{"id":782,"date":"2016-07-15T22:56:45","date_gmt":"2016-07-15T22:56:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level3-english\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=782"},"modified":"2019-02-22T05:43:23","modified_gmt":"2019-02-22T05:43:23","slug":"text-conjunctions","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomposition1\/chapter\/text-conjunctions\/","title":{"raw":"Conjunctions","rendered":"Conjunctions"},"content":{"raw":"Conjunctions are the words that join together sentences, phrases, and other words. Conjunctions are divided into several categories, each of which follows different rules. We will discuss coordinating conjunctions, adverbial conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and subordinating conjunctions.\r\n<h2><span id=\"Coordinating_conjunctions\" class=\"mw-headline\">Coordinating Conjunctions<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<img class=\"alignright wp-image-2396\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/22143209\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-22-at-10.30.58-AM-300x256.png\" alt=\"Compass icon\" width=\"176\" height=\"150\" \/>The most common conjunctions are\u00a0<em>and<\/em>,\u00a0<em>or<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>but<\/em>. These are all\u00a0<strong>coordinating conjunctions<\/strong>. Coordinating conjunctions\u00a0are conjunctions that join, or coordinate, two or more\u00a0equivalent\u00a0items (such as words, phrases, or sentences). The mnemonic acronym <i>FANBOYS<\/i> can be used to remember the most common coordinating conjunctions:\u00a0<i>for<\/i>, <i>and<\/i>, <i>nor<\/i>, <i>but<\/i>, <i>or<\/i>,\u00a0<i>yet<\/i>, and <i>so<\/i>.\u00a0Here are some examples of them used in sentences:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Nuclear-powered artificial hearts proved to be complicated, bulky, <strong>and<\/strong> expensive.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Any external injury\u00a0<strong>or<\/strong> internal injury puts patients at risk of uncontrolled bleeding.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The current from the storage batteries can power lights, <strong>but<\/strong> the current for appliances must be modified within an inverter.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nAre the correct coordinating conjunctions being used in each of the following sentences? Explain your reasoning:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>I love boxing or sewing. They're both a lot of fun.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Martin is pretty good at writing, for\u00a0Jaden is better.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Juana had to choose. Would she join the red team and\u00a0the blue team?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"843777\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"843777\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>The conjunction\u00a0<em>or<\/em> presents an alternative. However, the second sentence indicates that the speaker enjoys both activities. The correct sentence would use\u00a0<em>and<\/em>: \"I love boxing <strong>and<\/strong>\u00a0sewing. They're both a lot of fun.\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The conjunction <em>for<\/em>\u00a0presents\u00a0a reason. It's unlikely that Jaden being better is the reason Martin is pretty good at writing, so a different conjunction should be used.\u00a0<em>But<\/em> would be a good fit here, since the ideas contrast: \"Martin is pretty good at writing, <strong>but<\/strong>\u00a0Jaden is better.\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The conjunction\u00a0<em>and<\/em> presents non-contrasting items or ideas. Since the first sentence sets up a choice, we know that Juana can't be on both teams. The conjunction\u00a0<em>or<\/em> presents an alternative and\u00a0is the correct conjunction to use in this sentence: \"Would she join the red team <strong>or<\/strong>\u00a0the blue team?\"<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nAs you can see from the examples above, a comma only appears before these conjunctions sometimes. So how can you tell if you need a comma or not? There are three\u00a0general rules to help you decide.\r\n<h3>Rule 1: Joining Two Complete Ideas<\/h3>\r\nLet's look back at one of our example sentences:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The current from the storage batteries can power lights, but the current for appliances must be modified within an inverter.<\/p>\r\nThere are two complete ideas in this sentence (a complete idea has both a\u00a0subject and a verb).\u00a0Because each of these ideas could\u00a0stand alone as a sentence, the coordinating conjunction that joins them must be preceded by a comma. Otherwise you'll have a run-on sentence.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Run-on sentences are one of the most common errors in college-level writing. Mastering the partnership between commas and coordinating conjunctions will go a long way toward resolving many run-on sentence issues in your writing. We'll talk more about run-ons and strategies to avoid them in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level3-english\/chapter\/text-run-on-sentences\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Run-on Sentences<\/a>.<\/div>\r\n<h3>Rule 2: Joining Two Similar Items<\/h3>\r\nWhat if there is only one complete idea but two subjects or two verbs? Consider the following examples:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Any external injury or internal injury puts patients at risk of uncontrolled bleeding.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the 1960s, artificial heart devices did not fit well and tended to obstruct the flow of venous blood into the right atrium.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nThe first sentence has two subjects:\u00a0<em>external injury<\/em> and\u00a0<em>internal injury<\/em>. They are joined with the conjunction\u00a0<em>or<\/em>. The second sentence has two verbs:\u00a0<em>did not fit well<\/em> and\u00a0<em>tended to obstruct<\/em>. They are joined with the conjunction <em>and<\/em>. Neither sentence requires additional punctuation.\r\n<h3>Rule 3: Joining Three or More Similar Items<\/h3>\r\nWhat do you do if there are three or more items?\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Anna loves to run, David loves to hike, and Luz loves to dance.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Fishing, hunting, and gathering were once the only ways for people do get food.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Emanuel has a very careful schedule planned for tomorrow. He needs to work, study, exercise, eat, and clean.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAs you can see in the examples above, there is a comma after each item, including the item just before the conjunction (<em>and<\/em>). There is a bit of contention about that final comma, but most styles prefer to keep include it (it's called the serial comma). We discuss the serial comma\u00a0in more depth\u00a0in <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level3-english\/chapter\/text-commas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Commas<\/a>.