{"id":492,"date":"2019-07-29T16:57:18","date_gmt":"2019-07-29T16:57:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-humanresourcesmgmt\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=492"},"modified":"2024-04-24T23:20:39","modified_gmt":"2024-04-24T23:20:39","slug":"behavioral-management-theories","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-humanresourcesmgmt\/chapter\/behavioral-management-theories\/","title":{"raw":"Behavioral Management Theories","rendered":"Behavioral Management Theories"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Discuss behavioral management theories<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nIn contrast to scientific management, with its focus on optimizing man as a machine, behavioral management focuses on worker behavior and motivations. Specifically, behavioral management theory is concerned with how to manage productivity by understanding worker motivation, including expectations, needs and interests, and group dynamics. Behavioral management theory is sometimes referred to as the human relations movement due to its focus on the human dimension of work.[footnote]\"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cliffsnotes.com\/study-guides\/principles-of-management\/the-evolution-of-management-thought\/behavioral-management-theory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Behavioral Management Theory.<\/a>\" Cliff Notes. Accessed July 29, 2019.[\/footnote] Theorists who contributed to behavioral management include Mary Parker Follett, Elton Mayo, and Abraham Maslow.\r\n<h2>Mary Parker Follett<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_603\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"200\"]<img class=\"wp-image-603 \" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1972\/2017\/06\/26180612\/Mary_Parker_Follett_1868-1933.jpg\" alt=\"A headshot of Mary Parker Follett\" width=\"200\" height=\"291\" \/> Figure 1. Mary Parker Follett[\/caption]\r\n\r\nAlthough she was a contemporary of Taylor and the Gilbreths, author and advisor Mary Parker Follett had a very different frame of reference and her ideas form the basis of our understanding of modern organizational behavior. A former social worker, she understood power dynamics and stressed the importance of human psychology and human relations rather than a mechanical or scientific approach to work and management-employee interactions. In its biography, ThoughtCo. notes that \u201cFollett was one of the first people to integrate the idea of organizational conflict into management theory.\u201d[footnote] Lewis, Jone Johnson. \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/mary-parker-follett-biography-3528601\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Biography of Mary Parker Follett, Management Theorist.<\/a>\" ThoughtCo. Accessed July 29, 2019.[\/footnote] And, indeed, her idea of conflict as a place of opportunity is even more relevant today. Specifically, Follett proposed that conflict, rather than requiring compromise, could be a stimulus for innovation. In an essay written in 1924, Follett coined the terms \"power-over\" and \"power-with,\" differentiating between coercive and participative power and demonstrating how \u201cpower-with\u201d can be greater than \"power-over.\" Although her work is rarely or only marginally covered, her ideas have shaped theories in psychology and management, including Abraham Maslow\u2019s work. For perspective, management consultant Peter Drucker, whom\u00a0<em>BusinessWeek<\/em> referred to as \u201cthe man who invented management\u201d called Follett the \"prophet of management\" and his \"guru.\"[footnote]\"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2005-11-27\/the-man-who-invented-management\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Man Who Invented Management.<\/a>\" Bloomberg Businessweek. November 27, 2005. Accessed July 29, 2019.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nFollett\u2019s theory of management included the following principles:[footnote]Giratkar, Saurabh. \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/saurabhgiratkar\/mary-parker-follett-37985885\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mary Parker Follett.<\/a>\" LinkedIn Slideshare. Accessed July 29, 2019.[\/footnote]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Genuine power is not \u201ccoercive\u201d (power over) but coactive (power with)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">True leaders create group power rather than expressing personal power<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Elton Mayo<\/h2>\r\nIn 1924, Australian sociologist Elton Mayo, who later became an industrial research professor at Harvard, began a series of studies that demonstrated that employee motivation is heavily influenced by social and situational factors. Mayo\u2019s findings, referred to as the \u201cHawthorne Effect,\u201d marked a radical change in motivational theory and management practice.\r\n\r\nFor example, Frederick Taylor\u2019s principles focused on individual workers and how to optimize that person\u2019s work performance. The Hawthorne studies observed workers in a social context\u2014as part of a group\u2014and determined that employee performance is influenced by not only innate ability but by the work environment and their co-workers. Specifically, the studies found that management attention and engagement with workers and the group dynamic had more of an impact on productivity than factors such as lighting or benefits.