{"id":11770,"date":"2018-10-08T20:22:40","date_gmt":"2018-10-08T20:22:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-introductiontobusiness\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=11770"},"modified":"2024-05-07T16:49:53","modified_gmt":"2024-05-07T16:49:53","slug":"types-of-teams","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-introductiontobusiness\/chapter\/types-of-teams\/","title":{"raw":"Types of Teams","rendered":"Types of Teams"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Differentiate between manager-led teams, self-managed teams, functional teams, cross-functional, virtual teams, and project teams<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nThere are many types of work teams, and they range in the degree of autonomy afforded to team members. As with the different styles of management (e.g., autocratic, democratic), there are trade-offs with each kind of team structure, so\u00a0it\u2019s important to <span style=\"color: #333333;\">understand when each type of team should be used.<\/span>\r\n<h2>Self-Managed Teams<\/h2>\r\nA <strong>self-managed team<\/strong> is a\u00a0group\u00a0of employees working together who are accountable for most or all aspects of their task. These work teams determine how they will accomplish assigned objectives and decide what route they will take to meet them. They are granted the responsibility of planning, scheduling, organizing, directing, controlling and evaluating their own work process. They also select their own members and evaluate the members' performance. In this way they share both the managerial and technical tasks.\u00a0As a result, supervisory positions take on decreased importance and may even be eliminated.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>EA<\/h3>\r\n<img class=\"alignright wp-image-12629\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3807\/2018\/10\/03162222\/Electronic-Arts-Logo.png\" alt=\"Electronic Arts company logo\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" \/>Electronic Arts Inc. is a leading global video game company. EA develops, publishes, and distributes interactive software worldwide for video game systems, personal computers, wireless devices, and the Internet. The company\u2019s 2018 revenues were more than $5 billion[footnote]\u201cEA Income Statement.\u201d NASDAQ.com, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasdaq.com\/symbol\/ea\/financials\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.nasdaq.com\/symbol\/ea\/financials<\/a>.[\/footnote], and it has over 9,000 employees in more than 23 countries[footnote]Gainer, Earnings. \"Everything You Need to Know About Investing in Electronic Arts.\" U.S. News &amp; World Report. Accessed April 03, 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/money.usnews.com\/investing\/stocks\/ea-electronic-arts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/money.usnews.com\/investing\/stocks\/ea-electronic-arts<\/a>.[\/footnote].\r\n\r\nElectronic Arts launched internal collaborative communities (i.e., self-managed teams) in 2009 across its globally distributed workforce. Its goal was to gain the efficiencies of a large enterprise without compromising local teams\u2019 autonomy or creativity. The communities formed at EA were empowered to make decisions and to deliver. EA\u2019s communities could recommend the next technology road map or they could change a business process to become more effective or efficient. There were no limits placed on the types of communities within EA.\r\n\r\nWithin the company, the real power of these self-managed teams or communities is to work collaboratively to achieve a common goal \u2013 to create a new product or service, improve the effectiveness of a business process, or even to eliminate operational inefficiencies. To achieve its goals and to empower its communities to make decisions, EA explicitly focused on a \u201clight\u201d governance structure that promotes the organic interaction of teams and empowers them to produce a desired business outcome.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Project Teams<\/h2>\r\nA <b>project team<\/b> is a team whose members are assembled for a specific project or business objective. Project team members can be drawn from different departments or can all be from the same functional area (i.e., operations, manufacturing, finance, etc.) depending on the scope of the project. Usually project teams are only used for a defined period of time and are disbanded after the project is deemed complete. The central characteristic of project teams in modern organizations is the autonomy and flexibility given to them\u00a0in the process of meeting their goals. The project team usually consists of a variety of members working under the direction of a project manager or a senior member of the organization. Project teams need to have the right combination of skills, abilities, and personality types to achieve collaborative tension.\r\n\r\nFor example, technology companies may take a project team approach when developing a new product or new version of an existing product. The team would consist of developers with appropriate technical expertise, testers for quality control, subject-matter experts to advise on relevant information, change management personnel to group and release work, a product owner to represent the business, and a project manager to run the team.\r\n<h2>Cross-Functional Teams<\/h2>\r\nA\u00a0<strong>cross-functional team<\/strong>\u00a0is just what it sounds like\u2014a team that pulls its members from across the different functional areas of an organization. For example, cross-functional teams may be composed of representatives from operations, sales, marketing, finance, and legal. The strength of this type of team lies in its members having different functional backgrounds, education, and experience. The diversity of experience aids innovative problem solving and decision making.\r\n\r\nA cross-functional team makes sense for large corporate projects that touch and affect work across entire organizations. For example, a large IT project\u2014implementing an enterprise finance software system\u2014would be a good candidate for a cross-functional team approach. For a successful outcome, IT would assemble members from finance, accounting, operations, and HR at a minimum to represent and participate in the implementation project.