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Starting a Sentence<\/h3>\r\nMany students are taught\u2014and some style\u00a0guides maintain\u2014that English sentences should not begin with a coordinating conjunction. However, there is nothing grammatically incorrect about doing so. The practice is likely discouraged because it is thought to help students avoid creating sentence fragments, but there is nothing wrong with starting a sentence with a coordinating conjunction.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Adverbial Conjunctions<\/h2>\r\n<em><img class=\"alignright wp-image-2397\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/22143438\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-22-at-10.34.17-AM-300x237.png\" alt=\"Icon of two thought bubbles\" width=\"189\" height=\"150\" \/>Adverbial conjunctions<\/em> link two separate thoughts or sentences. When used to interrupt thoughts, as in the first example, below, a comma is required on either side of the conjunction.\u00a0When used to separate complete ideas (independent clauses, which each contain a subject and a verb), a semicolon is required before the conjunction and a comma after. This is the case in the second example, below:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The first artificial hearts were made of smooth silicone rubber, which apparently caused excessive clotting and, <strong>therefore<\/strong>, uncontrolled bleeding.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The Kedeco produces 1200 watts in 17 mph winds using a 16-foot rotor; <strong>on the other hand<\/strong>, the Dunlite produces 2000 watts in 25 mph winds.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAdverbial conjunctions include the following words; however, it is important to note that this is by no means a complete list.\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>therefore<\/td>\r\n<td>however<\/td>\r\n<td>in other words<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>thus<\/td>\r\n<td>then<\/td>\r\n<td>otherwise<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>nevertheless<\/td>\r\n<td>on the other hand<\/td>\r\n<td>in fact<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2><span id=\"Correlative_conjunctions\" class=\"mw-headline\">Correlative Conjunctions<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<b><img class=\"wp-image-1243 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/106\/2016\/07\/13151138\/noun_106372_cc-e1468422722864.png\" alt=\"a balanced scale\" width=\"150\" height=\"152\" \/>Correlative conjunctions<\/b>\u00a0are word pairs that work together to join words and groups of words of equal weight in a sentence. The following video explains this type of conjunction and describes the five most common pairs.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/R74Ly00UygU\r\n\r\nThe table below shows some examples of correlative conjunctions being used in sentences:\r\n<table>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Correlative Conjunction<\/th>\r\n<th>Example<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>either\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0or<\/td>\r\n<td>You <b>either<\/b> do your work <b>or<\/b> prepare for a trip to the office. (Either do, or prepare)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>neither\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0nor<\/td>\r\n<td><b>Neither<\/b> the basketball team <b>nor<\/b> the football team is doing well.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td rowspan=\"2\">not only\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0but (also)<\/td>\r\n<td>He is <b>not only<\/b> handsome\u00a0<b>but<\/b> <b>also<\/b> brilliant. (Not only A but also B)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><b>Not only<\/b> is he handsome, <b>but<\/b> <b>also<\/b> he is brilliant. (Not only is he A, but also he is B)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>both\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0and<\/td>\r\n<td><b>Both<\/b> the cross-country team <b>and<\/b> the swimming team are doing well.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td rowspan=\"2\">whether\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0or<\/td>\r\n<td>You must decide <b>whether<\/b> you stay <b>or<\/b>\u00a0go. (It's up to you)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><b>Whether<\/b> you stay <b>or<\/b> you go, the film will start at 8 pm. (It's not up to you)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>just as\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0so<\/td>\r\n<td><b>Just as<\/b>\u00a0lots of Americans love basketball, <b>so<\/b> many Canadians love ice hockey.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>as much\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0as<\/td>\r\n<td>Football is <b>as much<\/b> an addiction <b>as<\/b> it is a sport.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>no sooner\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0than<\/td>\r\n<td><b>No sooner<\/b> did she learn to ski\u00a0<b>than<\/b> the snow began to thaw.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>rather\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0than<\/td>\r\n<td>I would <b>rather<\/b> swim <b>than<\/b> surf.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>the\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0the<\/td>\r\n<td><b>The<\/b> more you practice dribbling, <b>the<\/b> better you will be at it.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>as\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0as<\/td>\r\n<td>Football is <b>as<\/b> fast <b>as<\/b> hockey (is (fast)).<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2><span id=\"Subordinating_conjunctions\" class=\"mw-headline\">Subordinating Conjunctions<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<b><img class=\"alignright wp-image-1244\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/106\/2016\/07\/13151143\/noun_106371_cc-e1468422755435.png\" alt=\"an unbalanced scale\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/>Subordinating conjunctions<\/b>, are conjunctions that join an independent clause and a dependent clause.\u00a0Here are some examples of subordinating conjunctions:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The heart undergoes two cardiac cycle periods: diastole, <strong>when<\/strong> blood enters the ventricles, and systole, <strong>when<\/strong> the ventricles contract and blood is pumped out of the heart.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Whenever<\/strong> an electron acquires enough energy to leave its orbit, the atom is positively charged.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>She did the favor\u00a0<strong>so that<\/strong> he would owe her one.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nLet's take a moment to look back at the previous examples. Can you see the pattern in comma usage?\u00a0The commas aren't dependent on the presence of subordinating conjunctions\u2014they're dependent on the placement\u00a0of clauses they're in. Let's revisit a couple examples and see if we can figure out the exact rules:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The heart undergoes two cardiac cycle periods: diastole, <strong>when<\/strong> blood enters the ventricles, and systole, <strong>when<\/strong> the ventricles contract and blood is pumped out of the heart.