning in our arguments that is logical and clear. We use evidence, such as statistics and factual information, when we appeal to logos.<\/span>\r\n\r\nAs you work to build logos in your arguments, here are some strategies to keep in mind.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li value=\"2\">Remember to think about your\u00a0audience\u00a0as you appeal to logos. Just because something makes sense in your mind, doesn\u2019t mean it will make the same kind of sense to your audience. You need to try to see things from your audience\u2019s perspective. Having others read your writing, especially those who might disagree with your position, is helpful.<\/li>\r\n \t<li value=\"3\">Be sure to maintain clear lines of reasoning throughout your argument.\u00a0One error in logic can negatively impact your entire position. When you present faulty logic, you lose credibility.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Strike a Balance<\/h2>\r\nAn effective argument will have a balance of ethos, pathos, and logos. Appealing to ethos alone might work for celebrity endorsements, but it quickly falls apart under logical scrutiny. Credentials, expertise, or experience are not enough if the argument itself is flawed. At the same time, however, a perfectly-reasoned argument won't persuade anyone if it doesn't engage them somehow. There's a reason that so many political speeches tell individual stories. Touting the COVID-19 Economic Relief Bill in his first State of the Union address, President Biden didn't use statistics and formulas to argue for the efficacy of stimulus spending, but rather described \"a single mom in Texas who wrote to me, she said she couldn\u2019t work, but she said the relief check put food on the table and saved her and her son from eviction from their apartment.\" (Biden) Although it's important to find an emotional connection with your reader, there can also be a danger in appealing <em>only<\/em> to emotions. A demagogue is a leader who \u201cgains popularity in a democracy by exploiting emotions, prejudice, and ignorance to arouse some against others, whipping up the passions of the crowd and shutting down reasoned deliberation\u201d (wikipedia). Infamous demagogues like Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Pol Pot, Joseph Stalin, and Joseph McCarthy stand as stark reminders of the catastrophic potential of manipulative and unethical appeals to pathos.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/6936d15e-459b-41e3-ac83-97005f0dfb11\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"719757\"]Works Cited[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"719757\"]\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Martin-Lacroux, Christelle, and Alain Lacroux. \u201cDo Employers Forgive Applicants\u2019 Bad Spelling in R\u00e9sum\u00e9s?\u201d\u00a0<i>Business and Professional Communication Quarterly<\/i>, vol. 80, no. 3, Sept. 2017, pp. 321\u2013335<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Van der Zanden, Tess, et al. \u201cImpression Formation on Online Dating Sites: Effects of Language Errors in Profile Texts on Perceptions of Profile Owners\u2019 Attractiveness.\u201d\u00a0<i>Journal of Social and Personal Relationships<\/i>, vol. 37, no. 3, Mar. 2020, pp. 758\u2013778<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">The White House. 2021.\u00a0<i>Remarks by President Biden in Address to a Joint Session of Congress<\/i>. https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/briefing-room\/speeches-remarks\/2021\/04\/29\/remarks-by-president-biden-in-address-to-a-joint-session-of-congress.<\/p>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<p>Explore strategies for connecting with particular audiences through rhetorical appeals<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Rhetorical Appeals: Connecting with a &#8220;Real&#8221; Audience<\/h2>\n<p>2400 years ago, Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote the first \u201ctextbook\u201d on persuasion in the Western world. In the<em> Rhetoric<\/em>, Aristotle outlined three ways a speaker could persuade an audience.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Although Aristotle was focused on public speaking and oral arguments, his ideas on persuasion apply equally well to writing.\" id=\"return-footnote-1228-1\" href=\"#footnote-1228-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a> These three strategies, which Aristotle called the &#8220;artistic proofs,&#8221; are known by the Greek terms\u00a0<strong>ethos<\/strong>, <strong>pathos<\/strong>, and <strong>logos<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ethos<\/strong> (think <strong><em>ethics<\/em><\/strong>) is an appeal to the character of the speaker or writer. Appealing to ethos is all about using credibility, either your own as a writer or of your sources, in order to be persuasive. Essentially, ethos is about believability. Will your audience find you believable? What can you do to ensure that they do? You can establish ethos\u2014or credibility\u2014in two basic ways: you can use or build your own credibility on a topic, or you can use credible sources, which, in turn, builds your credibility as a writer.<\/p>\n<p>Here are some ways you can use the power of ethos in your writing:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>If you have specific experience or education related to your issues, mention it in some way.