\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-12676 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3807\/2018\/10\/05210239\/800px-APQP-CrossFunctionalTeam_update.png\" alt=\"Infographic showing cross-functional teams. There are six teams with multiple members. These teams are as follows: Project Management, Design and Development, Production Engineering, Quality Control, Production, and Maintenance. A cross-functional team includes one member from each of the aforementioned teams.\" width=\"800\" height=\"443\" \/>\r\n<h2>Manager-Led Teams<\/h2>\r\nIn a <strong>manager-led team<\/strong>, the team members complete the required tasks, but someone outside the team (i.e., a manager) performs the executive functions. There is an inevitable tension between the degree of manager control in a team and the ability of team members to guide and manage their own actions. Manager-led teams provide more control, but they can also hamper creativity and individual expression.\r\n\r\nThe Arts Council of the Albemarle has received a significant gift from a community donor to create a drama workshop for neighborhood youth. As the director of community outreach, Margaret has put\u00a0together a team to develop the workshop. Among those selected are a program director, a senior program lead, and a program staff member who is studying performing arts at the local university. Margaret assigns each of them specific tasks and responsibilities and creates a schedule for team meetings to discuss progress on\u00a0the development of the program. She is interested in cultivating a strong relationship with the community donor, and therefore she is very involved in the team\u2019s progress. She meets with the members on a regular basis to ensure that all efforts are on target along the way. While Margaret is, in effect, the team's manager, the team members must work closely with one another to integrate the elements of the workshop. For example, the play must appeal to the donors, students, parents, and audiences while also being within reach of the instructors' and students' abilities.\r\n<h2>Virtual Teams<\/h2>\r\nA <strong>virtual team<\/strong> is a\u00a0group\u00a0of individuals in different geographic locations who use technology to collaborate on work tasks and activities. The use of this kind of work team has become prevalent in organizations due to the reduced costs of technology, the increased availability of collaborative technologies (videoconferencing software, etc.), the shift toward globalization in business, and greater use of outsourcing and temporary workers. They offer flexibility around the logistics of doing business since team members can \u201cmeet\u201d from any location\u2014wherever they happen to be, such as a home office, coffee shop, etc.\u2014at any time of the day or week. Many of the other types of work teams can also be virtual teams, depending on the organization's needs and resources.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Practice Question<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/ff7db0a4-f7b5-422f-9371-484786f187ef\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Differentiate between manager-led teams, self-managed teams, functional teams, cross-functional, virtual teams, and project teams<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>There are many types of work teams, and they range in the degree of autonomy afforded to team members. As with the different styles of management (e.g., autocratic, democratic), there are trade-offs with each kind of team structure, so\u00a0it\u2019s important to <span style=\"color: #333333;\">understand when each type of team should be used.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Self-Managed Teams<\/h2>\n<p>A <strong>self-managed team<\/strong> is a\u00a0group\u00a0of employees working together who are accountable for most or all aspects of their task. These work teams determine how they will accomplish assigned objectives and decide what route they will take to meet them. They are granted the responsibility of planning, scheduling, organizing, directing, controlling and evaluating their own work process. They also select their own members and evaluate the members&#8217; performance. In this way they share both the managerial and technical tasks.\u00a0As a result, supervisory positions take on decreased importance and may even be eliminated.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>EA<\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-12629\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3807\/2018\/10\/03162222\/Electronic-Arts-Logo.png\" alt=\"Electronic Arts company logo\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" \/>Electronic Arts Inc. is a leading global video game company. EA develops, publishes, and distributes interactive software worldwide for video game systems, personal computers, wireless devices, and the Internet. The company\u2019s 2018 revenues were more than $5 billion<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cEA Income Statement.\u201d NASDAQ.com, https:\/\/www.nasdaq.com\/symbol\/ea\/financials.\" id=\"return-footnote-11770-1\" href=\"#footnote-11770-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a>, and it has over 9,000 employees in more than 23 countries<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Gainer, Earnings. &quot;Everything You Need to Know About Investing in Electronic Arts.&quot; U.S. News &amp; World Report. Accessed April 03, 2019. https:\/\/money.usnews.com\/investing\/stocks\/ea-electronic-arts.\" id=\"return-footnote-11770-2\" href=\"#footnote-11770-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Electronic Arts launched internal collaborative communities (i.e., self-managed teams) in 2009 across its globally distributed workforce. Its goal was to gain the efficiencies of a large enterprise without compromising local teams\u2019 autonomy or creativity. The communities formed at EA were empowered to make decisions and to deliver. EA\u2019s communities could recommend the next technology road map or they could change a business process to become more effective or efficient. There were no limits placed on the types of communities within EA.