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>These\u00a0clauses are both extra information: information that is good to know, but not necessary for the meaning of the sentence. This means they need commas on either side.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Whenever<\/strong> an electron acquires enough energy to leave its orbit, the atom is positively charged.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>In this sentence, the dependent clause comes before an independent clause. This means it should be followed by a comma.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>She did the favor\u00a0<strong>so that<\/strong> he would owe her one.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>In this sentence, the independent clause comes before an dependent clause. This means\u00a0no comma is required.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe most common subordinating conjunctions in the English language are shown in the table below:\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>after<\/td>\r\n<td>although<\/td>\r\n<td>as<\/td>\r\n<td>as far as<\/td>\r\n<td>as if<\/td>\r\n<td>as long as<\/td>\r\n<td>as soon as<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>as though<\/td>\r\n<td>because<\/td>\r\n<td>before<\/td>\r\n<td>even if<\/td>\r\n<td>even though<\/td>\r\n<td>every time<\/td>\r\n<td>if<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>in order that<\/td>\r\n<td>since<\/td>\r\n<td>so<\/td>\r\n<td>so that<\/td>\r\n<td>than<\/td>\r\n<td>though<\/td>\r\n<td>unless<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>until<\/td>\r\n<td>when<\/td>\r\n<td>whenever<\/td>\r\n<td>where<\/td>\r\n<td>whereas<\/td>\r\n<td>wherever<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0while<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1290622574259907648\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"637\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" allow=\"geolocation *; microphone *; camera *; midi *; encrypted-media *\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"769106\"]Explain Answers[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"769106\"]Here are the sentences with suggested conjunctions. These are not the only possible solutions. If you answered something different, compare your reasoning with the explanation provided below.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Karni's\u00a0roommate, Joana, decided to drive to work<strong>;\u00a0therefore,<\/strong>\u00a0Karni\u00a0rode into the city with her.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>As the punctuation currently exists (a semicolon followed by a comma), the sentence needs an adverbial conjunction. However, using\u00a0<em>therefore<\/em> here feels a little stuffy. If you change the semicolon to a comma and remove\u00a0the second comma, you can then use the coordinating conjunction\u00a0<em>so<\/em> instead, which feels more natural: \".\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0,\u00a0so Karni rode into the city with her.\"<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>They\u00a0needed to turn left on 140th Street, <strong>but<\/strong> that street\u00a0was under construction.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Since the blank is preceded by a comma, a coordinating conjunction should go here. The conjunction\u00a0<em>but<\/em> has the most appropriate meaning in this sentence.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Before<\/strong> Karni\u00a0could say anything,\u00a0<strong>however<\/strong>, Joana\u00a0had already found an alternate route.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Since there is no comma after the first blank, we know we need a subordinating conjunction here.\u00a0<em>Before<\/em> makes the most sense here.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Since this blank appears in the middle of an idea, we know we need an adverbial conjunction here.\u00a0<em>However<\/em> makes the most sense.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>No sooner<\/strong> did Karni arrive at work\u00a0<strong>than<\/strong>\u00a0her boss told her she would be working with her coworker Ian on her next project.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The two blanks in this sentence indicate a correlative conjunction. The sentence indicates the two things happened at the same time, so\u00a0<em>no sooner .\u00a0.\u00a0. than<\/em> is the correct option here.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Karni was really impressed by Ian's professional accomplishments,\u00a0<strong>but <\/strong>she\u00a0was anxious about working with him.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Since the blank is preceded by a comma, a coordinating conjunction should go here. The conjunction <em>but<\/em> has the most appropriate meaning in this sentence.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Karni thought Ian was annoying, unpredictable,\u00a0<strong>and<\/strong>\u00a0reckless.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Since the blank is preceded by a comma, a coordinating conjunction should go here. The conjunction <em>and <\/em>has the most appropriate meaning in this sentence.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>However<\/strong>, Karni was willing to put aside her opinions to get the job done.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Since the blank is followed by a comma, we know we need an adverbial conjunction here. <em>However<\/em> makes the sense here.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>She\u00a0knew Ian\u00a0would put in his best effort <strong>while <\/strong>they worked together<strong>,<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>so<\/strong>\u00a0she felt she could do no less\u2014<strong>even if<\/strong> he frustrated her.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Since there is no comma before or after the first blank, we know we need a subordinating conjunction here. <em>While<\/em>\u00a0makes the most sense here, but\u00a0<em>as long as<\/em> or\u00a0<em>if<\/em>\u00a0would also work.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Since the blank is preceded by a comma, a coordinating conjunction should go here. The conjunction <em>so<\/em>\u00a0has the most appropriate meaning in this sentence.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This blank is a little trickier; it is preceded by a dash, which can stand in for a lot of different punctuation marks. A subordinating conjunction is likely the best solution. We've used\u00a0<em>even if<\/em> here, but there are a lot of possibilities, including <em>even though<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Personal relationships are often\u00a0<strong>as <\/strong>important\u00a0<strong>as<\/strong>\u00a0professional skills.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The two blanks in this sentence indicate a correlative conjunction. The sentence indicates two things of equal importance, so <em>as<\/em> .