{"id":760,"date":"2016-07-15T22:54:49","date_gmt":"2016-07-15T22:54:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level3-english\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=760"},"modified":"2019-02-27T23:51:25","modified_gmt":"2019-02-27T23:51:25","slug":"text-pronoun-cases-and-types","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomposition1\/chapter\/text-pronoun-cases-and-types\/","title":{"raw":"Pronoun Cases and Types","rendered":"Pronoun Cases and Types"},"content":{"raw":"A pronoun stands in the place of a noun. Like nouns, pronouns can serve as the subject or object of a sentence: they are the things sentences are about.\u00a0Pronouns include words like\u00a0<em>he<\/em>,\u00a0<em>she<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>I<\/em>, but they also include words like <em>this<\/em>, <em>that<\/em>, <em>which<\/em>, <em>who<\/em>, <em>anybody<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>everyone<\/em>. Before we get into the different\u00a0types of pronouns, let's look at how they work in sentences.\r\n\r\nBecause a pronoun is replacing a noun, its meaning is dependent on the noun that it is replacing. This noun\u00a0is called the\u00a0<strong>antecedent<\/strong>. Let's look at the first sentence of this paragraph\u00a0again:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Because a pronoun is replacing a noun, its meaning is dependent on the noun that <strong>it<\/strong>\u00a0is replacing.<\/p>\r\nThere are two pronouns here:\u00a0<em>its <\/em>and\u00a0<em>it<\/em>.\u00a0<em>Its<\/em> and\u00a0<em>it<\/em>\u00a0both have the same antecedent: \"a pronoun.\" Whenever you use a pronoun,\u00a0you must also include its antecedent. Without the antecedent, your readers (or listeners) won't be able to figure out what the pronoun is referring to. Let's look at a couple of examples:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Jason likes it\u00a0when\u00a0people look to him for leadership.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Trini does\u00a0her hair and makeup every\u00a0day\u2014with no exceptions.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nSo, what are the antecedents and pronouns in these sentences?\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Jason<\/em> is the antecedent for the pronoun <em>him<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>Trini<\/em>\u00a0is the antecedent for the pronoun\u00a0<em>her<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1290622256559282058\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"637\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"554891\"]Explain Answers[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"554891\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong>Itzel and\u00a0Camila<\/strong>\u00a0are the antecedents for the pronoun\u00a0<strong>They<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>There are two pronoun-antecedent pairs in this sentence. <strong>People<\/strong>\u00a0is the antecedent for <strong>their<\/strong>, and\u00a0<strong>Jorge<\/strong>\u00a0is the antecedent for <strong>he<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Henry<\/strong>\u00a0is the\u00a0antecedent for\u00a0<strong>his<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nIdentify the antecedents and pronouns in the following\u00a0examples:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Itzel and\u00a0Camila were the top-ranking\u00a0doubles team\u00a0at OSU.\u00a0They hadn't been defeated\u00a0all year.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>People asked\u00a0Jorge\u00a0to review their papers so often that he started a\u00a0small editing business.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Henry called his parents every week.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"554891\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"554891\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong>Itzel and\u00a0Camila<\/strong>\u00a0are the antecedents for the pronoun\u00a0<strong>They<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>There are two pronoun-antecedent pairs in this sentence. <strong>People<\/strong>\u00a0is the antecedent for <strong>their<\/strong>, and\u00a0<strong>Jorge<\/strong>\u00a0is the antecedent for <strong>he<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Henry<\/strong>\u00a0is the\u00a0antecedent for\u00a0<strong>his<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nSo far, we've only looked at\u00a0personal pronouns, but there are other types, too, including demonstrative and indefinite pronouns. Let's discuss each of these in further depth:\r\n<h2>Personal Pronouns<\/h2>\r\n<img class=\"alignright wp-image-1189\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/106\/2016\/07\/11210355\/people-e1468271064362.png\" alt=\"an icon showing three people\" width=\"150\" height=\"153\" \/>\r\n\r\nPersonal pronouns are what most people think of when they see the word pronoun. Personal pronouns include words like he, she, and they. The following sentences give examples of personal pronouns used with antecedents (remember, an antecedent is the noun that a pronoun refers to!):\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Danny and Sam decided that <strong>they<\/strong> didn\u2019t want to go to the zoo on Saturday. (Danny and Sam is the antecedent of they)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ben thought that <strong>he<\/strong> would rather turn in incomplete homework than pull another all-nighter. (Ben is the antecedent of he)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When <strong>she<\/strong> heard that Zak had spent all <strong>his<\/strong> lunch money again, Mary yelled at <strong>him<\/strong> and demanded that <strong>he<\/strong> use <strong>his<\/strong> funds more wisely. (Mary is the antecedent of she and Zak is the antecedent of he, him, and his)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The guy who stands on 4th street looks suspicious, but <strong>he<\/strong> actually just prefers to dress that way. (The guy is the antecedent of he)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Note:<\/strong>\u00a0Pronouns like\u00a0<em>I<\/em>,\u00a0<em>we<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>you<\/em>\u00a0don't always require an explicitly stated antecedent. When a speaker\u00a0says something like \"I told you the zoo was closed today,\" it's implied that the speaker is the antecedent for\u00a0<em>I<\/em> and the listener is the antecedent for\u00a0<em>you<\/em>.<\/div>\r\n<strong>Reflexive pronouns\u00a0<\/strong>are a kind of pronoun that are used when the subject and the object of the sentence are the same.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><b>Jason<\/b>\u00a0hurt <b>himself<\/b>. (<em>Jason<\/em>\u00a0is the antecedent of <em>himself<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThis is true even if the subject is only implied, as in the sentence \"Don't hurt yourself.\"\u00a0<em>You<\/em> is the unstated subject of this sentence.\r\n\r\nReflexive pronouns include\u00a0<em>myself<\/em>,\u00a0<em>ourselves,<\/em> <em>yourself<\/em>,\u00a0<em>yourselves,<\/em>\u00a0<em>himself<\/em>,\u00a0<em>herself<\/em>,\u00a0<em>itself<\/em>,\u00a0<em>themselves.<\/em>\u00a0They can only be used\u00a0as the object of a sentence\u2014not as the subject. You can say, \"I\u00a0jinxed myself,\" but\u00a0you can't say,<em>\u00a0<\/em>\"Myself jinxed me.\"\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Note:<\/strong>\u00a0When the the first- or\u00a0second-person reflexive pronoun is appropriate, object case and reflexive pronouns can often be used interchangeably:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The only person\u00a0I'm\u00a0worrying about today is <strong>me<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The only person I'm worrying about today is <strong>myself<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>You don't need to make\u00a0anyone happy except <strong>you<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>You don't need to make anyone happy except <strong>yourself<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nWhy do you think this is? When would you use one or the other?\r\n\r\n[practice-area rows=\"4\"][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1290622258049753728\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"637\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"653330\"]Explain Answers[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"653330\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Aisha let <strong>herself<\/strong> in when she arrived.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Aisha is the subject and object of the sentence.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Feel free to let <strong>yourself<\/strong>\u00a0in when you get here!\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>You<\/em> is the implied subject of the sentence, so the reflexive\u00a0<em>yourself<\/em> is appropriate as the object of the sentence.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Alec asked Joan if she would let <strong>him<\/strong> in when <strong>she<\/strong>\u00a0arrived.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>While <em>Alec<\/em>\u00a0is the subject of the sentence,\u00a0<em>Alec<\/em>\u00a0is not the subject of the dependent clause that\u00a0<em>him<\/em> appears in (\"if she would let him in\"). In this clause,\u00a0<em>she<\/em> is the subject, so the reflexive pronoun cannot be used here.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>She<\/em> is the subject of the clause \"when she arrived.\" Since it's a subject, the reflexive cannot be used.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nRead the following sentences. Should the reflexive pronoun be used? Why or why not?\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Aisha let (her \/ herself)\u00a0in when she arrived.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Feel free\u00a0to let (you \/ yourself) in\u00a0when you get here!<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Alec asked Joan if she would let (him \/ himself) in when (she \/ herself) arrived.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"4\"][\/practice-area]\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"653330\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"653330\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Aisha let <strong>herself<\/strong> in when she arrived.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Aisha is the subject and object of the sentence.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Feel free to let <strong>yourself<\/strong>\u00a0in when you get here!\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>You<\/em> is the implied subject of the sentence, so the reflexive\u00a0<em>yourself<\/em> is appropriate as the object of the sentence.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Alec asked Joan if she would let <strong>him<\/strong> in when <strong>she<\/strong>\u00a0arrived.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>While <em>Alec<\/em>\u00a0is the subject of the sentence,\u00a0<em>Alec<\/em>\u00a0is not the subject of the dependent clause that\u00a0<em>him<\/em> appears in (\"if she would let him in\"). In this clause,\u00a0<em>she<\/em> is the subject, so the reflexive pronoun cannot be used here.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>She<\/em> is the subject of the clause \"when she arrived.\" Since it's a subject, the reflexive cannot be used.