{"id":97,"date":"2019-07-01T21:32:41","date_gmt":"2019-07-01T21:32:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-humanresourcesmgmt\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=97"},"modified":"2024-04-25T01:42:42","modified_gmt":"2024-04-25T01:42:42","slug":"why-unions","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-humanresourcesmgmt\/chapter\/why-unions\/","title":{"raw":"Why Unions","rendered":"Why Unions"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Identify the reasons workers join unions<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<img class=\"alignright wp-image-448\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4056\/2019\/07\/26202429\/16026444486_dd1b9f1439_k-1024x581.jpg\" alt=\"Photograph of the AFL-CIO Headquarters in Washington, D.C. The building has an image of two hands shaking in front of a map of the United States. One hand is labelled AFL, the other is labelled CIO.\" width=\"400\" height=\"227\" \/>\r\n\r\nThere has been a labor movement in America since the late colonial period, with the emergence of a free market system and artisan workers\u2014for example, tailors, shoemakers and machinists\u2014organizing to establish wages, defend against cheap labor and demand a shorter workday. In addition to protecting job-specific interests, the early labor movement had a vision of a \u201cjust society,\u201d that \u201cfostered social equality, celebrated honest labor and relied on an independent, virtuous citizenship.\u201d[footnote]History.com Editors. \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/19th-century\/labor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Labor Movement<\/a>.\" History. Accessed July 19, 2019.[\/footnote] Although there were periods of segregation and discrimination, the union more or less\u2014sometimes due to social pressure or legislative action\u2014retained this sense of democratic purpose through history. This positioning is still used in union websites\u2014for example, one of the three points listed on the AFL-CIO\u2019s What Unions Do page is \u201cAdvocate for Economic Justice.\u201d[footnote]\"<a href=\"https:\/\/aflcio.org\/what-unions-do\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What Unions Do<\/a>.\" AFL-CIO. Accessed July 19, 2019.[\/footnote] A second point listed: \u201cBuild Power for Working People.\u201d Unions also play a significant role in balancing power. In situations where an employer has market power, a labor union may be able to level the playing field and give employees a voice. That is, indeed, one of the core promises of a union. As the AFL-CIO puts it \u201cAll working people deserve good jobs and the power to determine their wages and working conditions.\u201d[footnote]\"<a href=\"https:\/\/aflcio.org\/issues\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What We Care About<\/a>.\" AFL-CIO. Accessed July 19, 2019.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nThe modern labor movement emerged as a response to demand side (employer) market power, characterized by hazardous working conditions and exploitative employer practices. During the Industrial Revolution, a 6 day, 12\u201316 hour work week was common, payment was at a subsistence level\u2014perhaps 10 shillings (cents) per hour for an unskilled man (a little more if skilled), 5 shillings for a woman and 1 shilling for a child. Working conditions were particularly dangerous due to the early stage of technology development, the lack of safety practices or regulation, and, perhaps most damning, workers were considered expendable.[footnote]\"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.historyonthenet.com\/industrial-revolution-working-conditions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Industrial Revolution Working Conditions<\/a>.\" History on the Net. Accessed July 19, 2019.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nIn this hostile environment, unions emerged as champions of the workers, helping to fight for fair wages, reasonable work hours and safer working conditions. And, indeed, the labor movement was instrumental to a number of workplace and worker improvements, including the elimination of child labor and provision of health and safety benefits.[footnote]History.com Editors. \"Labor Movement.\" History. Accessed July 19, 2019[\/footnote] To illustrate, the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) includes the following on their list of labor accomplishments:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Social Security Act (1935)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The National Labor Relations Act (1935)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Civil Rights Act\/Title VII (1964)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Occupational Safety &amp; Health Act (1970)[footnote]\"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.afscme.org\/news\/publications\/newsletters\/works\/novemberdecember-1999\/labors-top-10-accomplishments\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Labor's Top 10 Accomplishments<\/a>.\" AFSCME. Accessed July 19, 2019.[\/footnote]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<img class=\"alignright wp-image-449\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4056\/2019\/07\/26202701\/hands-1939895_1920-1024x768.png\" alt=\"Photograph of several individuals all putting their hands together\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" \/>Workers join unions to increase their negotiating leverage and to obtain wages and benefits that they could not achieve on their own, including a degree of employment security. As the AFL-CIO puts it: \u201cJoining together in unions enables workers to negotiate for higher wages and benefits and improve conditions in the workplace.\u201d[footnote]\"What Unions Do.\" AFL-CIO. Accessed July 19, 2019.