<\/li>\n<li>If you don\u2019t have specific experience or education related to your issue, make sure you find sources from authors who do. When you integrate that source information, it\u2019s best if you can address the credibility of your sources. When you have credible sources, you want to let your audience know about them.<\/li>\n<li>Use a tone of voice that is appropriate to your writing situation and will make you sound reasonable and credible as a writer. Controversial issues can often bring out some extreme emotions in us when we write, but we have to be careful to avoid sounding extreme in our writing, especially in academic arguments. You may not convince everyone to agree with you, but you at least need your audience to listen to what you have to say.<\/li>\n<li>Proofread your work carefully. Unfairly or not, there are situations in which errors, typos, and misspellings seem to erode the credibility of\u00a0the author. Some employers, for instance, consider errors on an applicant&#8217;s resume to be a sign of carelessness or lack of attention to detail. (Martin-Lacroux and Lacroux) And according to one recent study, language errors made people seem less attractive on a dating site. (Van der Zanden et al.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-2844\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5599\/2021\/06\/01154435\/pathos-300x201.jpg\" alt=\"A person jumping for joy in front of a sunset\" width=\"300\" height=\"201\" \/>Pathos<\/strong> (think\u00a0<em>em<strong>pathy<\/strong>)<\/em> appeals to the emotions of the audience. Because people can be easily moved by their emotions, pathos is a powerful mode of persuasion. When you think about appealing to pathos, you should consider all of the potential emotions people experience. While we often see or hear arguments that appeal to sympathy or anger, appealing to pathos is not limited to these specific emotions. You can also use emotions such as humor, joy or even frustration, to note a few, in order to convince your audience.\u00a0It\u2019s important, however, to be careful when appealing to pathos, as arguments with an overly-strong focus on emotion are not considered as credible in an academic setting. This means you could, and should, use pathos, but you have to do so carefully. An overly-emotional argument can cause you to lose your credibility as a writer.<\/p>\n<p>With the power of pathos in mind, here are some strategies you can use to carefully build pathos in your arguments.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Think about the emotions most related to your topic\u00a0in order to use those emotions effectively. For example, if you\u2019re calling for change in animal abuse laws, you would want to appeal to your audience\u2019s sense of sympathy, possibly by providing examples of animal cruelty. If your argument is focused on environmental issues related to water conservation, you might provide examples of how water shortages affect metropolitan areas in order to appeal to your audience\u2019s fear of a similar occurrence.<\/li>\n<li value=\"2\">In an effort to appeal to pathos,\u00a0use examples\u00a0to illustrate your position. Just be sure the examples you share are credible and can be verified.<\/li>\n<li value=\"4\">When presenting evidenced based on emotion,\u00a0maintain an even tone. If you sound too emotional, you might lose your audience\u2019s respect.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-2847\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5599\/2021\/06\/01155017\/logos-300x205.jpg\" alt=\"A calculator and charts on a desk\" width=\"300\" height=\"205\" \/>Logos <\/strong>(<em>think <strong>logic<\/strong><\/em>) uses a well-reasoned argument to appeal<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">\u00a0to your audience\u2019s logical side. As writers, we appeal to logos by presenting a line of reasoning in our arguments that is logical and clear. We use evidence, such as statistics and factual information, when we appeal to logos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>As you work to build logos in your arguments, here are some strategies to keep in mind.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li value=\"2\">Remember to think about your\u00a0audience\u00a0as you appeal to logos. Just because something makes sense in your mind, doesn\u2019t mean it will make the same kind of sense to your audience. You need to try to see things from your audience\u2019s perspective. Having others read your writing, especially those who might disagree with your position, is helpful.<\/li>\n<li value=\"3\">Be sure to maintain clear lines of reasoning throughout your argument.\u00a0One error in logic can negatively impact your entire position. When you present faulty logic, you lose credibility.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Strike a Balance<\/h2>\n<p>An effective argument will have a balance of ethos, pathos, and logos. Appealing to ethos alone might work for celebrity endorsements, but it quickly falls apart under logical scrutiny. Credentials, expertise, or experience are not enough if the argument itself is flawed. At the same time, however, a perfectly-reasoned argument won&#8217;t persuade anyone if it doesn&#8217;t engage them somehow. There&#8217;s a reason that so many political speeches tell individual stories. Touting the COVID-19 Economic Relief Bill in his first State of the Union address, President Biden didn&#8217;t use statistics and formulas to argue for the efficacy of stimulus spending, but rather described &#8220;a single mom in Texas who wrote to me, she said she couldn\u2019t work, but she said the relief check put food on the table and saved her and her son from eviction from their apartment.