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nPronouns may be classified by three categories: person, number, and case.\r\n\r\n<strong>Person <\/strong>(separated into three categories-first, second, and third) defines how the author and the text relate to each other.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>First person<\/strong> means that the author is also the subject or actor. People speak in first person, saying \u201cI made,\u201d \u201cI thought,\u201d \u201cI said.\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Second person<\/strong> is when some other, separate entity is being directly addressed, saying, \u201cyou made,\u201d \u201cyou thought,\u201d \u201cyou said.\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Third person<\/strong> refers to an entity separate from both the speaker and the listener. Third person would contain phrases like \u201cit made,\u201d \u201cshe thought,\u201d \u201che said.\u201d<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThere are\u00a0two <strong>numbers<\/strong>: <strong>singular<\/strong> and <strong>plural<\/strong>. As we learned with regard to nouns, singular pronouns refer\u00a0to one thing or person while plural pronouns refer to\u00a0more than one of a thing or person (<em>I<\/em> stood alone while\u00a0<em>they<\/em> walked together).\r\n\r\nEnglish personal pronouns have two <strong>cases<\/strong>: <strong>subject<\/strong> and <strong>object<\/strong>. Subject-case pronouns are used when the pronoun is doing the action (<em>I<\/em> like to eat chips, but <em>she<\/em> does not). Object-case pronouns are used when something is being done to the pronoun (John likes <em>me<\/em> but not <em>her<\/em>).\r\n\r\n<strong>Possessive pronouns<\/strong> are used to indicate possession (in a broad sense). Some must be accompanied by a noun: e.g.,\u00a0<em>my<\/em> or\u00a0<em>your<\/em>, as in \"I lost <strong>my<\/strong> wallet.\" This category of pronouns behaves similarly to adjectives.\u00a0Others occur as independent phrases: e.g.,\u00a0<em>mine <\/em>or <em>yours<\/em>. For example, \"Those clothes are <strong>mine<\/strong>.\"\r\n\r\nThe table below includes all of the personal pronouns in the English language. They are organized by person, number, and case:\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 85px;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%; height: 12px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.2143%; height: 12px;\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>singular<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.3571%; height: 12px;\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>plural<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 26px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%; height: 13px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 17.7143%; height: 13px;\"><strong>subject<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.5%; height: 13px;\"><strong>object<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 17.7143%; height: 13px;\"><strong>subject<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.6429%; height: 13px;\"><strong>object<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%; height: 12px;\"><strong>first person<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 17.7143%; height: 12px;\">I<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.5%; height: 12px;\">me<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 17.7143%; height: 12px;\">we<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.6429%; height: 12px;\">us<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%; height: 12px;\"><strong>second person<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 17.7143%; height: 12px;\">you<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.5%; height: 12px;\">you<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 17.7143%; height: 12px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.6429%; height: 12px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%; height: 12px;\"><strong>third person, neutral<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 17.7143%; height: 12px;\">it<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.5%; height: 12px;\">it<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 17.7143%; height: 12px;\">they<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.6429%; height: 12px;\">them<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%; height: 12px;\"><strong>third person, feminine<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 17.7143%; height: 12px;\">she<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.5%; height: 12px;\">her<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 17.7143%; height: 12px;\">they<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.6429%; height: 12px;\">them<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%; height: 12px;\"><strong>third person, masculine<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 17.7143%; height: 12px;\">he<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.5%; height: 12px;\">him<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 17.7143%; height: 12px;\">they<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.6429%; height: 12px;\">them<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.9286%;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 26px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.9286%;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.5%;\"><strong>possessive adjective (singular)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.3571%;\"><strong>possessive adjective (plural)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20.1429%;\"><strong>possessive pronoun<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.9286%;\"><strong>first person<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.5%;\">my<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.3571%;\">our<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20.1429%;\">mine<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.9286%;\"><strong>second person<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.5%;\">your<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.3571%;\">your<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20.1429%;\">yours<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.9286%;\"><strong>third person, neutral<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.5%;\">its<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.3571%;\">their<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20.1429%;\">its<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.9286%;\"><strong>third person, feminine<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.5%;\">her<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.3571%;\">their<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20.1429%;\">hers<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.9286%;\"><strong>third person, masculine<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.5%;\">his<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.3571%;\">their<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20.1429%;\">his<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1290622261414615658\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"637\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"436221\"]Explain Answers[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"436221\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>The context of the sentence gives hints that Andr\u00e9 thinks the box of cereal belongs to the speaker of the sentence. The correct sentence would be \"Andr\u00e9\u00a0told me that it was <strong>my<\/strong>\u00a0box of cereal, but I couldn't remember having bought <strong>it<\/strong>.\"\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>My<\/em>\u00a0is a possessive, singular, first-person pronoun. It is followed by the noun\u00a0<em>box of cereal<\/em>, so it appears in its\u00a0adjective form, rather than as <em>mine<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>It<\/em>\u00a0is a subject-case, singular, neutral\u00a0third-person pronoun.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>There are two sentence that make sense here: \"Amelia and Ajani still haven\u2019t arrived. I should check to see if\u00a0<strong>I<\/strong>\u00a0texted <strong>them,<\/strong>\" or \"Amelia and Ajani still haven\u2019t arrived. I should check to see if\u00a0<strong>they<\/strong> texted <strong>me<\/strong>.\" The correct sentence depends on who did (or didn't do) the texting.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Ajani&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:1,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0}}\"><em>I<\/em> is a subject-case, singular, first-person pronoun.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Ajani&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:1,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0}}\"><em>Them<\/em>\u00a0is an object-case, plural, third-person pronoun.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>They<\/em>\u00a0is a subject-case, plural, third-person pronoun.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>Me<\/em>\u00a0is an object-case, singular, first-person pronoun.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>You shouldn't be so worried about what other people think.\u00a0The only person <strong>you<\/strong> need to please is <strong>you<\/strong>.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>You<\/em> is a subject-case, singular, second-person pronoun.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>You<\/em> is an object-case, singular, second-person pronoun.\u00a0<em>Yourself\u00a0<\/em>would also be OK here, since the subject and object of the sentence are the same.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>George Washington was the first president of the United States. <strong>He<\/strong> set the standard of serving only two terms of office. However, <strong>it<\/strong> wasn't illegal to serve more than two terms until 1951.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>He<\/em>\u00a0is a subject-case, singular, masculine\u00a0third-person pronoun.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>It<\/em>\u00a0is a subject-case, singular, neutral\u00a0third-person pronoun.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nIn each sentence, fill in the blank with\u00a0the correct pronoun. Explain why you selected the pronoun you did:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Andr\u00e9\u00a0told me that it was ___\u00a0box of cereal, but I couldn't remember having bought ___.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Amelia and Ajani still haven\u2019t arrived. I should check to see if ___\u00a0texted ___.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>You shouldn't be so worried about what other people think. The only person ___\u00a0need to please is ___.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>George Washington\u00a0was the first president of the United States. ___\u00a0set the standard of serving only two terms of office. However, ___\u00a0wasn't illegal to serve more than two terms\u00a0until 1951.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"4\"][\/practice-area]\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"436221\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"436221\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>The context of the sentence gives hints that Andr\u00e9 thinks the box of cereal belongs to the speaker of the sentence. The correct sentence would be \"Andr\u00e9\u00a0told me that it was <strong>my<\/strong>\u00a0box of cereal, but I couldn't remember having bought <strong>it<\/strong>.