<\/p>\n<p>Within the company, the real power of these self-managed teams or communities is to work collaboratively to achieve a common goal \u2013 to create a new product or service, improve the effectiveness of a business process, or even to eliminate operational inefficiencies. To achieve its goals and to empower its communities to make decisions, EA explicitly focused on a \u201clight\u201d governance structure that promotes the organic interaction of teams and empowers them to produce a desired business outcome.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Project Teams<\/h2>\n<p>A <b>project team<\/b> is a team whose members are assembled for a specific project or business objective. Project team members can be drawn from different departments or can all be from the same functional area (i.e., operations, manufacturing, finance, etc.) depending on the scope of the project. Usually project teams are only used for a defined period of time and are disbanded after the project is deemed complete. The central characteristic of project teams in modern organizations is the autonomy and flexibility given to them\u00a0in the process of meeting their goals. The project team usually consists of a variety of members working under the direction of a project manager or a senior member of the organization. Project teams need to have the right combination of skills, abilities, and personality types to achieve collaborative tension.<\/p>\n<p>For example, technology companies may take a project team approach when developing a new product or new version of an existing product. The team would consist of developers with appropriate technical expertise, testers for quality control, subject-matter experts to advise on relevant information, change management personnel to group and release work, a product owner to represent the business, and a project manager to run the team.<\/p>\n<h2>Cross-Functional Teams<\/h2>\n<p>A\u00a0<strong>cross-functional team<\/strong>\u00a0is just what it sounds like\u2014a team that pulls its members from across the different functional areas of an organization. For example, cross-functional teams may be composed of representatives from operations, sales, marketing, finance, and legal. The strength of this type of team lies in its members having different functional backgrounds, education, and experience. The diversity of experience aids innovative problem solving and decision making.<\/p>\n<p>A cross-functional team makes sense for large corporate projects that touch and affect work across entire organizations. For example, a large IT project\u2014implementing an enterprise finance software system\u2014would be a good candidate for a cross-functional team approach. For a successful outcome, IT would assemble members from finance, accounting, operations, and HR at a minimum to represent and participate in the implementation project.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-12676 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3807\/2018\/10\/05210239\/800px-APQP-CrossFunctionalTeam_update.png\" alt=\"Infographic showing cross-functional teams. There are six teams with multiple members. These teams are as follows: Project Management, Design and Development, Production Engineering, Quality Control, Production, and Maintenance. A cross-functional team includes one member from each of the aforementioned teams.\" width=\"800\" height=\"443\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Manager-Led Teams<\/h2>\n<p>In a <strong>manager-led team<\/strong>, the team members complete the required tasks, but someone outside the team (i.e., a manager) performs the executive functions. There is an inevitable tension between the degree of manager control in a team and the ability of team members to guide and manage their own actions. Manager-led teams provide more control, but they can also hamper creativity and individual expression.<\/p>\n<p>The Arts Council of the Albemarle has received a significant gift from a community donor to create a drama workshop for neighborhood youth. As the director of community outreach, Margaret has put\u00a0together a team to develop the workshop. Among those selected are a program director, a senior program lead, and a program staff member who is studying performing arts at the local university. Margaret assigns each of them specific tasks and responsibilities and creates a schedule for team meetings to discuss progress on\u00a0the development of the program. She is interested in cultivating a strong relationship with the community donor, and therefore she is very involved in the team\u2019s progress. She meets with the members on a regular basis to ensure that all efforts are on target along the way. While Margaret is, in effect, the team&#8217;s manager, the team members must work closely with one another to integrate the elements of the workshop. For example, the play must appeal to the donors, students, parents, and audiences while also being within reach of the instructors&#8217; and students&#8217; abilities.<\/p>\n<h2>Virtual Teams<\/h2>\n<p>A <strong>virtual team<\/strong> is a\u00a0group\u00a0of individuals in different geographic locations who use technology to collaborate on work tasks and activities. The use of this kind of work team has become prevalent in organizations due to the reduced costs of technology, the increased availability of collaborative technologies (videoconferencing software, etc.), the shift toward globalization in business, and greater use of outsourcing and temporary workers. They offer flexibility around the logistics of doing business since team members can \u201cmeet\u201d from any location\u2014wherever they happen to be, such as a home office, coffee shop, etc.\u2014at any time of the day or week. Many of the other types of work teams can also be virtual teams, depending on the organization&#8217;s needs and resources.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Practice Question<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_ff7db0a4-f7b5-422f-9371-484786f187ef\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/ff7db0a4-f7b5-422f-9371-484786f187ef?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_ff7db0a4-f7b5-422f-9371-484786f187ef\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-11770\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Revision and adaptation. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Linda Williams and Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Practice Question. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Robert Danielson. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Types of Teams. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Boundless. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundless-business\/\">https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundless-business\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Cross-Functional Team. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: John\/Lynn Bruton and Lumen Learning. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wmopen-principlesofmanagement\/chapter\/reading-types-of-teams\/\">https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wmopen-principlesofmanagement\/chapter\/reading-types-of-teams\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Managing Beyond the Organizational Hierarchy with Communities and Social Networks at Electronic Arts. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Michael Cuthrell . <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.managementexchange.com\/story\/managing-beyond-organizational-hierarchy-communities-and-social-networks-electronic-arts\">http:\/\/www.managementexchange.com\/story\/managing-beyond-organizational-hierarchy-communities-and-social-networks-electronic-arts<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Cross-functional Teams Graphic. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Bo-ci-an. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.m.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:APQP-CrossFunctionalTeam.png\">https:\/\/commons.m.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:APQP-CrossFunctionalTeam.png<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Electronic Arts Logo. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Electronic Arts. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Electronic-Arts-Logo.svg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Electronic-Arts-Logo.svg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-11770-1\">\u201cEA Income Statement.\u201d NASDAQ.com, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasdaq.com\/symbol\/ea\/financials\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.nasdaq.com\/symbol\/ea\/financials<\/a>. <a href=\"#return-footnote-11770-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-11770-2\">Gainer, Earnings. \"Everything You Need to Know About Investing in Electronic Arts.\" U.S. News &amp; World Report. Accessed April 03, 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/money.usnews.com\/investing\/stocks\/ea-electronic-arts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/money.usnews.com\/investing\/stocks\/ea-electronic-arts<\/a>. <a href=\"#return-footnote-11770-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Revision and adaptation\",\"author\":\"Linda Williams and Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Types of Teams\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Boundless\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundless-business\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"Electronic Arts Logo\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Electronic Arts\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Electronic-Arts-Logo.svg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Cross-Functional Team\",\"author\":\"John\/Lynn Bruton and Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wmopen-principlesofmanagement\/chapter\/reading-types-of-teams\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Managing Beyond the Organizational Hierarchy with Communities and Social Networks at Electronic Arts\",\"author\":\"Michael Cuthrell \",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.managementexchange.com\/story\/managing-beyond-organizational-hierarchy-communities-and-social-networks-electronic-arts\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Cross-functional Teams Graphic\",\"author\":\"Bo-ci-an\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/commons.m.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:APQP-CrossFunctionalTeam.png\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Practice Question\",\"author\":\"Robert Danielson\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"fc3b5c34-cb49-4993-91c8-b7845c6cb09e, c0857448-3d68-4f96-bc0b-84540ae797ca","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-11770","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":90,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-introductiontobusiness\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/11770","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-introductiontobusiness\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-introductiontobusiness\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-introductiontobusiness\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-introductiontobusiness\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/11770\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15520,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-introductiontobusiness\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/11770\/revisions\/15520"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-introductiontobusiness\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/90"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-introductiontobusiness\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/11770\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-introductiontobusiness\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11770"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-introductiontobusiness\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=11770"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-introductiontobusiness\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=11770"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-introductiontobusiness\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=11770"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}