[\/footnote] Although wage and benefit impacts vary significantly by industry, geography and a range of economic, social and political factors, the following are broad benefits of unions:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">92% of union members have health care coverage versus 68% of non-union employees<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Union members earn an average of 30% more than non-union workers in comparable jobs<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Union workers are more likely to have guaranteed pensions than non-union employees<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Union members may also be protected from firing without just cause, unlike most employees who can be terminated for any reason at any time (\u201cat will\u201d employment).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nInterestingly, there are two areas where union membership doesn\u2019t improve outcomes: employee engagement and satisfaction, both of which are correlated with performance. Data compiled by employee engagement survey provider Avatar Solutions suggests that unionized employees are less engaged than non-union employees.[footnote]\"<a href=\"http:\/\/cdn2.hubspot.net\/hub\/249362\/file-374080382-pdf\/Employee_Engagement_in_a_Unionized_Environment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Assessing Employee Engagement in a Unionized Environment<\/a>.\" Avatar Solutions. 2015. Accessed July 19, 2019.[\/footnote] Management professor and researcher Patrice Laroche conducted a meta-review of the data and confirmed the negative correlation between union membership and job satisfaction.[footnote]Laroche, Patrice. \"<a href=\"https:\/\/hbr.org\/2017\/08\/research-shows-unionized-workers-are-less-happy-but-why\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Research Shows Unionized Workers are Less Happy, but Why?<\/a>\" Harvard Business Review. August 30, 2017. Accessed July 19, 2019.[\/footnote] These are particularly important findings since union members tend to remain with an organization longer than non-union employees. To be clear, Laroche concluded that \u201cunions don\u2019t cause their employees to be dissatisfied; the dissatisfaction of union members is real, but it\u2019s due to the working conditions and the types of workers that tend to be unionized.\u201d[footnote]Ibid.[\/footnote]\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Practice Question<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/ab5442a5-1475-452d-85d6-2673664dc87f\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Identify the reasons workers join unions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-448\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4056\/2019\/07\/26202429\/16026444486_dd1b9f1439_k-1024x581.jpg\" alt=\"Photograph of the AFL-CIO Headquarters in Washington, D.C. The building has an image of two hands shaking in front of a map of the United States. One hand is labelled AFL, the other is labelled CIO.\" width=\"400\" height=\"227\" \/><\/p>\n<p>There has been a labor movement in America since the late colonial period, with the emergence of a free market system and artisan workers\u2014for example, tailors, shoemakers and machinists\u2014organizing to establish wages, defend against cheap labor and demand a shorter workday. In addition to protecting job-specific interests, the early labor movement had a vision of a \u201cjust society,\u201d that \u201cfostered social equality, celebrated honest labor and relied on an independent, virtuous citizenship.\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"History.com Editors. &quot;Labor Movement.&quot; History. Accessed July 19, 2019.\" id=\"return-footnote-97-1\" href=\"#footnote-97-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a> Although there were periods of segregation and discrimination, the union more or less\u2014sometimes due to social pressure or legislative action\u2014retained this sense of democratic purpose through history. This positioning is still used in union websites\u2014for example, one of the three points listed on the AFL-CIO\u2019s What Unions Do page is \u201cAdvocate for Economic Justice.\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"&quot;What Unions Do.&quot; AFL-CIO. Accessed July 19, 2019.\" id=\"return-footnote-97-2\" href=\"#footnote-97-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a> A second point listed: \u201cBuild Power for Working People.\u201d Unions also play a significant role in balancing power. In situations where an employer has market power, a labor union may be able to level the playing field and give employees a voice. That is, indeed, one of the core promises of a union. As the AFL-CIO puts it \u201cAll working people deserve good jobs and the power to determine their wages and working conditions.\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"&quot;What We Care About.&quot; AFL-CIO. Accessed July 19, 2019.\" id=\"return-footnote-97-3\" href=\"#footnote-97-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The modern labor movement emerged as a response to demand side (employer) market power, characterized by hazardous working conditions and exploitative employer practices. During the Industrial Revolution, a 6 day, 12\u201316 hour work week was common, payment was at a subsistence level\u2014perhaps 10 shillings (cents) per hour for an unskilled man (a little more if skilled), 5 shillings for a woman and 1 shilling for a child. Working conditions were particularly dangerous due to the early stage of technology development, the lack of safety practices or regulation, and, perhaps most damning, workers were considered expendable.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"&quot;Industrial Revolution Working Conditions.&quot; History on the Net. Accessed July 19, 2019.