\"\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>My<\/em>\u00a0is a possessive, singular, first-person pronoun. It is followed by the noun\u00a0<em>box of cereal<\/em>, so it appears in its\u00a0adjective form, rather than as <em>mine<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>It<\/em>\u00a0is a subject-case, singular, neutral\u00a0third-person pronoun.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>There are two sentence that make sense here: \"Amelia and Ajani still haven\u2019t arrived. I should check to see if\u00a0<strong>I<\/strong>\u00a0texted <strong>them,<\/strong>\" or \"Amelia and Ajani still haven\u2019t arrived. I should check to see if\u00a0<strong>they<\/strong> texted <strong>me<\/strong>.\" The correct sentence depends on who did (or didn't do) the texting.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Ajani&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:1,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0}}\"><em>I<\/em> is a subject-case, singular, first-person pronoun.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Ajani&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:1,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0}}\"><em>Them<\/em>\u00a0is an object-case, plural, third-person pronoun.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>They<\/em>\u00a0is a subject-case, plural, third-person pronoun.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>Me<\/em>\u00a0is an object-case, singular, first-person pronoun.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>You shouldn't be so worried about what other people think.\u00a0The only person <strong>you<\/strong> need to please is <strong>you<\/strong>.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>You<\/em> is a subject-case, singular, second-person pronoun.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>You<\/em> is an object-case, singular, second-person pronoun.\u00a0<em>Yourself\u00a0<\/em>would also be OK here, since the subject and object of the sentence are the same.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>George Washington was the first president of the United States. <strong>He<\/strong> set the standard of serving only two terms of office. However, <strong>it<\/strong> wasn't illegal to serve more than two terms until 1951.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>He<\/em>\u00a0is a subject-case, singular, masculine\u00a0third-person pronoun.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>It<\/em>\u00a0is a subject-case, singular, neutral\u00a0third-person pronoun.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Demonstrative Pronouns<\/h2>\r\nDemonstrative pronouns substitute for things being pointed out. They\u00a0include\u00a0<em>this<\/em>,\u00a0<em>that<\/em>, <em>these<\/em>, and <em>those<\/em>. <em>This<\/em>\u00a0and <em>that<\/em>\u00a0are singular;\u00a0<em>these\u00a0<\/em>and\u00a0<em>those<\/em> are plural.\r\n\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-2295 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/21152833\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-21-at-11.26.19-AM-300x276.png\" alt=\"Icon of two location symbols connected by dotted line\" width=\"150\" \/>The difference between\u00a0<em>this<\/em> and\u00a0<em>that<\/em> and between\u00a0<em>these<\/em> and\u00a0<em>those<\/em> is a little more subtle.\u00a0<em>This<\/em> and\u00a0<em>these<\/em> refer to something that is \"close\" to the speaker, whether this closeness is physical, emotional, or temporal.\u00a0<em>That<\/em> and\u00a0<em>those<\/em> are the opposite: they refer to something that is \"far.\"\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Do I really have to read all of <em>this<\/em>?\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>By using \"this,\" the speaker is indicating a text that is close to her.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>That<\/em>\u00a0is not coming anywhere near me.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The speaker is distancing himself from the object in question, which he doesn't want to get any closer. The far pronoun helps indicate that.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>You're telling me you sewed all of <em>these<\/em>?\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The speaker and her audience are likely looking directly at the clothes in question, so the close pronoun is appropriate.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>Those\u00a0<\/em>are all gross.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The speaker wants to remain away from the gross items in question, by using the far \"those.\"<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Note:<\/strong> these pronouns\u00a0are often combined with a noun. In such cases they act as a kind of adjective instead of as a pronoun.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Do I really have to read all of<em> this\u00a0<\/em>contract?<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>That<\/em> thing is not coming anywhere near me.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>You're telling me you sewed all of <em>these<\/em> dresses?<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>Those<\/em>\u00a0recipes are all gross.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe antecedents of\u00a0demonstrative\u00a0pronouns (and sometimes the pronoun <em>it<\/em>)\u00a0can be\u00a0more complex than those of\u00a0personal pronouns:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Animal Planet's\u00a0puppy cam has been taken down for maintenance.<\/strong> I never wanted <em>this<\/em> to happen.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>I love Animal Planet's panda cam. <strong>I watched a panda eat bamboo for half an hour.<\/strong>\u00a0<em>It<\/em>\u00a0was amazing.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIn the first example, the antecedent for\u00a0<em>this<\/em> is the entire idea of the puppy cam being taken down. In the second example, the antecedent for\u00a0<em>it\u00a0<\/em>is the experience of watching the panda. In both cases, the antecedents aren't explicitly stated and must be inferred by the reader.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1290622266622689608\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"637\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"727295\"]Explain Answers[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"727295\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Lara looked at the meal in front of her. \"<strong>This<\/strong> looks great!\" she said.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The meal is right in front of Lara, and there is only one meal.\u00a0<em>This<\/em> is the correct pronoun.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Tyesha watched the \u201967 Mustang drive past and head the street. \"What I wouldn't give for one of <strong>those<\/strong>.\"\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The Mustang is moving away from the speaker. The phrase \"one of ____\" requires a plural word in the blank. <em>Those<\/em> is the correct pronoun. The singular version of the sentence would be something like \"What I wouldn't give to own <strong>that<\/strong>.\" <em>That<\/em>\u00a0is the correct pronoun for singular things that are far away.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\"What do you think of <strong>these<\/strong>?\" Ashley asked, showing me the three paint samples\u00a0she had picked out.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The paint samples\u00a0are in immediate focus (whether Ashley is holding them or looking at them online), and there are three of them.\u00a0<em>These<\/em> is the correct pronoun.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nIn the following sentences, determine whether\u00a0<em>this<\/em>, <em>that<\/em>, <em>these<\/em>, or <em>those<\/em> should be used.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Lara looked at the meal in front of her. \"____ looks great!\" she said.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Tyesha watched\u00a0the \u201967 Mustang drive past and head down the street. \"What I wouldn't give for one of ____.\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\"What do you think of ____?\" Ashley asked,\u00a0showing me the\u00a0three paint samples\u00a0she had picked out.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"727295\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"727295\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Lara looked at the meal in front of her. \"<strong>This<\/strong> looks great!\" she said.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The meal is right in front of Lara, and there is only one meal.\u00a0<em>This<\/em> is the correct pronoun.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Tyesha watched the \u201967 Mustang drive past and head the street. \"What I wouldn't give for one of <strong>those<\/strong>.\"\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The Mustang is moving away from the speaker. The phrase \"one of ____\" requires a plural word in the blank. <em>Those<\/em> is the correct pronoun. The singular version of the sentence would be something like \"What I wouldn't give to own <strong>that<\/strong>.\" <em>That<\/em>\u00a0is the correct pronoun for singular things that are far away.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\"What do you think of <strong>these<\/strong>?\" Ashley asked, showing me the three paint samples\u00a0she had picked out.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The paint samples\u00a0are in immediate focus (whether Ashley is holding them or looking at them online), and there are three of them.\u00a0<em>These<\/em> is the correct pronoun.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Indefinite Pronouns<\/h2>\r\n<img class=\"alignright wp-image-971\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2016\/07\/20173128\/indefinite.jpg\" alt=\"dotted outline of a person\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/>\r\n\r\nIndefinite pronouns, the largest group of pronouns, refer to one or more unspecified persons or things. For example: <i><b>Anyone<\/b> can do that.<\/i>\r\n\r\nThese pronouns can be\u00a0used in several ways:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>They can\u00a0refer to members of a group separately rather than collectively. (<i>To <b>each<\/b> his own.<\/i>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>They can\u00a0indicate the nonexistence of people or things. (<i><b>Nobody<\/b> thinks that.<\/i>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>They can\u00a0refer to a person but without specifying first, second, or third person in the way that personal pronouns do. (<i><b>One<\/b> does not clean <b>one's<\/b> own windows.