{"id":247,"date":"2021-03-30T16:37:48","date_gmt":"2021-03-30T16:37:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomp2\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=247"},"modified":"2021-09-22T17:57:54","modified_gmt":"2021-09-22T17:57:54","slug":"putting-it-together-academic-argument","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomp2\/chapter\/putting-it-together-academic-argument\/","title":{"raw":"Putting It Together: Academic Argument","rendered":"Putting It Together: Academic Argument"},"content":{"raw":"At the beginning of this module, the word \u201cargument\u201d might have made you think of what followed when you came home late in high school or when you took your sister\u2019s sweater without asking.\u00a0 By the end of this module, though, you can see how \u201cargument\u201d is used in the academic setting and its importance in all subject areas as you continue your college career.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>An <strong>argument<\/strong> must have a <strong>topic<\/strong>, a <strong>claim<\/strong>, and <strong>reason<\/strong> <strong>and<\/strong> <strong>evidence<\/strong>.\u00a0 It should be shared with an audience and should consider the opposing point of view.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Facts<\/strong> are observable, verifiable information; <strong>inferences<\/strong> are based on analysis; <strong>judgments<\/strong> are subjective observations; and an <strong>opinion<\/strong> is a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Perspective<\/strong> is born from your prior knowledge and all the things you\u2019ve experienced.\u00a0 Understanding your perspective means taking stock of your prior knowledge, experiences, and priorities.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Bias<\/strong> is an inclination towards or against a person, thing, or idea and describes a kind of judgment for which you can\u2019t really give reasons.\u00a0 Just as bias can cause us to make unreasoned or unfair judgments about people, it can also impair our ability to develop or analyze an argument.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Evidence<\/strong> is the raw data that is offered in support of an interpretive claim.\u00a0 It must be integrated into your own argument or claim, and you must demonstrate that the evidence supports your thesis. <strong>Statistical evidence<\/strong> supports arguments by grounding claims in verifiable numbers.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Texts<\/strong> are used as evidence in the form of direct quotations from the work in question. When the specific language of a text is less important than a broader plot point or theme, scholars often use a summary of the relevant parts of the text as evidence to support their claim.\u00a0 Scholarly essays also use quotations from or summaries of secondary works as evidence to help make their overall case.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Quantitative data<\/strong> looks at issues of how many, while <strong>qualitative data<\/strong> looks at issues of value.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Personal experience<\/strong> can also be used as evidence in particular genres and fields of study. People can speak with authority for different reasons -- they can have subject expertise, societal position, or special experience<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Toulmin<\/strong> developed a method using claims, grounds, warrant, backing, rebuttal, and qualifier for analyzing arguments that can be applied to nearly any text.\u00a0 When creating your own analytic arguments, start by identifying an argument\u2019s <strong>Claim<\/strong>, then working down to <strong>Grounds<\/strong>, <strong>Warrant<\/strong>, and <strong>Backing<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>To build up an argument using the <strong>Toulmin<\/strong> Method, you must begin with Backing, then work up towards Warrants, Grounds, and finally arrive at your Claim.\u00a0 Building a <strong>Rogerian<\/strong> argument would require you to demonstrate that you understand the other person\u2019s viewpoint, even that you have empathy for it. By showing this, a person is more likely to listen to your point of view. In a <strong>Classical<\/strong> argument, your goal as a writer is to convince your audience of something by using a series of strategies to persuade your audience to adopt your side of the issue.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A <strong>synthesis<\/strong> considers multiple, related texts where you look at several texts\u2019 purposes, construction, and contents. To approach a synthesis systematically, you could create a <strong>synthesis matrix<\/strong> so all information is available to you at once.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<p>At the beginning of this module, the word \u201cargument\u201d might have made you think of what followed when you came home late in high school or when you took your sister\u2019s sweater without asking.\u00a0 By the end of this module, though, you can see how \u201cargument\u201d is used in the academic setting and its importance in all subject areas as you continue your college career.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>An <strong>argument<\/strong> must have a <strong>topic<\/strong>, a <strong>claim<\/strong>, and <strong>reason<\/strong> <strong>and<\/strong> <strong>evidence<\/strong>.\u00a0 It should be shared with an audience and should consider the opposing point of view.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facts<\/strong> are observable, verifiable information; <strong>inferences<\/strong> are based on analysis; <strong>judgments<\/strong> are subjective observations; and an <strong>opinion<\/strong> is a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Perspective<\/strong> is born from your prior knowledge and all the things you\u2019ve experienced.\u00a0 Understanding your perspective means taking stock of your prior knowledge, experiences, and priorities.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bias<\/strong> is an inclination towards or against a person, thing, or idea and describes a kind of judgment for which you can\u2019t really give reasons.\u00a0 Just as bias can cause us to make unreasoned or unfair judgments about people, it can also impair our ability to develop or analyze an argument.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Evidence<\/strong> is the raw data that is offered in support of an interpretive claim.\u00a0 It must be integrated into your own argument or claim, and you must demonstrate that the evidence supports your thesis. <strong>Statistical evidence<\/strong> supports arguments by grounding claims in verifiable numbers.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Texts<\/strong> are used as evidence in the form of direct quotations from the work in question. When the specific language of a text is less important than a broader plot point or theme, scholars often use a summary of the relevant parts of the text as evidence to support their claim.\u00a0 Scholarly essays also use quotations from or summaries of secondary works as evidence to help make their overall case.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Quantitative data<\/strong> looks at issues of how many, while <strong>qualitative data<\/strong> looks at issues of value.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Personal experience<\/strong> can also be used as evidence in particular genres and fields of study. People can speak with authority for different reasons &#8212; they can have subject expertise, societal position, or special experience<\/li>\n<li><strong>Toulmin<\/strong> developed a method using claims, grounds, warrant, backing, rebuttal, and qualifier for analyzing arguments that can be applied to nearly any text.\u00a0 When creating your own analytic arguments, start by identifying an argument\u2019s <strong>Claim<\/strong>, then working down to <strong>Grounds<\/strong>, <strong>Warrant<\/strong>, and <strong>Backing<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>To build up an argument using the <strong>Toulmin<\/strong> Method, you must begin with Backing, then work up towards Warrants, Grounds, and finally arrive at your Claim.\u00a0 Building a <strong>Rogerian<\/strong> argument would require you to demonstrate that you understand the other person\u2019s viewpoint, even that you have empathy for it. By showing this, a person is more likely to listen to your point of view. In a <strong>Classical<\/strong> argument, your goal as a writer is to convince your audience of something by using a series of strategies to persuade your audience to adopt your side of the issue.<\/li>\n<li>A <strong>synthesis<\/strong> considers multiple, related texts where you look at several texts\u2019 purposes, construction, and contents. To approach a synthesis systematically, you could create a <strong>synthesis matrix<\/strong> so all information is available to you at once.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"author":161083,"menu_order":17,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"587c885b-9a17-4a51-86d7-dc84cf42da66","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-247","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":65,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomp2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/247","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomp2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomp2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomp2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/161083"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomp2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/247\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2671,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomp2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/247\/revisions\/2671"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomp2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/65"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomp2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/247\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomp2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=247"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomp2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=247"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomp2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=247"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomp2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=247"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}