{"id":8473,"date":"2016-11-11T19:27:30","date_gmt":"2016-11-11T19:27:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/masterybusiness2xngcxmasterspring2016\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=8473"},"modified":"2024-05-03T15:33:26","modified_gmt":"2024-05-03T15:33:26","slug":"corporate-social-responsibility","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-introductiontobusiness\/chapter\/corporate-social-responsibility\/","title":{"raw":"Corporate Social Responsibility","rendered":"Corporate Social Responsibility"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Define corporate social responsibility (CSR)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe the impact of CSR on direct and indirect stakeholders<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>History of Corporate Social Responsibility<\/h2>\r\n<img class=\"alignright wp-image-9037\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2016\/12\/16185635\/3301803046_2604fcfbca_b-1.jpg\" alt=\"decorative image\" width=\"351\" height=\"263\" \/>American President Calvin Coolidge said in the 1920s that \u201cthe chief business of the American people is business.\u201d It was a popular observation in a time of economic prosperity, when issues such as energy security and climate change were practically nonexistent.\r\n\r\nAlmost a century later, things are very different. Now, more than ever, private enterprise is being called upon to exercise social responsibility, especially when it comes to the environment. This trend reflects the\u00a0view\u00a0that companies ought to do more than simply meet the letter of the law and the bare minimum of ethical business behavior. Today\u00a0we discuss the idea of \"corporate social responsibility.\"\r\n\r\nPresident Coolidge, like many American presidents before and since, kept government out of the affairs of business as much as possible. But starting in the 1960s and 1970s, the environmental impact of an ever-expanding economy was generating more and more protest from citizens. The result was a wave of legislation designed to reduce the pollution produced by business activity. Those laws had positive effects and are now vital parts of the American regulatory framework. But despite these regulations, controlling pollution continues to be a challenge. And now there are even larger problems on the horizon.\r\n\r\nEven though businesses today are more efficient and use fewer resources to make goods\u2014thanks to technological advances\u2014 many ecosystems continue to suffer. This is because the scale of economic activity grows every year, despite environmental improvements by individual enterprises.\r\n\r\nStarting a few years ago, many citizens in the U.S. and around the world began calls for more action from private enterprise on these social issues\u2014beyond compliance with regulations and traditional charity-related work. The result was a new movement known as corporate social responsibility, or CSR.\r\n<h2>CSR Defined<\/h2>\r\n<strong>Corporate social responsibility<\/strong> (CSR) can be\u00a0simply and broadly defined as the ethical role of the corporation in society.\u00a0The aim of CSR is to increase long-term profits and shareholder trust through positive public relations and high ethical standards to reduce business and legal risk by taking responsibility for corporate actions.\u00a0It isn't enough for companies to generate a profit and merely\u00a0meet the letter of the law in their business operations. Today, many U.S. citizens expect them to generate a profit <em>and<\/em> conduct themselves in an ethical and socially responsible manner.\r\n\r\nCSR strategies encourage the company to make a positive impact on the environment and stakeholders\u2014that is,\u00a0all of the\u00a0parties with a stake in the performance and output of the corporation. Stakeholders include the company\u2019s employees, unions, investors, suppliers, consumers, local and national governments, and communities that may be affected by corporate activities such as construction, manufacturing, and pollut<span style=\"color: #333333;\">ion.\u00a0For some companies, CSR means manufacturing their products in a way that doesn't harm the environment and protects the consumer from potentially hazardous materials.\u00a0One such company that has staked its reputation on ethical manufacturing is LUSH Cosmetics.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/yoGMEX1ZLoc\r\n\r\nYou can <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Intro+to+Business\/Transcriptions\/EthicalCosmetics_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for \"Ethical Cosmetics\" (opens in new window)<\/a>\u00a0or the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Intro+to+Business\/Transcriptions\/EthicalCosmetics_alternative.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">text alternative for \"Ethical Cosmetics\" (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Practice Questions<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/63d95046-ec41-43ad-bae8-b8bed65c4f58\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Demands for Corporate Social Responsibility<\/h2>\r\nThere are several drivers pushing businesses toward corporate social responsibility, including:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Increased pressure from consumers<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Pressure from shareholders and investors<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Supply chain pressure<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nLet's take a deeper look at each of these.\r\n<h3>Increased Pressure from Consumers<\/h3>\r\nConsumers are demanding more from the businesses that get their hard-earned money. Businesses that are perceived as valuing\u00a0more than the \"bottom line\" are gaining favor with the buying public. Consumers\u2014especially those in North America\u2014are likely to vote with their wallets against companies whose social and environmental performance is poor. Fifty-five percent of North American consumers reported that they would pay more for companies that behaved more responsibly.