<\/i>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe\u00a0table below shows the most common indefinite pronouns:\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>anybody<\/td>\r\n<td>anyone<\/td>\r\n<td>anything<\/td>\r\n<td>each<\/td>\r\n<td>either<\/td>\r\n<td>every<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>everybody<\/td>\r\n<td>everyone<\/td>\r\n<td>everything<\/td>\r\n<td>neither<\/td>\r\n<td>no one<\/td>\r\n<td>nobody<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>nothing<\/td>\r\n<td>nobody else<\/td>\r\n<td>somebody<\/td>\r\n<td>someone<\/td>\r\n<td>something<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0one<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Note:<\/strong> Sometimes\u00a0third-person personal pronouns are used without antecedents, as in the following examples, which use a generic <em>they<\/em> and \"dummy\" pronoun:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>You know what\u00a0<em>they<\/em> say. (generic <em>they<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>It's<\/em> a nice day today. (\"dummy\" pronoun)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1290622267664062598\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"637\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"565632\"]Explain Answers[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"565632\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong>Everyone<\/strong> is the indefinite pronoun.\u00a0<em>He or she<\/em> is a pronoun with the antecedent\u00a0<em>everyone<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The indefinite pronoun\u00a0<strong>neither<\/strong>\u00a0is used in this sentence. It is being used correctly, assuming that the speaker meant to say, \"Given this choice, I wouldn't choose!\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The indefinite pronoun\u00a0<strong>something<\/strong>\u00a0is used in this sentence.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The indefinite pronoun <strong>nobody else<\/strong>\u00a0is used in this sentence.\u00a0If there are already some students enrolled in the class, then\u00a0<em>nobody else<\/em> is being used correctly. If there aren't any students in the course, then\u00a0<em>nobody<\/em> should be used instead.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Someone<\/strong> or <strong>somebody<\/strong>\u00a0is the correct indefinite pronoun in this sentence.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Anyone<\/strong> or <strong>anybody<\/strong> is correct here. Note that anyone\/anybody is singular.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\"It seems that <strong>no one \/ nobody<\/strong> will admit to it\" makes the most sense.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\"Now <strong>everyone \/ everybody<\/strong> has a lunch but me\" would be correct in context. Note that everyone\/everybody is also singular.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nIdentify the indefinite pronouns in the following sentences. Is the best indefinite\u00a0used, or is there another indefinite that would fit better?\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Everyone\u00a0should take the time to think critically about what he or she\u00a0wants out of life.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If I had to choose between singing in public\u00a0and swimming with leeches, I would choose neither.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Yasmin&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:3,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;4&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:15389148}}\">Yasmin<\/span> knew everything\u00a0was wrong, but she couldn't figure out what.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If nobody else enrolls in this class, it will be canceled this semester.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"565632\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"565632\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong>Everyone<\/strong> is the indefinite pronoun.\u00a0<em>He or she<\/em> is a pronoun with the antecedent\u00a0<em>everyone<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The indefinite pronoun\u00a0<strong>neither<\/strong>\u00a0is used in this sentence. It is being used correctly, assuming that the speaker meant to say, \"Given this choice, I wouldn't choose!\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The indefinite pronoun\u00a0<strong>everything<\/strong>\u00a0is used in this sentence. However, based on the rest of the sentence, it doesn't quite fit. If everything were wrong,\u00a0you wouldn't need to figure out exactly what's happening. The indefinite pronoun\u00a0<em>something<\/em>\u00a0would make more sense:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Yasmin knew <strong>something<\/strong>\u00a0was wrong, but she couldn't figure out what.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIf everything was, in fact, wrong, the word\u00a0<em>what<\/em> should be changed:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Yasmin knew everything\u00a0was wrong, but she couldn't figure out <b>why<\/b>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The indefinite pronoun <strong>nobody else<\/strong>\u00a0is used in this sentence.\u00a0If there are already some students enrolled in the class, then\u00a0<em>nobody else<\/em> is being used correctly. If there aren't any students in the course, then\u00a0<em>nobody<\/em> should be used instead.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Singular <em>They<\/em><\/h3>\r\nOne attribute of indefinite pronouns is that the person's gender is unspecified\u2014they are\u00a0by definition\u00a0<em>indefinite<\/em>. This ambiguity causes no trouble (and may actually be desirable) in statements such as \"I hear <strong>someone<\/strong> coughing.\" We don't know (or need to know) the gender of the\u00a0<em>someone<\/em> who is coughing. Consider the following statements, though, in which the indefinite pronoun <em>someone<\/em> in the first sentence is also the antecedent for the pronouns in the second sentence:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>I hear <strong>someone<\/strong> coughing. I wish <strong>he or she<\/strong> would stop.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\"He or she\" is grammatically correct here because it takes into account that the \"someone\" could be either gender. However, this construction can sound clunky, especially in casual conversation. Historically, the awkwardness has been addressed by using the masculine pronoun as the generic singular pronoun:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>To each <strong>his<\/strong> own.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Everyone should get <strong>himself<\/strong> a new car at least once.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n(Alternatively, some opt to use the feminine pronoun, instead, in order to balance out the gender bias. E.g.: \"To each <em>her<\/em> own.\") With the trend toward more gender-inclusive language, however, today you are probably more likely to hear the plural pronoun <em>they<\/em> used in this way\u2014as a singular pronoun\u2014especially in everyday spoken English. For example:\u00a0Somebody accidentally left <strong>their<\/strong> wallet at the cash register. Can you make sure <strong>they<\/strong> get it back?\r\n\r\nWhile the singular <em>they<\/em> offers the advantage of being gender-neutral\u2014and it may soon become the accepted norm\u2014for now it\u00a0is not considered to be proper usage, and you should avoid it in your academic writing. When in doubt, consult your instructor's preferred style guide.\r\n\r\nAdditionally, many individuals neither identify as male nor female, and they have begun to use <em>they<\/em> as a singular pronoun to refer to themselves. In these cases, it\u00a0<em>is<\/em> grammatically correct to use\u00a0<em>they<\/em> as a singular pronoun (per the\u00a0<em>Chicago\u00a0Manual of Style<\/em>, one of the predominant authorities on grammar and style).[footnote]The University of Chicago Press. \"Grammar &amp; Usage: Singular 'they'. <em>Chicago Manual of Style<\/em>, 2017, p. 241.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Relative Pronouns<\/h2>\r\nThere are five relative pronouns in English:\u00a0<em>who<\/em>,\u00a0<em>whom<\/em>,\u00a0<em>whose<\/em>, <em>that<\/em>,\u00a0and\u00a0<em>which. <\/em>These pronouns are used to connect different clauses. For example:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Belen, <strong>who<\/strong> had starred in six plays before she turned seventeen, knew that she wanted to act on Broadway someday.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>My daughter wants to adopt the\u00a0dog <strong>that<\/strong>\u00a0doesn't have\u00a0a tail.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThese pronouns behave differently from the other categories we've seen. However, they are pronouns, and it's important to learn how they work.\u00a0Two\u00a0of the biggest confusions with these pronouns are\u00a0<em>that<\/em> vs.\u00a0<em>which<\/em> and\u00a0<em>who<\/em> vs.\u00a0<em>whom<\/em>. The two following videos will help you keep them straight:\r\n<h3>That vs. Which<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/6Js8tBCfbWk\r\n<h3>Who vs. Whom<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/bPqMLKXoEac\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nDoes the following paragraph\u00a0use\u00a0relative pronouns correctly? Explain why or why not for each relative pronoun.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Katerina, whom had taken biology\u00a0once\u00a0already, was still struggling to keep\u00a0the steps of cellular respiration straight. She knew the process took place in animals, which take in oxygen and put out carbon dioxide. She also knew that plants underwent the process of photosynthesis. However, the individual steps of the process seemed beyond her understanding.<\/p>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"4\"][\/practice-area]\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"35641\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"35641\"]There are three relative pronouns in this passage:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Katerina, <strong>whom<\/strong> had taken biology\u00a0once\u00a0already, was still struggling to keep\u00a0the steps of cellular respiration straight. She knew the process took place in animals, <strong>which<\/strong> take in oxygen and put out carbon dioxide. She also knew <strong>that<\/strong> plants underwent the process of photosynthesis. However, the individual steps of the process seemed beyond her understanding.<\/p>\r\n<em>Whom<\/em> is incorrect; the object case is not needed here. The sentence should\u00a0start with \"Katerina, who had taken biology once already. . . .\"\u00a0<em>Which\u00a0<\/em>is used correctly. <em>Which<\/em> is appropriate to use with the noun <em>animals<\/em>, and\u00a0the clause is set off with commas.\u00a0<em>That<\/em> is used correctly. It connects\u00a0<em>knew<\/em> with what she knew.\r\n\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<p>A pronoun stands in the place of a noun. Like nouns, pronouns can serve as the subject or object of a sentence: they are the things sentences are about.\u00a0Pronouns include words like\u00a0<em>he<\/em>,\u00a0<em>she<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>I<\/em>, but they also include words like <em>this<\/em>, <em>that<\/em>, <em>which<\/em>, <em>who<\/em>, <em>anybody<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>everyone<\/em>. Before we get into the different\u00a0types of pronouns, let&#8217;s look at how they work in sentences.<\/p>\n<p>Because a pronoun is replacing a noun, its meaning is dependent on the noun that it is replacing. This noun\u00a0is called the\u00a0<strong>antecedent<\/strong>. Let&#8217;s look at the first sentence of this paragraph\u00a0again:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Because a pronoun is replacing a noun, its meaning is dependent on the noun that <strong>it<\/strong>\u00a0is replacing.