\u00a0.\u00a0. <em>as<\/em>\u00a0is the correct option here.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nAll of the conjunctions have been removed from the following passage. Which conjunctions would best fill the gaps? Explain your reasoning. The sentences have been numbered to aid you in your comments.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">(1)\u00a0Karni's\u00a0roommate, Joana, decided to drive to work; _____,\u00a0Karni\u00a0rode into the city with her. (2)\u00a0They\u00a0needed to turn left on 140th Street, _____\u00a0that street\u00a0was under construction. (3)\u00a0_____\u00a0Karni\u00a0could say anything, _____, Joana\u00a0had already found an alternate route.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">(4)\u00a0_____ did Karni arrive at work _____\u00a0her boss told her she would be working with her coworker Ian on her next project. (5)\u00a0Karni was really impressed by Ian's professional accomplishments, _____\u00a0she\u00a0was anxious about working with him. (6)\u00a0Karni thought Ian was annoying, unpredictable, _____\u00a0reckless.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">(7)\u00a0_____, Karni was willing to put aside her opinions to get the job done. (8)\u00a0She\u00a0knew Ian\u00a0would put in his best effort _____\u00a0they worked together, _____\u00a0she felt she could do no less\u2014_____ he frustrated her. (9)\u00a0Personal relationships are often _____\u00a0important _____\u00a0professional skills.<\/p>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"4\"][\/practice-area]\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"769106\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"769106\"]Here are the sentences with suggested conjunctions. These are not the only possible solutions. If you answered something different, compare your reasoning with the explanation provided below.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Karni's\u00a0roommate, Joana, decided to drive to work<strong>;\u00a0therefore,<\/strong>\u00a0Karni\u00a0rode into the city with her.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>As the punctuation currently exists (a semicolon followed by a comma), the sentence needs an adverbial conjunction. However, using\u00a0<em>therefore<\/em> here feels a little stuffy. If you change the semicolon to a comma and remove\u00a0the second comma, you can then use the coordinating conjunction\u00a0<em>so<\/em> instead, which feels more natural: \".\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0,\u00a0so Karni rode into the city with her.\"<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>They\u00a0needed to turn left on 140th Street, <strong>but<\/strong> that street\u00a0was under construction.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Since the blank is preceded by a comma, a coordinating conjunction should go here. The conjunction\u00a0<em>but<\/em> has the most appropriate meaning in this sentence.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Before<\/strong> Karni\u00a0could say anything,\u00a0<strong>however<\/strong>, Joana\u00a0had already found an alternate route.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Since there is no comma after the first blank, we know we need a subordinating conjunction here.\u00a0<em>Before<\/em> makes the most sense here.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Since this blank appears in the middle of an idea, we know we need an adverbial conjunction here.\u00a0<em>However<\/em> makes the most sense.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>No sooner<\/strong> did Karni arrive at work\u00a0<strong>than<\/strong>\u00a0her boss told her she would be working with her coworker Ian on her next project.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The two blanks in this sentence indicate a correlative conjunction. The sentence indicates the two things happened at the same time, so\u00a0<em>no sooner .\u00a0.\u00a0. than<\/em> is the correct option here.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Karni was really impressed by Ian's professional accomplishments,\u00a0<strong>but <\/strong>she\u00a0was anxious about working with him.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Since the blank is preceded by a comma, a coordinating conjunction should go here. The conjunction <em>but<\/em> has the most appropriate meaning in this sentence.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Karni thought Ian was annoying, unpredictable,\u00a0<strong>and<\/strong>\u00a0reckless.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Since the blank is preceded by a comma, a coordinating conjunction should go here. The conjunction <em>and <\/em>has the most appropriate meaning in this sentence.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>However<\/strong>, Karni was willing to put aside her opinions to get the job done.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Since the blank is followed by a comma, we know we need an adverbial conjunction here. <em>However<\/em> makes the sense here.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>She\u00a0knew Ian\u00a0would put in his best effort <strong>while <\/strong>they worked together<strong>,<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>so<\/strong>\u00a0she felt she could do no less\u2014<strong>even if<\/strong> he frustrated her.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Since there is no comma before or after the first blank, we know we need a subordinating conjunction here. <em>While<\/em>\u00a0makes the most sense here, but\u00a0<em>as long as<\/em> or\u00a0<em>if<\/em>\u00a0would also work.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Since the blank is preceded by a comma, a coordinating conjunction should go here. The conjunction <em>so<\/em>\u00a0has the most appropriate meaning in this sentence.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This blank is a little trickier; it is preceded by a dash, which can stand in for a lot of different punctuation marks. A subordinating conjunction is likely the best solution. We've used\u00a0<em>even if<\/em> here, but there are a lot of possibilities, including <em>even though<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Personal relationships are often\u00a0<strong>as <\/strong>important\u00a0<strong>as<\/strong>\u00a0professional skills.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The two blanks in this sentence indicate a correlative conjunction. The sentence indicates two things of equal importance, so <em>as<\/em> .\u00a0.\u00a0. <em>as<\/em>\u00a0is the correct option here.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<p>Conjunctions are the words that join together sentences, phrases, and other words. Conjunctions are divided into several categories, each of which follows different rules. We will discuss coordinating conjunctions, adverbial conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and subordinating conjunctions.