[footnote]Hayzlett, Jeffrey. \"Why Should Your Business Care About Social Responsibility?\" Entrepreneur. October 10, 2016. Accessed February 27, 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.entrepreneur.com\/article\/269665\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.entrepreneur.com\/article\/269665<\/a>.[\/footnote]\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Starbucks and Responsibility<\/h3>\r\nIn the early- to late-2010s, Starbucks faced the animosity of anti-globalization rioters. It has been accused of mistreating its staff, avoiding corporate tax, and even wasting water. As the following video shows, the coffee company has been forced to react to increasing consumer pressure.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/_Z9es2kXLlY\r\n\r\nYou can <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Intro+to+Business\/Transcriptions\/StarbucksAndConsumerPressure_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for \"Starbucks and Consumer Pressure\" (opens in new window).<\/a>\r\n\r\nAdditionally, in more recent years, it seems that their efforts to refocus on responsibility have paid off. There's no way to change perception without actions, so Starbucks is taking action to show its dedication to social improvement. In fact, if you visit its website, one of the main sections along the top menu is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.starbucks.com\/responsibility\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Starbucks Social Impact<\/a>, right alongside the lists of coffee, tea, and other menu items.\r\n\r\nAs a part of its social mission, Starbucks recently announced a change in the way it delivers its drinks: it will use cups made from all recyclable material and stop using plastic straws by 2020:\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/twitter.com\/Starbucks\/status\/1016305982501261312\r\n\r\nIf you read through the comments, you can see Starbucks replying to concerns about not having a straw option, letting customers know that there will be straws available for those who need them but that the straws will be made of alternative materials. Starbucks also recently announced their first U.S. Signing Store on Twitter:\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/twitter.com\/Starbucks\/status\/1020084495574167552\r\n\r\nIf you watch the video in the tweet, the video has captions\u2014indicating there is no audio\u2014as well as video description for those who are visually impaired. With this tweet, Starbucks shows that it's willing to take the time to ensure that all of its customers are welcome, regardless of their physical abilities.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Pressure from Shareholders and Investors<\/h3>\r\nAlthough not a new concept, Socially Responsible Investing (SRI) has seen increased attention over the last several decades. In fact, investors have become more active in their demands of corporations in which they have holdings. Investor activities to move these organizations to a more responsible position have had fairly good results.\r\n\r\nIn a 2017 study, Barko, Cremers, and Renneboog measured the effect of investor activism on corporate performance.\u00a0A global dataset of 660 companies were profiled in the study by market share, analyst coverage, stock returns, and liquidity. Not surprisingly, over the ten-year study, the Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) rating of the companies targeted by activist investors showed improvement in those ratings after the engagement with those investors, versus non-targeted \"matched firms.\"[footnote]Barko, Tamas, Martijn Cremers, and Luc Renneboog. \"Shareholder Engagement on Environmental, Social, and Governance Performance.\" Finance Working Paper N\u00b0 509\/2017, 2017. Accessed June 10, 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/ecgi.global\/sites\/default\/files\/working_papers\/documents\/5092017_1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/ecgi.global\/sites\/default\/files\/working_papers\/documents\/5092017_1.pdf<\/a>.[\/footnote]\r\n<h3>Supply Chain Pressure<\/h3>\r\nAs consumers pay closer attention to the social responsibility of retailers and service providers, visibility\u00a0into their supply chains has also become a priority. For example, Apple has come under scrutiny and criticism for the poor working conditions and environmental hazards taking place at assembly facilities in China. Even though these facilities are outside of the U.S. and are separate corporate entities, Apple has spent considerable corporate resources defending its reliance on such suppliers. Other companies, such as the Swedish international retailer of furniture and household goods, are taking a proactive approach to CSR both internally and within the supply chain. A visit to the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ikea.com\/ms\/en_US\/this-is-ikea\/people-and-planet\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IKEA website<\/a>\u00a0allows consumers and interested parties to view the company's sustainability reports and its policy on \"People and Planet.\"\r\n\r\nRegardless of where the pressure originates, companies\u00a0are finding that ignoring their social and environmental responsibility and impact is ultimately bad for business.