\r\n<h2>Maslow\u2019s Hierarchy of Needs<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"400\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224934\/CNX_Psych_10_01_Maslow.jpg\" alt=\"See caption for link to alternative text.\" width=\"400\" height=\"456\" \/> Figure 2. Maslow\u2019s hierarchy of needs. <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-humanresourcesmgmt\/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-alternative-text\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alternative text for Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs can be accessed here.<\/a>[\/caption]\r\n\r\nIn his 1943 paper \u201cA Theory of Human Motivation,\u201d psychologist Abraham Maslow proposed what is considered the classic theory of needs: Maslow\u2019s Hierarchy of Needs.[footnote]Maslow, Abraham. \"A Theory of Human Motivation.\" 1943.[\/footnote] He proposed that people are motivated by five categories of needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization. These needs are represented as a pyramid, with basic physiological needs such as food, water and shelter at the base and the need for self-actualization at the top.\r\n\r\nMaslow further classified the bottom four levels of the pyramid \u201cdeficiency needs,\u201d noting that \u201ca person does not feel anything if they are met, but becomes anxious if they are not.\u201d He classified the fifth level \u201ca \u2018growth need\u2019 because it enables a person to \u2018self-actualize\u2019 or reach his fullest potential as a human being.[footnote]Burton, Neel. \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/blog\/hide-and-seek\/201205\/our-hierarchy-needs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Our Hierarchy of Needs: True Freedom is a Luxury of the Mind. Find Out Why<\/a>.\" Psychology Today. May 23, 2012. Accessed July 29, 2019.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nMaslow proposed that human behavior is purposeful and is motivated by the desire to satisfy needs and that lower-level needs must be met before a person can focus on the next level of needs. A need that is satisfied no longer motivates. An unmet need is a primary motivator. Thus, Maslow\u2019s hierarchy provides managers with a visual representation of employee motivation.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Practice Question<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/6b6bde77-90cf-40e8-bf3c-998e93ab7286\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Discuss behavioral management theories<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>In contrast to scientific management, with its focus on optimizing man as a machine, behavioral management focuses on worker behavior and motivations. Specifically, behavioral management theory is concerned with how to manage productivity by understanding worker motivation, including expectations, needs and interests, and group dynamics. Behavioral management theory is sometimes referred to as the human relations movement due to its focus on the human dimension of work.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"&quot;Behavioral Management Theory.&quot; Cliff Notes. Accessed July 29, 2019.\" id=\"return-footnote-492-1\" href=\"#footnote-492-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a> Theorists who contributed to behavioral management include Mary Parker Follett, Elton Mayo, and Abraham Maslow.<\/p>\n<h2>Mary Parker Follett<\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_603\" style=\"width: 210px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-603\" class=\"wp-image-603\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1972\/2017\/06\/26180612\/Mary_Parker_Follett_1868-1933.jpg\" alt=\"A headshot of Mary Parker Follett\" width=\"200\" height=\"291\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-603\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. Mary Parker Follett<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Although she was a contemporary of Taylor and the Gilbreths, author and advisor Mary Parker Follett had a very different frame of reference and her ideas form the basis of our understanding of modern organizational behavior. A former social worker, she understood power dynamics and stressed the importance of human psychology and human relations rather than a mechanical or scientific approach to work and management-employee interactions. In its biography, ThoughtCo. notes that \u201cFollett was one of the first people to integrate the idea of organizational conflict into management theory.\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Lewis, Jone Johnson. &quot;Biography of Mary Parker Follett, Management Theorist.&quot; ThoughtCo. Accessed July 29, 2019.\" id=\"return-footnote-492-2\" href=\"#footnote-492-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a> And, indeed, her idea of conflict as a place of opportunity is even more relevant today. Specifically, Follett proposed that conflict, rather than requiring compromise, could be a stimulus for innovation. In an essay written in 1924, Follett coined the terms &#8220;power-over&#8221; and &#8220;power-with,&#8221; differentiating between coercive and participative power and demonstrating how \u201cpower-with\u201d can be greater than &#8220;power-over.