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Coordinating_conjunctions\" class=\"mw-headline\">Coordinating Conjunctions<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-2396\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/22143209\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-22-at-10.30.58-AM-300x256.png\" alt=\"Compass icon\" width=\"176\" height=\"150\" \/>The most common conjunctions are\u00a0<em>and<\/em>,\u00a0<em>or<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>but<\/em>. These are all\u00a0<strong>coordinating conjunctions<\/strong>. Coordinating conjunctions\u00a0are conjunctions that join, or coordinate, two or more\u00a0equivalent\u00a0items (such as words, phrases, or sentences). The mnemonic acronym <i>FANBOYS<\/i> can be used to remember the most common coordinating conjunctions:\u00a0<i>for<\/i>, <i>and<\/i>, <i>nor<\/i>, <i>but<\/i>, <i>or<\/i>,\u00a0<i>yet<\/i>, and <i>so<\/i>.\u00a0Here are some examples of them used in sentences:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nuclear-powered artificial hearts proved to be complicated, bulky, <strong>and<\/strong> expensive.<\/li>\n<li>Any external injury\u00a0<strong>or<\/strong> internal injury puts patients at risk of uncontrolled bleeding.<\/li>\n<li>The current from the storage batteries can power lights, <strong>but<\/strong> the current for appliances must be modified within an inverter.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Are the correct coordinating conjunctions being used in each of the following sentences? Explain your reasoning:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>I love boxing or sewing. They&#8217;re both a lot of fun.<\/li>\n<li>Martin is pretty good at writing, for\u00a0Jaden is better.<\/li>\n<li>Juana had to choose. Would she join the red team and\u00a0the blue team?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q843777\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q843777\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>The conjunction\u00a0<em>or<\/em> presents an alternative. However, the second sentence indicates that the speaker enjoys both activities. The correct sentence would use\u00a0<em>and<\/em>: &#8220;I love boxing <strong>and<\/strong>\u00a0sewing. They&#8217;re both a lot of fun.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>The conjunction <em>for<\/em>\u00a0presents\u00a0a reason. It&#8217;s unlikely that Jaden being better is the reason Martin is pretty good at writing, so a different conjunction should be used.\u00a0<em>But<\/em> would be a good fit here, since the ideas contrast: &#8220;Martin is pretty good at writing, <strong>but<\/strong>\u00a0Jaden is better.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>The conjunction\u00a0<em>and<\/em> presents non-contrasting items or ideas. Since the first sentence sets up a choice, we know that Juana can&#8217;t be on both teams. The conjunction\u00a0<em>or<\/em> presents an alternative and\u00a0is the correct conjunction to use in this sentence: &#8220;Would she join the red team <strong>or<\/strong>\u00a0the blue team?&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>As you can see from the examples above, a comma only appears before these conjunctions sometimes. So how can you tell if you need a comma or not? There are three\u00a0general rules to help you decide.<\/p>\n<h3>Rule 1: Joining Two Complete Ideas<\/h3>\n<p>Let&#8217;s look back at one of our example sentences:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The current from the storage batteries can power lights, but the current for appliances must be modified within an inverter.<\/p>\n<p>There are two complete ideas in this sentence (a complete idea has both a\u00a0subject and a verb).\u00a0Because each of these ideas could\u00a0stand alone as a sentence, the coordinating conjunction that joins them must be preceded by a comma. Otherwise you&#8217;ll have a run-on sentence.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Run-on sentences are one of the most common errors in college-level writing. Mastering the partnership between commas and coordinating conjunctions will go a long way toward resolving many run-on sentence issues in your writing. We&#8217;ll talk more about run-ons and strategies to avoid them in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level3-english\/chapter\/text-run-on-sentences\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Run-on Sentences<\/a>.<\/div>\n<h3>Rule 2: Joining Two Similar Items<\/h3>\n<p>What if there is only one complete idea but two subjects or two verbs? Consider the following examples:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Any external injury or internal injury puts patients at risk of uncontrolled bleeding.<\/li>\n<li>In the 1960s, artificial heart devices did not fit well and tended to obstruct the flow of venous blood into the right atrium.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The first sentence has two subjects:\u00a0<em>external injury<\/em> and\u00a0<em>internal injury<\/em>. They are joined with the conjunction\u00a0<em>or<\/em>. The second sentence has two verbs:\u00a0<em>did not fit well<\/em> and\u00a0<em>tended to obstruct<\/em>. They are joined with the conjunction <em>and<\/em>. Neither sentence requires additional punctuation.<\/p>\n<h3>Rule 3: Joining Three or More Similar Items<\/h3>\n<p>What do you do if there are three or more items?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Anna loves to run, David loves to hike, and Luz loves to dance.<\/li>\n<li>Fishing, hunting, and gathering were once the only ways for people do get food.<\/li>\n<li>Emanuel has a very careful schedule planned for tomorrow. He needs to work, study, exercise, eat, and clean.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As you can see in the examples above, there is a comma after each item, including the item just before the conjunction (<em>and<\/em>). There is a bit of contention about that final comma, but most styles prefer to keep include it (it&#8217;s called the serial comma). We discuss the serial comma\u00a0in more depth\u00a0in <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level3-english\/chapter\/text-commas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Commas<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Starting a Sentence<\/h3>\n<p>Many students are taught\u2014and some style\u00a0guides maintain\u2014that English sentences should not begin with a coordinating conjunction. However, there is nothing grammatically incorrect about doing so. The practice is likely discouraged because it is thought to help students avoid creating sentence fragments, but there is nothing wrong with starting a sentence with a coordinating conjunction.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Adverbial Conjunctions<\/h2>\n<p><em><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-2397\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/22143438\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-22-at-10.34.17-AM-300x237.png\" alt=\"Icon of two thought bubbles\" width=\"189\" height=\"150\" \/>Adverbial conjunctions<\/em> link two separate thoughts or sentences. When used to interrupt thoughts, as in the first example, below, a comma is required on either side of the conjunction.