<\/p>\n<p>There are two pronouns here:\u00a0<em>its <\/em>and\u00a0<em>it<\/em>.\u00a0<em>Its<\/em> and\u00a0<em>it<\/em>\u00a0both have the same antecedent: &#8220;a pronoun.&#8221; Whenever you use a pronoun,\u00a0you must also include its antecedent. Without the antecedent, your readers (or listeners) won&#8217;t be able to figure out what the pronoun is referring to. Let&#8217;s look at a couple of examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Jason likes it\u00a0when\u00a0people look to him for leadership.<\/li>\n<li>Trini does\u00a0her hair and makeup every\u00a0day\u2014with no exceptions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>So, what are the antecedents and pronouns in these sentences?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Jason<\/em> is the antecedent for the pronoun <em>him<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><em>Trini<\/em>\u00a0is the antecedent for the pronoun\u00a0<em>her<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1290622256559282058\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"637\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q554891\">Explain Answers<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q554891\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Itzel and\u00a0Camila<\/strong>\u00a0are the antecedents for the pronoun\u00a0<strong>They<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>There are two pronoun-antecedent pairs in this sentence. <strong>People<\/strong>\u00a0is the antecedent for <strong>their<\/strong>, and\u00a0<strong>Jorge<\/strong>\u00a0is the antecedent for <strong>he<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Henry<\/strong>\u00a0is the\u00a0antecedent for\u00a0<strong>his<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Identify the antecedents and pronouns in the following\u00a0examples:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Itzel and\u00a0Camila were the top-ranking\u00a0doubles team\u00a0at OSU.\u00a0They hadn&#8217;t been defeated\u00a0all year.<\/li>\n<li>People asked\u00a0Jorge\u00a0to review their papers so often that he started a\u00a0small editing business.<\/li>\n<li>Henry called his parents every week.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q554891\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q554891\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Itzel and\u00a0Camila<\/strong>\u00a0are the antecedents for the pronoun\u00a0<strong>They<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>There are two pronoun-antecedent pairs in this sentence. <strong>People<\/strong>\u00a0is the antecedent for <strong>their<\/strong>, and\u00a0<strong>Jorge<\/strong>\u00a0is the antecedent for <strong>he<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Henry<\/strong>\u00a0is the\u00a0antecedent for\u00a0<strong>his<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>So far, we&#8217;ve only looked at\u00a0personal pronouns, but there are other types, too, including demonstrative and indefinite pronouns. Let&#8217;s discuss each of these in further depth:<\/p>\n<h2>Personal Pronouns<\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1189\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/106\/2016\/07\/11210355\/people-e1468271064362.png\" alt=\"an icon showing three people\" width=\"150\" height=\"153\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Personal pronouns are what most people think of when they see the word pronoun. Personal pronouns include words like he, she, and they. The following sentences give examples of personal pronouns used with antecedents (remember, an antecedent is the noun that a pronoun refers to!):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Danny and Sam decided that <strong>they<\/strong> didn\u2019t want to go to the zoo on Saturday. (Danny and Sam is the antecedent of they)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ben thought that <strong>he<\/strong> would rather turn in incomplete homework than pull another all-nighter. (Ben is the antecedent of he)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When <strong>she<\/strong> heard that Zak had spent all <strong>his<\/strong> lunch money again, Mary yelled at <strong>him<\/strong> and demanded that <strong>he<\/strong> use <strong>his<\/strong> funds more wisely. (Mary is the antecedent of she and Zak is the antecedent of he, him, and his)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The guy who stands on 4th street looks suspicious, but <strong>he<\/strong> actually just prefers to dress that way. (The guy is the antecedent of he)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Note:<\/strong>\u00a0Pronouns like\u00a0<em>I<\/em>,\u00a0<em>we<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>you<\/em>\u00a0don&#8217;t always require an explicitly stated antecedent. When a speaker\u00a0says something like &#8220;I told you the zoo was closed today,&#8221; it&#8217;s implied that the speaker is the antecedent for\u00a0<em>I<\/em> and the listener is the antecedent for\u00a0<em>you<\/em>.<\/div>\n<p><strong>Reflexive pronouns\u00a0<\/strong>are a kind of pronoun that are used when the subject and the object of the sentence are the same.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Jason<\/b>\u00a0hurt <b>himself<\/b>. (<em>Jason<\/em>\u00a0is the antecedent of <em>himself<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This is true even if the subject is only implied, as in the sentence &#8220;Don&#8217;t hurt yourself.&#8221;\u00a0<em>You<\/em> is the unstated subject of this sentence.<\/p>\n<p>Reflexive pronouns include\u00a0<em>myself<\/em>,\u00a0<em>ourselves,<\/em> <em>yourself<\/em>,\u00a0<em>yourselves,<\/em>\u00a0<em>himself<\/em>,\u00a0<em>herself<\/em>,\u00a0<em>itself<\/em>,\u00a0<em>themselves.<\/em>\u00a0They can only be used\u00a0as the object of a sentence\u2014not as the subject. You can say, &#8220;I\u00a0jinxed myself,&#8221; but\u00a0you can&#8217;t say,<em>\u00a0<\/em>&#8220;Myself jinxed me.&#8221;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Note:<\/strong>\u00a0When the the first- or\u00a0second-person reflexive pronoun is appropriate, object case and reflexive pronouns can often be used interchangeably:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The only person\u00a0I&#8217;m\u00a0worrying about today is <strong>me<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>The only person I&#8217;m worrying about today is <strong>myself<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>You don&#8217;t need to make\u00a0anyone happy except <strong>you<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>You don&#8217;t need to make anyone happy except <strong>yourself<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Why do you think this is? When would you use one or the other?<\/p>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"4\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1290622258049753728\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"637\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q653330\">Explain Answers<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q653330\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>Aisha let <strong>herself<\/strong> in when she arrived.\n<ul>\n<li>Aisha is the subject and object of the sentence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Feel free to let <strong>yourself<\/strong>\u00a0in when you get here!\n<ul>\n<li><em>You<\/em> is the implied subject of the sentence, so the reflexive\u00a0<em>yourself<\/em> is appropriate as the object of the sentence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Alec asked Joan if she would let <strong>him<\/strong> in when <strong>she<\/strong>\u00a0arrived.\n<ul>\n<li>While <em>Alec<\/em>\u00a0is the subject of the sentence,\u00a0<em>Alec<\/em>\u00a0is not the subject of the dependent clause that\u00a0<em>him<\/em> appears in (&#8220;if she would let him in&#8221;). In this clause,\u00a0<em>she<\/em> is the subject, so the reflexive pronoun cannot be used here.<\/li>\n<li><em>She<\/em> is the subject of the clause &#8220;when she arrived.&#8221; Since it&#8217;s a subject, the reflexive cannot be used.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Read the following sentences. Should the reflexive pronoun be used? Why or why not?<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Aisha let (her \/ herself)\u00a0in when she arrived.<\/li>\n<li>Feel free\u00a0to let (you \/ yourself) in\u00a0when you get here!<\/li>\n<li>Alec asked Joan if she would let (him \/ himself) in when (she \/ herself) arrived.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"4\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q653330\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q653330\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>Aisha let <strong>herself<\/strong> in when she arrived.\n<ul>\n<li>Aisha is the subject and object of the sentence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Feel free to let <strong>yourself<\/strong>\u00a0in when you get here!\n<ul>\n<li><em>You<\/em> is the implied subject of the sentence, so the reflexive\u00a0<em>yourself<\/em> is appropriate as the object of the sentence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Alec asked Joan if she would let <strong>him<\/strong> in when <strong>she<\/strong>\u00a0arrived.\n<ul>\n<li>While <em>Alec<\/em>\u00a0is the subject of the sentence,\u00a0<em>Alec<\/em>\u00a0is not the subject of the dependent clause that\u00a0<em>him<\/em> appears in (&#8220;if she would let him in&#8221;). In this clause,\u00a0<em>she<\/em> is the subject, so the reflexive pronoun cannot be used here.<\/li>\n<li><em>She<\/em> is the subject of the clause &#8220;when she arrived.&#8221; Since it&#8217;s a subject, the reflexive cannot be used.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Pronouns may be classified by three categories: person, number, and case.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Person <\/strong>(separated into three categories-first, second, and third) defines how the author and the text relate to each other.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>First person<\/strong> means that the author is also the subject or actor. People speak in first person, saying \u201cI made,\u201d \u201cI thought,\u201d \u201cI said.\u201d<\/li>\n<li><strong>Second person<\/strong> is when some other, separate entity is being directly addressed, saying, \u201cyou made,\u201d \u201cyou thought,\u201d \u201cyou said.\u201d<\/li>\n<li><strong>Third person<\/strong> refers to an entity separate from both the speaker and the listener. Third person would contain phrases like \u201cit made,\u201d \u201cshe thought,\u201d \u201che said.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>There are\u00a0two <strong>numbers<\/strong>: <strong>singular<\/strong> and <strong>plural<\/strong>. As we learned with regard to nouns, singular pronouns refer\u00a0to one thing or person while plural pronouns refer to\u00a0more than one of a thing or person (<em>I<\/em> stood alone while\u00a0<em>they<\/em> walked together).<\/p>\n<p>English personal pronouns have two <strong>cases<\/strong>: <strong>subject<\/strong> and <strong>object<\/strong>. Subject-case pronouns are used when the pronoun is doing the action (<em>I<\/em> like to eat chips, but <em>she<\/em> does not). Object-case pronouns are used when something is being done to the pronoun (John likes <em>me<\/em> but not <em>her<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Possessive pronouns<\/strong> are used to indicate possession (in a broad sense). Some must be accompanied by a noun: e.g.,\u00a0<em>my<\/em> or\u00a0<em>your<\/em>, as in &#8220;I lost <strong>my<\/strong> wallet.