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Practice Question<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/7def8016-59d0-47b7-9d77-bb5b879259f1\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Define corporate social responsibility (CSR)<\/li>\n<li>Describe the impact of CSR on direct and indirect stakeholders<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>History of Corporate Social Responsibility<\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-9037\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2016\/12\/16185635\/3301803046_2604fcfbca_b-1.jpg\" alt=\"decorative image\" width=\"351\" height=\"263\" \/>American President Calvin Coolidge said in the 1920s that \u201cthe chief business of the American people is business.\u201d It was a popular observation in a time of economic prosperity, when issues such as energy security and climate change were practically nonexistent.<\/p>\n<p>Almost a century later, things are very different. Now, more than ever, private enterprise is being called upon to exercise social responsibility, especially when it comes to the environment. This trend reflects the\u00a0view\u00a0that companies ought to do more than simply meet the letter of the law and the bare minimum of ethical business behavior. Today\u00a0we discuss the idea of &#8220;corporate social responsibility.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>President Coolidge, like many American presidents before and since, kept government out of the affairs of business as much as possible. But starting in the 1960s and 1970s, the environmental impact of an ever-expanding economy was generating more and more protest from citizens. The result was a wave of legislation designed to reduce the pollution produced by business activity. Those laws had positive effects and are now vital parts of the American regulatory framework. But despite these regulations, controlling pollution continues to be a challenge. And now there are even larger problems on the horizon.<\/p>\n<p>Even though businesses today are more efficient and use fewer resources to make goods\u2014thanks to technological advances\u2014 many ecosystems continue to suffer. This is because the scale of economic activity grows every year, despite environmental improvements by individual enterprises.<\/p>\n<p>Starting a few years ago, many citizens in the U.S. and around the world began calls for more action from private enterprise on these social issues\u2014beyond compliance with regulations and traditional charity-related work. The result was a new movement known as corporate social responsibility, or CSR.<\/p>\n<h2>CSR Defined<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Corporate social responsibility<\/strong> (CSR) can be\u00a0simply and broadly defined as the ethical role of the corporation in society.\u00a0The aim of CSR is to increase long-term profits and shareholder trust through positive public relations and high ethical standards to reduce business and legal risk by taking responsibility for corporate actions.\u00a0It isn&#8217;t enough for companies to generate a profit and merely\u00a0meet the letter of the law in their business operations. Today, many U.S. citizens expect them to generate a profit <em>and<\/em> conduct themselves in an ethical and socially responsible manner.<\/p>\n<p>CSR strategies encourage the company to make a positive impact on the environment and stakeholders\u2014that is,\u00a0all of the\u00a0parties with a stake in the performance and output of the corporation. Stakeholders include the company\u2019s employees, unions, investors, suppliers, consumers, local and national governments, and communities that may be affected by corporate activities such as construction, manufacturing, and pollut<span style=\"color: #333333;\">ion.\u00a0For some companies, CSR means manufacturing their products in a way that doesn&#8217;t harm the environment and protects the consumer from potentially hazardous materials.\u00a0One such company that has staked its reputation on ethical manufacturing is LUSH Cosmetics.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Ethical Cosmetics\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/yoGMEX1ZLoc?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Intro+to+Business\/Transcriptions\/EthicalCosmetics_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for &#8220;Ethical Cosmetics&#8221; (opens in new window)<\/a>\u00a0or the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Intro+to+Business\/Transcriptions\/EthicalCosmetics_alternative.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">text alternative for &#8220;Ethical Cosmetics&#8221; (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Practice Questions<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_63d95046-ec41-43ad-bae8-b8bed65c4f58\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/63d95046-ec41-43ad-bae8-b8bed65c4f58?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_63d95046-ec41-43ad-bae8-b8bed65c4f58\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Demands for Corporate Social Responsibility<\/h2>\n<p>There are several drivers pushing businesses toward corporate social responsibility, including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Increased pressure from consumers<\/li>\n<li>Pressure from shareholders and investors<\/li>\n<li>Supply chain pressure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Let&#8217;s take a deeper look at each of these.<\/p>\n<h3>Increased Pressure from Consumers<\/h3>\n<p>Consumers are demanding more from the businesses that get their hard-earned money. Businesses that are perceived as valuing\u00a0more than the &#8220;bottom line&#8221; are gaining favor with the buying public. Consumers\u2014especially those in North America\u2014are likely to vote with their wallets against companies whose social and environmental performance is poor. Fifty-five percent of North American consumers reported that they would pay more for companies that behaved more responsibly.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Hayzlett, Jeffrey. &quot;Why Should Your Business Care About Social Responsibility?&quot; Entrepreneur. October 10, 2016. Accessed February 27, 2019. https:\/\/www.entrepreneur.com\/article\/269665.