\u00a0When used to separate complete ideas (independent clauses, which each contain a subject and a verb), a semicolon is required before the conjunction and a comma after. This is the case in the second example, below:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The first artificial hearts were made of smooth silicone rubber, which apparently caused excessive clotting and, <strong>therefore<\/strong>, uncontrolled bleeding.<\/li>\n<li>The Kedeco produces 1200 watts in 17 mph winds using a 16-foot rotor; <strong>on the other hand<\/strong>, the Dunlite produces 2000 watts in 25 mph winds.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Adverbial conjunctions include the following words; however, it is important to note that this is by no means a complete list.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>therefore<\/td>\n<td>however<\/td>\n<td>in other words<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>thus<\/td>\n<td>then<\/td>\n<td>otherwise<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>nevertheless<\/td>\n<td>on the other hand<\/td>\n<td>in fact<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span id=\"Correlative_conjunctions\" class=\"mw-headline\">Correlative Conjunctions<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><b><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1243 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/106\/2016\/07\/13151138\/noun_106372_cc-e1468422722864.png\" alt=\"a balanced scale\" width=\"150\" height=\"152\" \/>Correlative conjunctions<\/b>\u00a0are word pairs that work together to join words and groups of words of equal weight in a sentence. The following video explains this type of conjunction and describes the five most common pairs.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Correlative conjunctions | The parts of speech | Grammar | Khan Academy\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/R74Ly00UygU?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>The table below shows some examples of correlative conjunctions being used in sentences:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Correlative Conjunction<\/th>\n<th>Example<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>either\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0or<\/td>\n<td>You <b>either<\/b> do your work <b>or<\/b> prepare for a trip to the office. (Either do, or prepare)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>neither\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0nor<\/td>\n<td><b>Neither<\/b> the basketball team <b>nor<\/b> the football team is doing well.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">not only\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0but (also)<\/td>\n<td>He is <b>not only<\/b> handsome\u00a0<b>but<\/b> <b>also<\/b> brilliant. (Not only A but also B)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Not only<\/b> is he handsome, <b>but<\/b> <b>also<\/b> he is brilliant. (Not only is he A, but also he is B)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>both\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0and<\/td>\n<td><b>Both<\/b> the cross-country team <b>and<\/b> the swimming team are doing well.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">whether\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0or<\/td>\n<td>You must decide <b>whether<\/b> you stay <b>or<\/b>\u00a0go. (It&#8217;s up to you)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Whether<\/b> you stay <b>or<\/b> you go, the film will start at 8 pm. (It&#8217;s not up to you)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>just as\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0so<\/td>\n<td><b>Just as<\/b>\u00a0lots of Americans love basketball, <b>so<\/b> many Canadians love ice hockey.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>as much\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0as<\/td>\n<td>Football is <b>as much<\/b> an addiction <b>as<\/b> it is a sport.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>no sooner\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0than<\/td>\n<td><b>No sooner<\/b> did she learn to ski\u00a0<b>than<\/b> the snow began to thaw.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>rather\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0than<\/td>\n<td>I would <b>rather<\/b> swim <b>than<\/b> surf.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>the\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0the<\/td>\n<td><b>The<\/b> more you practice dribbling, <b>the<\/b> better you will be at it.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>as\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0as<\/td>\n<td>Football is <b>as<\/b> fast <b>as<\/b> hockey (is (fast)).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span id=\"Subordinating_conjunctions\" class=\"mw-headline\">Subordinating Conjunctions<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><b><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1244\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/106\/2016\/07\/13151143\/noun_106371_cc-e1468422755435.png\" alt=\"an unbalanced scale\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/>Subordinating conjunctions<\/b>, are conjunctions that join an independent clause and a dependent clause.\u00a0Here are some examples of subordinating conjunctions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The heart undergoes two cardiac cycle periods: diastole, <strong>when<\/strong> blood enters the ventricles, and systole, <strong>when<\/strong> the ventricles contract and blood is pumped out of the heart.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Whenever<\/strong> an electron acquires enough energy to leave its orbit, the atom is positively charged.<\/li>\n<li>She did the favor\u00a0<strong>so that<\/strong> he would owe her one.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Let&#8217;s take a moment to look back at the previous examples. Can you see the pattern in comma usage?\u00a0The commas aren&#8217;t dependent on the presence of subordinating conjunctions\u2014they&#8217;re dependent on the placement\u00a0of clauses they&#8217;re in. Let&#8217;s revisit a couple examples and see if we can figure out the exact rules:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The heart undergoes two cardiac cycle periods: diastole, <strong>when<\/strong> blood enters the ventricles, and systole, <strong>when<\/strong> the ventricles contract and blood is pumped out of the heart.\n<ul>\n<li>These\u00a0clauses are both extra information: information that is good to know, but not necessary for the meaning of the sentence. This means they need commas on either side.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Whenever<\/strong> an electron acquires enough energy to leave its orbit, the atom is positively charged.\n<ul>\n<li>In this sentence, the dependent clause comes before an independent clause. This means it should be followed by a comma.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>She did the favor\u00a0<strong>so that<\/strong> he would owe her one.\n<ul>\n<li>In this sentence, the independent clause comes before an dependent clause. This means\u00a0no comma is required.