&#8221; This category of pronouns behaves similarly to adjectives.\u00a0Others occur as independent phrases: e.g.,\u00a0<em>mine <\/em>or <em>yours<\/em>. For example, &#8220;Those clothes are <strong>mine<\/strong>.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>The table below includes all of the personal pronouns in the English language. They are organized by person, number, and case:<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 85px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 20%; height: 12px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.2143%; height: 12px;\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>singular<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3571%; height: 12px;\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>plural<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 26px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 20%; height: 13px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 17.7143%; height: 13px;\"><strong>subject<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.5%; height: 13px;\"><strong>object<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 17.7143%; height: 13px;\"><strong>subject<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6429%; height: 13px;\"><strong>object<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 20%; height: 12px;\"><strong>first person<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 17.7143%; height: 12px;\">I<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.5%; height: 12px;\">me<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 17.7143%; height: 12px;\">we<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6429%; height: 12px;\">us<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 20%; height: 12px;\"><strong>second person<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 17.7143%; height: 12px;\">you<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.5%; height: 12px;\">you<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 17.7143%; height: 12px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6429%; height: 12px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 20%; height: 12px;\"><strong>third person, neutral<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 17.7143%; height: 12px;\">it<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.5%; height: 12px;\">it<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 17.7143%; height: 12px;\">they<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6429%; height: 12px;\">them<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 20%; height: 12px;\"><strong>third person, feminine<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 17.7143%; height: 12px;\">she<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.5%; height: 12px;\">her<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 17.7143%; height: 12px;\">they<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6429%; height: 12px;\">them<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 20%; height: 12px;\"><strong>third person, masculine<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 17.7143%; height: 12px;\">he<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.5%; height: 12px;\">him<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 17.7143%; height: 12px;\">they<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6429%; height: 12px;\">them<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.9286%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 26px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 22.9286%;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.5%;\"><strong>possessive adjective (singular)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.3571%;\"><strong>possessive adjective (plural)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20.1429%;\"><strong>possessive pronoun<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 22.9286%;\"><strong>first person<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.5%;\">my<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.3571%;\">our<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20.1429%;\">mine<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 22.9286%;\"><strong>second person<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.5%;\">your<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.3571%;\">your<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20.1429%;\">yours<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 22.9286%;\"><strong>third person, neutral<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.5%;\">its<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.3571%;\">their<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20.1429%;\">its<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 22.9286%;\"><strong>third person, feminine<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.5%;\">her<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.3571%;\">their<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20.1429%;\">hers<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 22.9286%;\"><strong>third person, masculine<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.5%;\">his<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.3571%;\">their<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20.1429%;\">his<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1290622261414615658\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"637\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q436221\">Explain Answers<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q436221\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>The context of the sentence gives hints that Andr\u00e9 thinks the box of cereal belongs to the speaker of the sentence. The correct sentence would be &#8220;Andr\u00e9\u00a0told me that it was <strong>my<\/strong>\u00a0box of cereal, but I couldn&#8217;t remember having bought <strong>it<\/strong>.&#8221;\n<ul>\n<li><em>My<\/em>\u00a0is a possessive, singular, first-person pronoun. It is followed by the noun\u00a0<em>box of cereal<\/em>, so it appears in its\u00a0adjective form, rather than as <em>mine<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><em>It<\/em>\u00a0is a subject-case, singular, neutral\u00a0third-person pronoun.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>There are two sentence that make sense here: &#8220;Amelia and Ajani still haven\u2019t arrived. I should check to see if\u00a0<strong>I<\/strong>\u00a0texted <strong>them,<\/strong>&#8221; or &#8220;Amelia and Ajani still haven\u2019t arrived. I should check to see if\u00a0<strong>they<\/strong> texted <strong>me<\/strong>.&#8221; The correct sentence depends on who did (or didn&#8217;t do) the texting.\n<ul>\n<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Ajani&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:1,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0}}\"><em>I<\/em> is a subject-case, singular, first-person pronoun.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Ajani&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:1,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0}}\"><em>Them<\/em>\u00a0is an object-case, plural, third-person pronoun.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><em>They<\/em>\u00a0is a subject-case, plural, third-person pronoun.<\/li>\n<li><em>Me<\/em>\u00a0is an object-case, singular, first-person pronoun.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>You shouldn&#8217;t be so worried about what other people think.\u00a0The only person <strong>you<\/strong> need to please is <strong>you<\/strong>.\n<ul>\n<li><em>You<\/em> is a subject-case, singular, second-person pronoun.<\/li>\n<li><em>You<\/em> is an object-case, singular, second-person pronoun.\u00a0<em>Yourself\u00a0<\/em>would also be OK here, since the subject and object of the sentence are the same.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>George Washington was the first president of the United States. <strong>He<\/strong> set the standard of serving only two terms of office. However, <strong>it<\/strong> wasn&#8217;t illegal to serve more than two terms until 1951.\n<ul>\n<li><em>He<\/em>\u00a0is a subject-case, singular, masculine\u00a0third-person pronoun.<\/li>\n<li><em>It<\/em>\u00a0is a subject-case, singular, neutral\u00a0third-person pronoun.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>In each sentence, fill in the blank with\u00a0the correct pronoun. Explain why you selected the pronoun you did:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Andr\u00e9\u00a0told me that it was ___\u00a0box of cereal, but I couldn&#8217;t remember having bought ___.<\/li>\n<li>Amelia and Ajani still haven\u2019t arrived. I should check to see if ___\u00a0texted ___.<\/li>\n<li>You shouldn&#8217;t be so worried about what other people think. The only person ___\u00a0need to please is ___.<\/li>\n<li>George Washington\u00a0was the first president of the United States. ___\u00a0set the standard of serving only two terms of office. However, ___\u00a0wasn&#8217;t illegal to serve more than two terms\u00a0until 1951.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"4\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q436221\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q436221\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>The context of the sentence gives hints that Andr\u00e9 thinks the box of cereal belongs to the speaker of the sentence. The correct sentence would be &#8220;Andr\u00e9\u00a0told me that it was <strong>my<\/strong>\u00a0box of cereal, but I couldn&#8217;t remember having bought <strong>it<\/strong>.&#8221;\n<ul>\n<li><em>My<\/em>\u00a0is a possessive, singular, first-person pronoun. It is followed by the noun\u00a0<em>box of cereal<\/em>, so it appears in its\u00a0adjective form, rather than as <em>mine<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><em>It<\/em>\u00a0is a subject-case, singular, neutral\u00a0third-person pronoun.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>There are two sentence that make sense here: &#8220;Amelia and Ajani still haven\u2019t arrived. I should check to see if\u00a0<strong>I<\/strong>\u00a0texted <strong>them,<\/strong>&#8221; or &#8220;Amelia and Ajani still haven\u2019t arrived. I should check to see if\u00a0<strong>they<\/strong> texted <strong>me<\/strong>.&#8221; The correct sentence depends on who did (or didn&#8217;t do) the texting.\n<ul>\n<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Ajani&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:1,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0}}\"><em>I<\/em> is a subject-case, singular, first-person pronoun.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Ajani&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:1,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0}}\"><em>Them<\/em>\u00a0is an object-case, plural, third-person pronoun.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><em>They<\/em>\u00a0is a subject-case, plural, third-person pronoun.<\/li>\n<li><em>Me<\/em>\u00a0is an object-case, singular, first-person pronoun.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>You shouldn&#8217;t be so worried about what other people think.\u00a0The only person <strong>you<\/strong> need to please is <strong>you<\/strong>.\n<ul>\n<li><em>You<\/em> is a subject-case, singular, second-person pronoun.<\/li>\n<li><em>You<\/em> is an object-case, singular, second-person pronoun.