\" id=\"return-footnote-8473-1\" href=\"#footnote-8473-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Starbucks and Responsibility<\/h3>\n<p>In the early- to late-2010s, Starbucks faced the animosity of anti-globalization rioters. It has been accused of mistreating its staff, avoiding corporate tax, and even wasting water. As the following video shows, the coffee company has been forced to react to increasing consumer pressure.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"Starbucks and Consumer Pressure\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_Z9es2kXLlY?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Intro+to+Business\/Transcriptions\/StarbucksAndConsumerPressure_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for &#8220;Starbucks and Consumer Pressure&#8221; (opens in new window).<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Additionally, in more recent years, it seems that their efforts to refocus on responsibility have paid off. There&#8217;s no way to change perception without actions, so Starbucks is taking action to show its dedication to social improvement. In fact, if you visit its website, one of the main sections along the top menu is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.starbucks.com\/responsibility\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Starbucks Social Impact<\/a>, right alongside the lists of coffee, tea, and other menu items.<\/p>\n<p>As a part of its social mission, Starbucks recently announced a change in the way it delivers its drinks: it will use cups made from all recyclable material and stop using plastic straws by 2020:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"500\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">We&#39;re removing plastic straws in our stores globally by 2020\u2014reducing more than 1 billion plastic straws per year from our stores.<\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Starbucks (@Starbucks) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/Starbucks\/status\/1016305982501261312?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 9, 2018<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>If you read through the comments, you can see Starbucks replying to concerns about not having a straw option, letting customers know that there will be straws available for those who need them but that the straws will be made of alternative materials. Starbucks also recently announced their first U.S. Signing Store on Twitter:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"500\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Coming this fall in Washington, D.C.: our first U.S. Signing Store, creating jobs and driving greater connection with the Deaf and hard of hearing community: <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/aOWJKErx35\">https:\/\/t.co\/aOWJKErx35<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/39N0HuIGVL\">pic.twitter.com\/39N0HuIGVL<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Starbucks (@Starbucks) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/Starbucks\/status\/1020084495574167552?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 19, 2018<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>If you watch the video in the tweet, the video has captions\u2014indicating there is no audio\u2014as well as video description for those who are visually impaired. With this tweet, Starbucks shows that it&#8217;s willing to take the time to ensure that all of its customers are welcome, regardless of their physical abilities.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Pressure from Shareholders and Investors<\/h3>\n<p>Although not a new concept, Socially Responsible Investing (SRI) has seen increased attention over the last several decades. In fact, investors have become more active in their demands of corporations in which they have holdings. Investor activities to move these organizations to a more responsible position have had fairly good results.<\/p>\n<p>In a 2017 study, Barko, Cremers, and Renneboog measured the effect of investor activism on corporate performance.\u00a0A global dataset of 660 companies were profiled in the study by market share, analyst coverage, stock returns, and liquidity. Not surprisingly, over the ten-year study, the Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) rating of the companies targeted by activist investors showed improvement in those ratings after the engagement with those investors, versus non-targeted &#8220;matched firms.&#8221;<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Barko, Tamas, Martijn Cremers, and Luc Renneboog. &quot;Shareholder Engagement on Environmental, Social, and Governance Performance.&quot; Finance Working Paper N\u00b0 509\/2017, 2017. Accessed June 10, 2019. https:\/\/ecgi.global\/sites\/default\/files\/working_papers\/documents\/5092017_1.pdf.\" id=\"return-footnote-8473-2\" href=\"#footnote-8473-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Supply Chain Pressure<\/h3>\n<p>As consumers pay closer attention to the social responsibility of retailers and service providers, visibility\u00a0into their supply chains has also become a priority. For example, Apple has come under scrutiny and criticism for the poor working conditions and environmental hazards taking place at assembly facilities in China. Even though these facilities are outside of the U.S. and are separate corporate entities, Apple has spent considerable corporate resources defending its reliance on such suppliers. Other companies, such as the Swedish international retailer of furniture and household goods, are taking a proactive approach to CSR both internally and within the supply chain. A visit to the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ikea.com\/ms\/en_US\/this-is-ikea\/people-and-planet\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IKEA website<\/a>\u00a0allows consumers and interested parties to view the company&#8217;s sustainability reports and its policy on &#8220;People and Planet.