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The most common subordinating conjunctions in the English language are shown in the table below:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>after<\/td>\n<td>although<\/td>\n<td>as<\/td>\n<td>as far as<\/td>\n<td>as if<\/td>\n<td>as long as<\/td>\n<td>as soon as<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>as though<\/td>\n<td>because<\/td>\n<td>before<\/td>\n<td>even if<\/td>\n<td>even though<\/td>\n<td>every time<\/td>\n<td>if<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>in order that<\/td>\n<td>since<\/td>\n<td>so<\/td>\n<td>so that<\/td>\n<td>than<\/td>\n<td>though<\/td>\n<td>unless<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>until<\/td>\n<td>when<\/td>\n<td>whenever<\/td>\n<td>where<\/td>\n<td>whereas<\/td>\n<td>wherever<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0while<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1290622574259907648\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"637\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q769106\">Explain Answers<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q769106\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Here are the sentences with suggested conjunctions. These are not the only possible solutions. If you answered something different, compare your reasoning with the explanation provided below.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Karni&#8217;s\u00a0roommate, Joana, decided to drive to work<strong>;\u00a0therefore,<\/strong>\u00a0Karni\u00a0rode into the city with her.\n<ul>\n<li>As the punctuation currently exists (a semicolon followed by a comma), the sentence needs an adverbial conjunction. However, using\u00a0<em>therefore<\/em> here feels a little stuffy. If you change the semicolon to a comma and remove\u00a0the second comma, you can then use the coordinating conjunction\u00a0<em>so<\/em> instead, which feels more natural: &#8220;.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0,\u00a0so Karni rode into the city with her.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>They\u00a0needed to turn left on 140th Street, <strong>but<\/strong> that street\u00a0was under construction.\n<ul>\n<li>Since the blank is preceded by a comma, a coordinating conjunction should go here. The conjunction\u00a0<em>but<\/em> has the most appropriate meaning in this sentence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Before<\/strong> Karni\u00a0could say anything,\u00a0<strong>however<\/strong>, Joana\u00a0had already found an alternate route.\n<ul>\n<li>Since there is no comma after the first blank, we know we need a subordinating conjunction here.\u00a0<em>Before<\/em> makes the most sense here.<\/li>\n<li>Since this blank appears in the middle of an idea, we know we need an adverbial conjunction here.\u00a0<em>However<\/em> makes the most sense.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>No sooner<\/strong> did Karni arrive at work\u00a0<strong>than<\/strong>\u00a0her boss told her she would be working with her coworker Ian on her next project.\n<ul>\n<li>The two blanks in this sentence indicate a correlative conjunction. The sentence indicates the two things happened at the same time, so\u00a0<em>no sooner .\u00a0.\u00a0. than<\/em> is the correct option here.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Karni was really impressed by Ian&#8217;s professional accomplishments,\u00a0<strong>but <\/strong>she\u00a0was anxious about working with him.\n<ul>\n<li>Since the blank is preceded by a comma, a coordinating conjunction should go here. The conjunction <em>but<\/em> has the most appropriate meaning in this sentence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Karni thought Ian was annoying, unpredictable,\u00a0<strong>and<\/strong>\u00a0reckless.\n<ul>\n<li>Since the blank is preceded by a comma, a coordinating conjunction should go here. The conjunction <em>and <\/em>has the most appropriate meaning in this sentence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>However<\/strong>, Karni was willing to put aside her opinions to get the job done.\n<ul>\n<li>Since the blank is followed by a comma, we know we need an adverbial conjunction here. <em>However<\/em> makes the sense here.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>She\u00a0knew Ian\u00a0would put in his best effort <strong>while <\/strong>they worked together<strong>,<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>so<\/strong>\u00a0she felt she could do no less\u2014<strong>even if<\/strong> he frustrated her.\n<ul>\n<li>Since there is no comma before or after the first blank, we know we need a subordinating conjunction here. <em>While<\/em>\u00a0makes the most sense here, but\u00a0<em>as long as<\/em> or\u00a0<em>if<\/em>\u00a0would also work.<\/li>\n<li>Since the blank is preceded by a comma, a coordinating conjunction should go here. The conjunction <em>so<\/em>\u00a0has the most appropriate meaning in this sentence.<\/li>\n<li>This blank is a little trickier; it is preceded by a dash, which can stand in for a lot of different punctuation marks. A subordinating conjunction is likely the best solution. We&#8217;ve used\u00a0<em>even if<\/em> here, but there are a lot of possibilities, including <em>even though<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Personal relationships are often\u00a0<strong>as <\/strong>important\u00a0<strong>as<\/strong>\u00a0professional skills.\n<ul>\n<li>The two blanks in this sentence indicate a correlative conjunction. The sentence indicates two things of equal importance, so <em>as<\/em> .\u00a0.\u00a0. <em>as<\/em>\u00a0is the correct option here.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>All of the conjunctions have been removed from the following passage. Which conjunctions would best fill the gaps? Explain your reasoning. The sentences have been numbered to aid you in your comments.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">(1)\u00a0Karni&#8217;s\u00a0roommate, Joana, decided to drive to work; _____,\u00a0Karni\u00a0rode into the city with her. (2)\u00a0They\u00a0needed to turn left on 140th Street, _____\u00a0that street\u00a0was under construction. (3)\u00a0_____\u00a0Karni\u00a0could say anything, _____, Joana\u00a0had already found an alternate route.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">(4)\u00a0_____ did Karni arrive at work _____\u00a0her boss told her she would be working with her coworker Ian on her next project. (5)\u00a0Karni was really impressed by Ian&#8217;s professional accomplishments, _____\u00a0she\u00a0was anxious about working with him. (6)\u00a0Karni thought Ian was annoying, unpredictable, _____\u00a0reckless.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">(7)\u00a0_____, Karni was willing to put aside her opinions to get the job done. (8)\u00a0She\u00a0knew Ian\u00a0would put in his best effort _____\u00a0they worked together, _____\u00a0she felt she could do no less\u2014_____ he frustrated her. (9)\u00a0Personal relationships are often _____\u00a0important _____\u00a0professional skills.<\/p>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"4\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q769106\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q769106\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Here are the sentences with suggested conjunctions. These are not the only possible solutions. If you answered something different, compare your reasoning with the explanation provided below.