\u00a0<em>Yourself\u00a0<\/em>would also be OK here, since the subject and object of the sentence are the same.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>George Washington was the first president of the United States. <strong>He<\/strong> set the standard of serving only two terms of office. However, <strong>it<\/strong> wasn&#8217;t illegal to serve more than two terms until 1951.\n<ul>\n<li><em>He<\/em>\u00a0is a subject-case, singular, masculine\u00a0third-person pronoun.<\/li>\n<li><em>It<\/em>\u00a0is a subject-case, singular, neutral\u00a0third-person pronoun.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Demonstrative Pronouns<\/h2>\n<p>Demonstrative pronouns substitute for things being pointed out. They\u00a0include\u00a0<em>this<\/em>,\u00a0<em>that<\/em>, <em>these<\/em>, and <em>those<\/em>. <em>This<\/em>\u00a0and <em>that<\/em>\u00a0are singular;\u00a0<em>these\u00a0<\/em>and\u00a0<em>those<\/em> are plural.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2295 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/21152833\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-21-at-11.26.19-AM-300x276.png\" alt=\"Icon of two location symbols connected by dotted line\" width=\"150\" \/>The difference between\u00a0<em>this<\/em> and\u00a0<em>that<\/em> and between\u00a0<em>these<\/em> and\u00a0<em>those<\/em> is a little more subtle.\u00a0<em>This<\/em> and\u00a0<em>these<\/em> refer to something that is &#8220;close&#8221; to the speaker, whether this closeness is physical, emotional, or temporal.\u00a0<em>That<\/em> and\u00a0<em>those<\/em> are the opposite: they refer to something that is &#8220;far.&#8221;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Do I really have to read all of <em>this<\/em>?\n<ul>\n<li>By using &#8220;this,&#8221; the speaker is indicating a text that is close to her.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><em>That<\/em>\u00a0is not coming anywhere near me.\n<ul>\n<li>The speaker is distancing himself from the object in question, which he doesn&#8217;t want to get any closer. The far pronoun helps indicate that.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>You&#8217;re telling me you sewed all of <em>these<\/em>?\n<ul>\n<li>The speaker and her audience are likely looking directly at the clothes in question, so the close pronoun is appropriate.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><em>Those\u00a0<\/em>are all gross.\n<ul>\n<li>The speaker wants to remain away from the gross items in question, by using the far &#8220;those.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Note:<\/strong> these pronouns\u00a0are often combined with a noun. In such cases they act as a kind of adjective instead of as a pronoun.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Do I really have to read all of<em> this\u00a0<\/em>contract?<\/li>\n<li><em>That<\/em> thing is not coming anywhere near me.<\/li>\n<li>You&#8217;re telling me you sewed all of <em>these<\/em> dresses?<\/li>\n<li><em>Those<\/em>\u00a0recipes are all gross.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>The antecedents of\u00a0demonstrative\u00a0pronouns (and sometimes the pronoun <em>it<\/em>)\u00a0can be\u00a0more complex than those of\u00a0personal pronouns:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Animal Planet&#8217;s\u00a0puppy cam has been taken down for maintenance.<\/strong> I never wanted <em>this<\/em> to happen.<\/li>\n<li>I love Animal Planet&#8217;s panda cam. <strong>I watched a panda eat bamboo for half an hour.<\/strong>\u00a0<em>It<\/em>\u00a0was amazing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In the first example, the antecedent for\u00a0<em>this<\/em> is the entire idea of the puppy cam being taken down. In the second example, the antecedent for\u00a0<em>it\u00a0<\/em>is the experience of watching the panda. In both cases, the antecedents aren&#8217;t explicitly stated and must be inferred by the reader.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1290622266622689608\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"637\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q727295\">Explain Answers<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q727295\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>Lara looked at the meal in front of her. &#8220;<strong>This<\/strong> looks great!&#8221; she said.\n<ul>\n<li>The meal is right in front of Lara, and there is only one meal.\u00a0<em>This<\/em> is the correct pronoun.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Tyesha watched the \u201967 Mustang drive past and head the street. &#8220;What I wouldn&#8217;t give for one of <strong>those<\/strong>.&#8221;\n<ul>\n<li>The Mustang is moving away from the speaker. The phrase &#8220;one of ____&#8221; requires a plural word in the blank. <em>Those<\/em> is the correct pronoun. The singular version of the sentence would be something like &#8220;What I wouldn&#8217;t give to own <strong>that<\/strong>.&#8221; <em>That<\/em>\u00a0is the correct pronoun for singular things that are far away.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;What do you think of <strong>these<\/strong>?&#8221; Ashley asked, showing me the three paint samples\u00a0she had picked out.\n<ul>\n<li>The paint samples\u00a0are in immediate focus (whether Ashley is holding them or looking at them online), and there are three of them.\u00a0<em>These<\/em> is the correct pronoun.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>In the following sentences, determine whether\u00a0<em>this<\/em>, <em>that<\/em>, <em>these<\/em>, or <em>those<\/em> should be used.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Lara looked at the meal in front of her. &#8220;____ looks great!&#8221; she said.<\/li>\n<li>Tyesha watched\u00a0the \u201967 Mustang drive past and head down the street. &#8220;What I wouldn&#8217;t give for one of ____.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;What do you think of ____?&#8221; Ashley asked,\u00a0showing me the\u00a0three paint samples\u00a0she had picked out.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q727295\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q727295\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>Lara looked at the meal in front of her. &#8220;<strong>This<\/strong> looks great!&#8221; she said.\n<ul>\n<li>The meal is right in front of Lara, and there is only one meal.\u00a0<em>This<\/em> is the correct pronoun.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Tyesha watched the \u201967 Mustang drive past and head the street. &#8220;What I wouldn&#8217;t give for one of <strong>those<\/strong>.&#8221;\n<ul>\n<li>The Mustang is moving away from the speaker. The phrase &#8220;one of ____&#8221; requires a plural word in the blank. <em>Those<\/em> is the correct pronoun. The singular version of the sentence would be something like &#8220;What I wouldn&#8217;t give to own <strong>that<\/strong>.&#8221; <em>That<\/em>\u00a0is the correct pronoun for singular things that are far away.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;What do you think of <strong>these<\/strong>?&#8221; Ashley asked, showing me the three paint samples\u00a0she had picked out.\n<ul>\n<li>The paint samples\u00a0are in immediate focus (whether Ashley is holding them or looking at them online), and there are three of them.\u00a0<em>These<\/em> is the correct pronoun.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Indefinite Pronouns<\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-971\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2016\/07\/20173128\/indefinite.jpg\" alt=\"dotted outline of a person\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Indefinite pronouns, the largest group of pronouns, refer to one or more unspecified persons or things. For example: <i><b>Anyone<\/b> can do that.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>These pronouns can be\u00a0used in several ways:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>They can\u00a0refer to members of a group separately rather than collectively. (<i>To <b>each<\/b> his own.<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li>They can\u00a0indicate the nonexistence of people or things. (<i><b>Nobody<\/b> thinks that.<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li>They can\u00a0refer to a person but without specifying first, second, or third person in the way that personal pronouns do. (<i><b>One<\/b> does not clean <b>one&#8217;s<\/b> own windows.<\/i>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The\u00a0table below shows the most common indefinite pronouns:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>anybody<\/td>\n<td>anyone<\/td>\n<td>anything<\/td>\n<td>each<\/td>\n<td>either<\/td>\n<td>every<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>everybody<\/td>\n<td>everyone<\/td>\n<td>everything<\/td>\n<td>neither<\/td>\n<td>no one<\/td>\n<td>nobody<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>nothing<\/td>\n<td>nobody else<\/td>\n<td>somebody<\/td>\n<td>someone<\/td>\n<td>something<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0one<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Note:<\/strong> Sometimes\u00a0third-person personal pronouns are used without antecedents, as in the following examples, which use a generic <em>they<\/em> and &#8220;dummy&#8221; pronoun:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>You know what\u00a0<em>they<\/em> say. (generic <em>they<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><em>It&#8217;s<\/em> a nice day today. (&#8220;dummy&#8221; pronoun)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1290622267664062598\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"637\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q565632\">Explain Answers<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q565632\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Everyone<\/strong> is the indefinite pronoun.\u00a0<em>He or she<\/em> is a pronoun with the antecedent\u00a0<em>everyone<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>The indefinite pronoun\u00a0<strong>neither<\/strong>\u00a0is used in this sentence. It is being used correctly, assuming that the speaker meant to say, &#8220;Given this choice, I wouldn&#8217;t choose!&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>The indefinite pronoun\u00a0<strong>something<\/strong>\u00a0is used in this sentence.<\/li>\n<li>The indefinite pronoun <strong>nobody else<\/strong>\u00a0is used in this sentence.\u00a0If there are already some students enrolled in the class, then\u00a0<em>nobody else<\/em> is being used correctly. If there aren&#8217;t any students in the course, then\u00a0<em>nobody<\/em> should be used instead.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Someone<\/strong> or <strong>somebody<\/strong>\u00a0is the correct indefinite pronoun in this sentence.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Anyone<\/strong> or <strong>anybody<\/strong> is correct here. Note that anyone\/anybody is singular.<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;It seems that <strong>no one \/ nobody<\/strong> will admit to it&#8221; makes the most sense.<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;Now <strong>everyone \/ everybody<\/strong> has a lunch but me&#8221; would be correct in context. Note that everyone\/everybody is also singular.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Identify the indefinite pronouns in the following sentences. Is the best indefinite\u00a0used, or is there another indefinite that would fit better?