&#8221; (Biden) Although it&#8217;s important to find an emotional connection with your reader, there can also be a danger in appealing <em>only<\/em> to emotions. A demagogue is a leader who \u201cgains popularity in a democracy by exploiting emotions, prejudice, and ignorance to arouse some against others, whipping up the passions of the crowd and shutting down reasoned deliberation\u201d (wikipedia). Infamous demagogues like Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Pol Pot, Joseph Stalin, and Joseph McCarthy stand as stark reminders of the catastrophic potential of manipulative and unethical appeals to pathos.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_6936d15e-459b-41e3-ac83-97005f0dfb11\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/6936d15e-459b-41e3-ac83-97005f0dfb11?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_6936d15e-459b-41e3-ac83-97005f0dfb11\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q719757\">Works Cited<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q719757\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Martin-Lacroux, Christelle, and Alain Lacroux. \u201cDo Employers Forgive Applicants\u2019 Bad Spelling in R\u00e9sum\u00e9s?\u201d\u00a0<i>Business and Professional Communication Quarterly<\/i>, vol. 80, no. 3, Sept. 2017, pp. 321\u2013335<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Van der Zanden, Tess, et al. \u201cImpression Formation on Online Dating Sites: Effects of Language Errors in Profile Texts on Perceptions of Profile Owners\u2019 Attractiveness.\u201d\u00a0<i>Journal of Social and Personal Relationships<\/i>, vol. 37, no. 3, Mar. 2020, pp. 758\u2013778<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">The White House. 2021.\u00a0<i>Remarks by President Biden in Address to a Joint Session of Congress<\/i>. https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/briefing-room\/speeches-remarks\/2021\/04\/29\/remarks-by-president-biden-in-address-to-a-joint-session-of-congress.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1228\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Establishing Ethos, Pathos, and Logos. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>:  Excelsior Online Writing Lab (OWL). <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/owl.excelsior.edu\/argument-and-critical-thinking\/modes-of-persuasion\/modes-of-persuasion-ethos\/\">https:\/\/owl.excelsior.edu\/argument-and-critical-thinking\/modes-of-persuasion\/modes-of-persuasion-ethos\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Jumping. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pxhere.com\/en\/photo\/1451231\">https:\/\/pxhere.com\/en\/photo\/1451231<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Calculator. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: TheDigitalWay. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/office-pen-calculator-calculation-1574717\/\">https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/office-pen-calculator-calculation-1574717\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Pixabay License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-1228-1\">Although Aristotle was focused on public speaking and oral arguments, his ideas on persuasion apply equally well to writing. <a href=\"#return-footnote-1228-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":161083,"menu_order":10,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"{\"0\":{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Establishing Ethos, Pathos, 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1f708551-d50d-4aa3-bc65-aa0999c69fb3","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1228","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":71,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomp2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1228","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomp2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomp2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomp2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/161083"}],"version-history":[{"count":35,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomp2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1228\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4234,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomp2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1228\/revisions\/4234"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomp2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/71"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomp2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1228\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomp2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1228"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomp2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1228"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomp2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1228"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomp2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1228"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}