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Karni&#8217;s\u00a0roommate, Joana, decided to drive to work<strong>;\u00a0therefore,<\/strong>\u00a0Karni\u00a0rode into the city with her.\n<ul>\n<li>As the punctuation currently exists (a semicolon followed by a comma), the sentence needs an adverbial conjunction. However, using\u00a0<em>therefore<\/em> here feels a little stuffy. If you change the semicolon to a comma and remove\u00a0the second comma, you can then use the coordinating conjunction\u00a0<em>so<\/em> instead, which feels more natural: &#8220;.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0,\u00a0so Karni rode into the city with her.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>They\u00a0needed to turn left on 140th Street, <strong>but<\/strong> that street\u00a0was under construction.\n<ul>\n<li>Since the blank is preceded by a comma, a coordinating conjunction should go here. The conjunction\u00a0<em>but<\/em> has the most appropriate meaning in this sentence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Before<\/strong> Karni\u00a0could say anything,\u00a0<strong>however<\/strong>, Joana\u00a0had already found an alternate route.\n<ul>\n<li>Since there is no comma after the first blank, we know we need a subordinating conjunction here.\u00a0<em>Before<\/em> makes the most sense here.<\/li>\n<li>Since this blank appears in the middle of an idea, we know we need an adverbial conjunction here.\u00a0<em>However<\/em> makes the most sense.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>No sooner<\/strong> did Karni arrive at work\u00a0<strong>than<\/strong>\u00a0her boss told her she would be working with her coworker Ian on her next project.\n<ul>\n<li>The two blanks in this sentence indicate a correlative conjunction. The sentence indicates the two things happened at the same time, so\u00a0<em>no sooner .\u00a0.\u00a0. than<\/em> is the correct option here.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Karni was really impressed by Ian&#8217;s professional accomplishments,\u00a0<strong>but <\/strong>she\u00a0was anxious about working with him.\n<ul>\n<li>Since the blank is preceded by a comma, a coordinating conjunction should go here. The conjunction <em>but<\/em> has the most appropriate meaning in this sentence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Karni thought Ian was annoying, unpredictable,\u00a0<strong>and<\/strong>\u00a0reckless.\n<ul>\n<li>Since the blank is preceded by a comma, a coordinating conjunction should go here. The conjunction <em>and <\/em>has the most appropriate meaning in this sentence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>However<\/strong>, Karni was willing to put aside her opinions to get the job done.\n<ul>\n<li>Since the blank is followed by a comma, we know we need an adverbial conjunction here. <em>However<\/em> makes the sense here.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>She\u00a0knew Ian\u00a0would put in his best effort <strong>while <\/strong>they worked together<strong>,<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>so<\/strong>\u00a0she felt she could do no less\u2014<strong>even if<\/strong> he frustrated her.\n<ul>\n<li>Since there is no comma before or after the first blank, we know we need a subordinating conjunction here. <em>While<\/em>\u00a0makes the most sense here, but\u00a0<em>as long as<\/em> or\u00a0<em>if<\/em>\u00a0would also work.<\/li>\n<li>Since the blank is preceded by a comma, a coordinating conjunction should go here. The conjunction <em>so<\/em>\u00a0has the most appropriate meaning in this sentence.<\/li>\n<li>This blank is a little trickier; it is preceded by a dash, which can stand in for a lot of different punctuation marks. A subordinating conjunction is likely the best solution. We&#8217;ve used\u00a0<em>even if<\/em> here, but there are a lot of possibilities, including <em>even though<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Personal relationships are often\u00a0<strong>as <\/strong>important\u00a0<strong>as<\/strong>\u00a0professional skills.\n<ul>\n<li>The two blanks in this sentence indicate a correlative conjunction. The sentence indicates two things of equal importance, so <em>as<\/em> .\u00a0.\u00a0. <em>as<\/em>\u00a0is the correct option here.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-782\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Revision and Adaptation. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Conjunction (grammar). <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conjunction_(grammar)\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conjunction_(grammar)<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Basic Patterns and Elements of the Sentence. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: David McMurrey. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.prismnet.com\/~hcexres\/textbook\/twsent.html\">https:\/\/www.prismnet.com\/~hcexres\/textbook\/twsent.html<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Correlative conjunctions. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: David Rheinstrom. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Khan Academy. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/conjunctions\/v\/correlative-conjunctions\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/conjunctions\/v\/correlative-conjunctions<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of compass. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Douglas Santos. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Noun Project. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=coordinate&#038;i=223910\">https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=coordinate&#038;i=223910<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of thought bubbles. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: icon 54. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Noun Project. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=thoughts&#038;i=393828\">https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=thoughts&#038;i=393828<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of balanced scales. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Juan Pablo Bravo. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Noun Project. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/term\/balance\/106372\/\">https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/term\/balance\/106372\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of unbalanced scales. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Juan Pablo Bravo. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Noun Project. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/term\/balance\/106371\/\">https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/term\/balance\/106371\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":14,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Conjunction (grammar)\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conjunction_(grammar)\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Basic Patterns and Elements of the Sentence\",\"author\":\"David 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