<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Everyone\u00a0should take the time to think critically about what he or she\u00a0wants out of life.<\/li>\n<li>If I had to choose between singing in public\u00a0and swimming with leeches, I would choose neither.<\/li>\n<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Yasmin&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:3,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;4&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:15389148}}\">Yasmin<\/span> knew everything\u00a0was wrong, but she couldn&#8217;t figure out what.<\/li>\n<li>If nobody else enrolls in this class, it will be canceled this semester.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q565632\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q565632\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Everyone<\/strong> is the indefinite pronoun.\u00a0<em>He or she<\/em> is a pronoun with the antecedent\u00a0<em>everyone<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>The indefinite pronoun\u00a0<strong>neither<\/strong>\u00a0is used in this sentence. It is being used correctly, assuming that the speaker meant to say, &#8220;Given this choice, I wouldn&#8217;t choose!&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>The indefinite pronoun\u00a0<strong>everything<\/strong>\u00a0is used in this sentence. However, based on the rest of the sentence, it doesn&#8217;t quite fit. If everything were wrong,\u00a0you wouldn&#8217;t need to figure out exactly what&#8217;s happening. The indefinite pronoun\u00a0<em>something<\/em>\u00a0would make more sense:\n<ul>\n<li>Yasmin knew <strong>something<\/strong>\u00a0was wrong, but she couldn&#8217;t figure out what.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If everything was, in fact, wrong, the word\u00a0<em>what<\/em> should be changed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Yasmin knew everything\u00a0was wrong, but she couldn&#8217;t figure out <b>why<\/b>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>The indefinite pronoun <strong>nobody else<\/strong>\u00a0is used in this sentence.\u00a0If there are already some students enrolled in the class, then\u00a0<em>nobody else<\/em> is being used correctly. If there aren&#8217;t any students in the course, then\u00a0<em>nobody<\/em> should be used instead.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Singular <em>They<\/em><\/h3>\n<p>One attribute of indefinite pronouns is that the person&#8217;s gender is unspecified\u2014they are\u00a0by definition\u00a0<em>indefinite<\/em>. This ambiguity causes no trouble (and may actually be desirable) in statements such as &#8220;I hear <strong>someone<\/strong> coughing.&#8221; We don&#8217;t know (or need to know) the gender of the\u00a0<em>someone<\/em> who is coughing. Consider the following statements, though, in which the indefinite pronoun <em>someone<\/em> in the first sentence is also the antecedent for the pronouns in the second sentence:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>I hear <strong>someone<\/strong> coughing. I wish <strong>he or she<\/strong> would stop.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#8220;He or she&#8221; is grammatically correct here because it takes into account that the &#8220;someone&#8221; could be either gender. However, this construction can sound clunky, especially in casual conversation. Historically, the awkwardness has been addressed by using the masculine pronoun as the generic singular pronoun:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>To each <strong>his<\/strong> own.<\/li>\n<li>Everyone should get <strong>himself<\/strong> a new car at least once.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>(Alternatively, some opt to use the feminine pronoun, instead, in order to balance out the gender bias. E.g.: &#8220;To each <em>her<\/em> own.&#8221;) With the trend toward more gender-inclusive language, however, today you are probably more likely to hear the plural pronoun <em>they<\/em> used in this way\u2014as a singular pronoun\u2014especially in everyday spoken English. For example:\u00a0Somebody accidentally left <strong>their<\/strong> wallet at the cash register. Can you make sure <strong>they<\/strong> get it back?<\/p>\n<p>While the singular <em>they<\/em> offers the advantage of being gender-neutral\u2014and it may soon become the accepted norm\u2014for now it\u00a0is not considered to be proper usage, and you should avoid it in your academic writing. When in doubt, consult your instructor&#8217;s preferred style guide.<\/p>\n<p>Additionally, many individuals neither identify as male nor female, and they have begun to use <em>they<\/em> as a singular pronoun to refer to themselves. In these cases, it\u00a0<em>is<\/em> grammatically correct to use\u00a0<em>they<\/em> as a singular pronoun (per the\u00a0<em>Chicago\u00a0Manual of Style<\/em>, one of the predominant authorities on grammar and style).<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"The University of Chicago Press. &quot;Grammar &amp; Usage: Singular 'they'. Chicago Manual of Style, 2017, p. 241.\" id=\"return-footnote-760-1\" href=\"#footnote-760-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Relative Pronouns<\/h2>\n<p>There are five relative pronouns in English:\u00a0<em>who<\/em>,\u00a0<em>whom<\/em>,\u00a0<em>whose<\/em>, <em>that<\/em>,\u00a0and\u00a0<em>which. <\/em>These pronouns are used to connect different clauses. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Belen, <strong>who<\/strong> had starred in six plays before she turned seventeen, knew that she wanted to act on Broadway someday.<\/li>\n<li>My daughter wants to adopt the\u00a0dog <strong>that<\/strong>\u00a0doesn&#8217;t have\u00a0a tail.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These pronouns behave differently from the other categories we&#8217;ve seen. However, they are pronouns, and it&#8217;s important to learn how they work.\u00a0Two\u00a0of the biggest confusions with these pronouns are\u00a0<em>that<\/em> vs.\u00a0<em>which<\/em> and\u00a0<em>who<\/em> vs.\u00a0<em>whom<\/em>. The two following videos will help you keep them straight:<\/p>\n<h3>That vs. Which<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"That versus which | The parts of speech | Grammar | Khan Academy\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/6Js8tBCfbWk?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>Who vs. Whom<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"Who versus whom | The parts of speech | Grammar | Khan Academy\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/bPqMLKXoEac?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Does the following paragraph\u00a0use\u00a0relative pronouns correctly? Explain why or why not for each relative pronoun.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Katerina, whom had taken biology\u00a0once\u00a0already, was still struggling to keep\u00a0the steps of cellular respiration straight. She knew the process took place in animals, which take in oxygen and put out carbon dioxide. She also knew that plants underwent the process of photosynthesis. However, the individual steps of the process seemed beyond her understanding.<\/p>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"4\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q35641\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q35641\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">There are three relative pronouns in this passage:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Katerina, <strong>whom<\/strong> had taken biology\u00a0once\u00a0already, was still struggling to keep\u00a0the steps of cellular respiration straight. She knew the process took place in animals, <strong>which<\/strong> take in oxygen and put out carbon dioxide. She also knew <strong>that<\/strong> plants underwent the process of photosynthesis. However, the individual steps of the process seemed beyond her understanding.<\/p>\n<p><em>Whom<\/em> is incorrect; the object case is not needed here. The sentence should\u00a0start with &#8220;Katerina, who had taken biology once already. . . .&#8221;\u00a0<em>Which\u00a0<\/em>is used correctly. <em>Which<\/em> is appropriate to use with the noun <em>animals<\/em>, and\u00a0the clause is set off with commas.\u00a0<em>That<\/em> is used correctly. It connects\u00a0<em>knew<\/em> with what she knew.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-760\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Revision and Adaptation. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Text: Singular They. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Text: Demonstrative Pronouns. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Text: Relative Pronouns. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Pronouns. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pronoun\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pronoun<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Basic Patterns and Elements of the Sentence. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: David McMurrey. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.prismnet.com\/~hcexres\/textbook\/twsent.html\">https:\/\/www.prismnet.com\/~hcexres\/textbook\/twsent.html<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>People. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Mark Claus. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Noun Project. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=people&#038;i=408350\">https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=people&#038;i=408350<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of location icons. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: icon 54. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Noun Project. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=far&#038;i=223118\">https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=far&#038;i=223118<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>That versus which. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: David Rheinstrom. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Khan Academy. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/the-pronoun\/v\/that-versus-which-the-parts-of-speech-grammar\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/the-pronoun\/v\/that-versus-which-the-parts-of-speech-grammar<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Who versus whom. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: David Rheinstrom. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Khan Academy. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/the-pronoun\/v\/who-versus-whom-the-parts-of-speech-grammar\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/the-pronoun\/v\/who-versus-whom-the-parts-of-speech-grammar<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Vacancy. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Pablo Rozenberg. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Noun Project. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=nobody&#038;i=105997\">https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=nobody&#038;i=105997<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-760-1\">The University of Chicago Press. \"Grammar &amp; Usage: Singular 'they'. <em>Chicago Manual of Style<\/em>, 2017, p. 241. <a href=\"#return-footnote-760-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Revision and Adaptation\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen 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