&#8221; Although her work is rarely or only marginally covered, her ideas have shaped theories in psychology and management, including Abraham Maslow\u2019s work. For perspective, management consultant Peter Drucker, whom\u00a0<em>BusinessWeek<\/em> referred to as \u201cthe man who invented management\u201d called Follett the &#8220;prophet of management&#8221; and his &#8220;guru.&#8221;<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"&quot;The Man Who Invented Management.&quot; Bloomberg Businessweek. November 27, 2005. Accessed July 29, 2019.\" id=\"return-footnote-492-3\" href=\"#footnote-492-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Follett\u2019s theory of management included the following principles:<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Giratkar, Saurabh. &quot;Mary Parker Follett.&quot; LinkedIn Slideshare. Accessed July 29, 2019.\" id=\"return-footnote-492-4\" href=\"#footnote-492-4\" aria-label=\"Footnote 4\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Genuine power is not \u201ccoercive\u201d (power over) but coactive (power with)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">True leaders create group power rather than expressing personal power<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Elton Mayo<\/h2>\n<p>In 1924, Australian sociologist Elton Mayo, who later became an industrial research professor at Harvard, began a series of studies that demonstrated that employee motivation is heavily influenced by social and situational factors. Mayo\u2019s findings, referred to as the \u201cHawthorne Effect,\u201d marked a radical change in motivational theory and management practice.<\/p>\n<p>For example, Frederick Taylor\u2019s principles focused on individual workers and how to optimize that person\u2019s work performance. The Hawthorne studies observed workers in a social context\u2014as part of a group\u2014and determined that employee performance is influenced by not only innate ability but by the work environment and their co-workers. Specifically, the studies found that management attention and engagement with workers and the group dynamic had more of an impact on productivity than factors such as lighting or benefits.<\/p>\n<h2>Maslow\u2019s Hierarchy of Needs<\/h2>\n<div style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224934\/CNX_Psych_10_01_Maslow.jpg\" alt=\"See caption for link to alternative text.\" width=\"400\" height=\"456\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2. Maslow\u2019s hierarchy of needs. <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-humanresourcesmgmt\/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-alternative-text\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alternative text for Maslow&#8217;s Hierarchy of Needs can be accessed here.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>In his 1943 paper \u201cA Theory of Human Motivation,\u201d psychologist Abraham Maslow proposed what is considered the classic theory of needs: Maslow\u2019s Hierarchy of Needs.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Maslow, Abraham. &quot;A Theory of Human Motivation.&quot; 1943.\" id=\"return-footnote-492-5\" href=\"#footnote-492-5\" aria-label=\"Footnote 5\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[5]<\/sup><\/a> He proposed that people are motivated by five categories of needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization. These needs are represented as a pyramid, with basic physiological needs such as food, water and shelter at the base and the need for self-actualization at the top.<\/p>\n<p>Maslow further classified the bottom four levels of the pyramid \u201cdeficiency needs,\u201d noting that \u201ca person does not feel anything if they are met, but becomes anxious if they are not.\u201d He classified the fifth level \u201ca \u2018growth need\u2019 because it enables a person to \u2018self-actualize\u2019 or reach his fullest potential as a human being.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Burton, Neel. &quot;Our Hierarchy of Needs: True Freedom is a Luxury of the Mind. Find Out Why.&quot; Psychology Today. May 23, 2012. Accessed July 29, 2019.\" id=\"return-footnote-492-6\" href=\"#footnote-492-6\" aria-label=\"Footnote 6\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Maslow proposed that human behavior is purposeful and is motivated by the desire to satisfy needs and that lower-level needs must be met before a person can focus on the next level of needs. A need that is satisfied no longer motivates. An unmet need is a primary motivator. Thus, Maslow\u2019s hierarchy provides managers with a visual representation of employee motivation.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Practice Question<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_6b6bde77-90cf-40e8-bf3c-998e93ab7286\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/6b6bde77-90cf-40e8-bf3c-998e93ab7286?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_6b6bde77-90cf-40e8-bf3c-998e93ab7286\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-492\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Behavioral Management Theories. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Nina Burokas. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Image: Maslow&#039;s Hierarchy of Needs. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax CNX. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/Sr8Ev5Og@5.52:MLADqXMi@5\/Motivation\">http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/Sr8Ev5Og@5.52:MLADqXMi@5\/Motivation<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@5.48<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Mary Parker Follett (1868-1933). <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Unknown. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Mary_Parker_Follett_(1868-1933).jpg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Mary_Parker_Follett_(1868-1933).jpg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-492-1\">\"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cliffsnotes.com\/study-guides\/principles-of-management\/the-evolution-of-management-thought\/behavioral-management-theory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Behavioral Management Theory.<\/a>\" Cliff Notes. Accessed July 29, 2019. <a href=\"#return-footnote-492-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-492-2\"> Lewis, Jone Johnson. \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/mary-parker-follett-biography-3528601\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Biography of Mary Parker Follett, Management Theorist.<\/a>\" ThoughtCo. Accessed July 29, 2019. <a href=\"#return-footnote-492-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-492-3\">\"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2005-11-27\/the-man-who-invented-management\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Man Who Invented Management.<\/a>\" Bloomberg Businessweek. November 27, 2005. Accessed July 29, 2019. <a href=\"#return-footnote-492-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-492-4\">Giratkar, Saurabh. \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/saurabhgiratkar\/mary-parker-follett-37985885\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mary Parker Follett.<\/a>\" LinkedIn Slideshare. Accessed July 29, 2019. <a href=\"#return-footnote-492-4\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 4\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-492-5\">Maslow, Abraham. \"A Theory of Human Motivation.\" 1943. <a href=\"#return-footnote-492-5\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 5\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-492-6\">Burton, Neel. \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/blog\/hide-and-seek\/201205\/our-hierarchy-needs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Our Hierarchy of Needs: True Freedom is a Luxury of the Mind. Find Out Why<\/a>.\" Psychology Today. May 23, 2012. Accessed July 29, 2019. <a href=\"#return-footnote-492-6\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 6\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Behavioral Management Theories\",\"author\":\"Nina Burokas\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"Mary Parker Follett (1868-1933)\",\"author\":\"Unknown\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Mary_Parker_Follett_(1868-1933).jpg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Image: Maslow\\'s Hierarchy of Needs\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax CNX\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/Sr8Ev5Og@5.52:MLADqXMi@5\/Motivation\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@5.48\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"fbcd5fb6-ba5b-48ba-bdf6-87918a25d261, cf685f1b-cc4e-4ab7-8b8d-139d6684fdf0","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-492","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":482,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-humanresourcesmgmt\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/492","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-humanresourcesmgmt\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-humanresourcesmgmt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-humanresourcesmgmt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-humanresourcesmgmt\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/492\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3295,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-humanresourcesmgmt\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/492\/revisions\/3295"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-humanresourcesmgmt\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/482"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-humanresourcesmgmt\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/492\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-humanresourcesmgmt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=492"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-humanresourcesmgmt\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=492"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-humanresourcesmgmt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=492"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-humanresourcesmgmt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=492"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}