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Regardless of where the pressure originates, companies\u00a0are finding that ignoring their social and environmental responsibility and impact is ultimately bad for business.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Practice Question<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_7def8016-59d0-47b7-9d77-bb5b879259f1\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/7def8016-59d0-47b7-9d77-bb5b879259f1?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_7def8016-59d0-47b7-9d77-bb5b879259f1\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-8473\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Revision and adaptation. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Linda Williams and Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Corporate Social Responsibility. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corporate_social_responsibility\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corporate_social_responsibility<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Corporate Social Responsibility in the United States And Europe: How Important Is It? The Future of Corporate Social Responsibility. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Clute Institute. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cluteinstitute.com\/ojs\/index.php\/IBER\/article\/viewFile\/7970\/8024\">http:\/\/www.cluteinstitute.com\/ojs\/index.php\/IBER\/article\/viewFile\/7970\/8024<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Ethical Cosmetics. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: BBC. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/yoGMEX1ZLoc\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/yoGMEX1ZLoc<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-ND: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives <\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Good Corporation, Bad Corporation: Corporate Social Responsibility in the Global Economy. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Guillermo C. Jimenez and Elizabeth Pulos. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: SUNY. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.opensuny.org\/good-corporation-bad-corporation\/chapter\/1\">http:\/\/pressbooks.opensuny.org\/good-corporation-bad-corporation\/chapter\/1<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Starbucks and Consumer Pressure. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: BBC. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/_Z9es2kXLlY\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/_Z9es2kXLlY<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-ND: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives <\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Global Warming. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Billy Wilson. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/billy_wilson\/3301803046\/\">https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/billy_wilson\/3301803046\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Starbucks Social Impact Examples. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Freedom Learning Group. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wmopen-businesscommunicationmgrs\/chapter\/building-your-brand\/\">https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wmopen-businesscommunicationmgrs\/chapter\/building-your-brand\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Corporate Social Responsibility in America. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: U.S. Embassy. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/iipdigital.usembassy.gov\/st\/english\/audio\/2011\/04\/20110412150705enilorac1.085407e-02.html#ixzz4Q0ZtVSdJ\">http:\/\/iipdigital.usembassy.gov\/st\/english\/audio\/2011\/04\/20110412150705enilorac1.085407e-02.html#ixzz4Q0ZtVSdJ<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-8473-1\">Hayzlett, Jeffrey. \"Why Should Your Business Care About Social Responsibility?\" Entrepreneur. October 10, 2016. Accessed February 27, 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.entrepreneur.com\/article\/269665\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.entrepreneur.com\/article\/269665<\/a>. <a href=\"#return-footnote-8473-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-8473-2\">Barko, Tamas, Martijn Cremers, and Luc Renneboog. \"Shareholder Engagement on Environmental, Social, and Governance Performance.\" Finance Working Paper N\u00b0 509\/2017, 2017. Accessed June 10, 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/ecgi.global\/sites\/default\/files\/working_papers\/documents\/5092017_1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/ecgi.global\/sites\/default\/files\/working_papers\/documents\/5092017_1.pdf<\/a>. <a href=\"#return-footnote-8473-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":26,"menu_order":14,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"Corporate Social Responsibility in America\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"U.S. Embassy\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/iipdigital.usembassy.gov\/st\/english\/audio\/2011\/04\/20110412150705enilorac1.085407e-02.html#ixzz4Q0ZtVSdJ\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Corporate Social Responsibility\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corporate_social_responsibility\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Revision and adaptation\",\"author\":\"Linda Williams and Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Corporate Social Responsibility in the United States And Europe: How Important Is It? 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