\" id=\"return-footnote-97-4\" href=\"#footnote-97-4\" aria-label=\"Footnote 4\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>In this hostile environment, unions emerged as champions of the workers, helping to fight for fair wages, reasonable work hours and safer working conditions. And, indeed, the labor movement was instrumental to a number of workplace and worker improvements, including the elimination of child labor and provision of health and safety benefits.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"History.com Editors. &quot;Labor Movement.&quot; History. Accessed July 19, 2019\" id=\"return-footnote-97-5\" href=\"#footnote-97-5\" aria-label=\"Footnote 5\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[5]<\/sup><\/a> To illustrate, the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) includes the following on their list of labor accomplishments:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Social Security Act (1935)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The National Labor Relations Act (1935)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Civil Rights Act\/Title VII (1964)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Occupational Safety &amp; Health Act (1970)<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"&quot;Labor's Top 10 Accomplishments.&quot; AFSCME. Accessed July 19, 2019.\" id=\"return-footnote-97-6\" href=\"#footnote-97-6\" aria-label=\"Footnote 6\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-449\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4056\/2019\/07\/26202701\/hands-1939895_1920-1024x768.png\" alt=\"Photograph of several individuals all putting their hands together\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" \/>Workers join unions to increase their negotiating leverage and to obtain wages and benefits that they could not achieve on their own, including a degree of employment security. As the AFL-CIO puts it: \u201cJoining together in unions enables workers to negotiate for higher wages and benefits and improve conditions in the workplace.\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"&quot;What Unions Do.&quot; AFL-CIO. Accessed July 19, 2019.\" id=\"return-footnote-97-7\" href=\"#footnote-97-7\" aria-label=\"Footnote 7\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[7]<\/sup><\/a> Although wage and benefit impacts vary significantly by industry, geography and a range of economic, social and political factors, the following are broad benefits of unions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">92% of union members have health care coverage versus 68% of non-union employees<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Union members earn an average of 30% more than non-union workers in comparable jobs<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Union workers are more likely to have guaranteed pensions than non-union employees<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Union members may also be protected from firing without just cause, unlike most employees who can be terminated for any reason at any time (\u201cat will\u201d employment).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Interestingly, there are two areas where union membership doesn\u2019t improve outcomes: employee engagement and satisfaction, both of which are correlated with performance. Data compiled by employee engagement survey provider Avatar Solutions suggests that unionized employees are less engaged than non-union employees.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"&quot;Assessing Employee Engagement in a Unionized Environment.&quot; Avatar Solutions. 2015. Accessed July 19, 2019.\" id=\"return-footnote-97-8\" href=\"#footnote-97-8\" aria-label=\"Footnote 8\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[8]<\/sup><\/a> Management professor and researcher Patrice Laroche conducted a meta-review of the data and confirmed the negative correlation between union membership and job satisfaction.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Laroche, Patrice. &quot;Research Shows Unionized Workers are Less Happy, but Why?&quot; Harvard Business Review. August 30, 2017. Accessed July 19, 2019.\" id=\"return-footnote-97-9\" href=\"#footnote-97-9\" aria-label=\"Footnote 9\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[9]<\/sup><\/a> These are particularly important findings since union members tend to remain with an organization longer than non-union employees. To be clear, Laroche concluded that \u201cunions don\u2019t cause their employees to be dissatisfied; the dissatisfaction of union members is real, but it\u2019s due to the working conditions and the types of workers that tend to be unionized.\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Ibid.\" id=\"return-footnote-97-10\" href=\"#footnote-97-10\" aria-label=\"Footnote 10\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Practice Question<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_ab5442a5-1475-452d-85d6-2673664dc87f\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/ab5442a5-1475-452d-85d6-2673664dc87f?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_ab5442a5-1475-452d-85d6-2673664dc87f\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-97\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Why Unions. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Nina Burokas. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Specific attribution<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Hands Teamwork. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: truthseeker08. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Pixabay. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/hands-teamwork-team-spirit-cheer-up-1939895\/\">https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/hands-teamwork-team-spirit-cheer-up-1939895\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Pixabay License<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>AFL-CIO Headquarters, Washington, D.C.. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Matt Popovich. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/qqcHAo\">https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/qqcHAo<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-97-1\">History.com Editors. \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/19th-century\/labor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Labor Movement<\/a>.\" History. Accessed July 19, 2019. <a href=\"#return-footnote-97-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-97-2\">\"<a href=\"https:\/\/aflcio.org\/what-unions-do\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What Unions Do<\/a>.\" AFL-CIO. Accessed July 19, 2019. <a href=\"#return-footnote-97-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-97-3\">\"<a href=\"https:\/\/aflcio.org\/issues\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What We Care About<\/a>.\" AFL-CIO. Accessed July 19, 2019. <a href=\"#return-footnote-97-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-97-4\">\"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.historyonthenet.com\/industrial-revolution-working-conditions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Industrial Revolution Working Conditions<\/a>.\" History on the Net. Accessed July 19, 2019. <a href=\"#return-footnote-97-4\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 4\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-97-5\">History.com Editors. \"Labor Movement.\" History. Accessed July 19, 2019 <a href=\"#return-footnote-97-5\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 5\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-97-6\">\"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.afscme.org\/news\/publications\/newsletters\/works\/novemberdecember-1999\/labors-top-10-accomplishments\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Labor's Top 10 Accomplishments<\/a>.\" AFSCME. Accessed July 19, 2019. <a href=\"#return-footnote-97-6\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 6\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-97-7\">\"What Unions Do.\" AFL-CIO. Accessed July 19, 2019. <a href=\"#return-footnote-97-7\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 7\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-97-8\">\"<a href=\"http:\/\/cdn2.hubspot.net\/hub\/249362\/file-374080382-pdf\/Employee_Engagement_in_a_Unionized_Environment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Assessing Employee Engagement in a Unionized Environment<\/a>.\" Avatar Solutions. 2015. Accessed July 19, 2019. <a href=\"#return-footnote-97-8\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 8\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-97-9\">Laroche, Patrice. \"<a href=\"https:\/\/hbr.org\/2017\/08\/research-shows-unionized-workers-are-less-happy-but-why\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Research Shows Unionized Workers are Less Happy, but Why?<\/a>\" Harvard Business Review. August 30, 2017. Accessed July 19, 2019. <a href=\"#return-footnote-97-9\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 9\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-97-10\">Ibid. <a href=\"#return-footnote-97-10\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 10\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Why Unions\",\"author\":\"Nina Burokas\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"AFL-CIO Headquarters, Washington, D.C.\",\"author\":\"Matt Popovich\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/qqcHAo\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc-attribution\",\"description\":\"Hands Teamwork\",\"author\":\"truthseeker08\",\"organization\":\"Pixabay\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/hands-teamwork-team-spirit-cheer-up-1939895\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc0\",\"license_terms\":\"Pixabay License\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"9c428abb-6de0-451f-a71b-4e7c38c4acdf, a476f827-7508-4fa2-9058-cdd2814159d0","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-97","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":74,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-humanresourcesmgmt\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/97","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-humanresourcesmgmt\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-humanresourcesmgmt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-humanresourcesmgmt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-humanresourcesmgmt\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/97\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3397,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-humanresourcesmgmt\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/97\/revisions\/3397"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-humanresourcesmgmt\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/74"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-humanresourcesmgmt\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/97\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-humanresourcesmgmt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=97"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-humanresourcesmgmt\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=97"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-humanresourcesmgmt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=97"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-humanresourcesmgmt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=97"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}