{"id":1521,"date":"2016-05-20T19:46:45","date_gmt":"2016-05-20T19:46:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontosociology-waymaker\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1521"},"modified":"2024-04-25T15:43:48","modified_gmt":"2024-04-25T15:43:48","slug":"islam","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-introductiontosociology\/chapter\/islam\/","title":{"raw":"Islam","rendered":"Islam"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe the basic tenets of Islam<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<figure id=\"import-auto-id2726402\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"270\"]<img class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/120\/2016\/04\/15204548\/Figure_15_02_06.jpg\" alt=\"A mosque is shown, a large building with one large dome and two smaller domes and two towers, called minarets.\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.<\/strong>The Islamic house of worship is called a mosque. (Photo courtesy of David Stanley\/flickr)[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<section id=\"fs-id1175410\">\r\n<h3>Islam<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2318477\">Islam is monotheistic, Abrahamic religion that follows the teachings of the prophet Muhammad, born in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, in 570 C.E. Muhammad is seen as an earthly prophet, not as a divine being, and he is believed to be the messenger of Allah (God), who is divine. The followers of Islam, whose U.S. population is projected to double in the next twenty years (Pew Research Forum 2011), are called Muslims.\u00a0It has over 1.8 billion followers worldwide (24% of the population), making it the world's second-largest religion. Is is one of the fastest-growing religions in the world, with Muslims expected to account for 30% of the global population by 2050.[footnote]The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050 Why Muslims Are Rising Fastest and the Unaffiliated Are Shrinking as a Share of the World\u2019s Population (2015). Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewforum.org\/2015\/04\/02\/religious-projections-2010-2050\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.pewforum.org\/2015\/04\/02\/religious-projections-2010-2050\/<\/a>.[\/footnote] Births to Muslims between 2010 and 2015 outnumbered deaths by 152 million (213 million births vs. 61 million deaths), meaning Muslims have the highest fertility rate of any religious group at 2.9 children per woman (Christians are 2.6 children per woman and Hindu and Jewish fertility rates are 2.3)\u00a0[footnote]Hackett, Conrad and David McClenden. 2018. \"Christians Remain World's Largest Religious Group.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2017\/04\/05\/christians-remain-worlds-largest-religious-group-but-they-are-declining-in-europe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2017\/04\/05\/christians-remain-worlds-largest-religious-group-but-they-are-declining-in-europe\/<\/a>.[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\nAbout 13% of Muslims live in Indonesia, the largest Muslim-majority country; 31% of Muslims live in South Asia, the largest population of Muslims in the world; 20% in the Middle East\u2013North Africa region, where it is the dominant religion; and 15% reside in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sizeable Muslim communities are also found in the Americas, the Caucasus, Central Asia, China, Europe, Mainland Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and Russia.\r\n\r\nMost Muslims belong to one of two denominations: Sunni (87\u201390%) or Shia (10-13%) (Pew Research). Following Muhammed's death in 632 C.E., disagreements arose over would be the next caliph, or leader. Those who believed that Muhammed's father-in-law, Abu Bakr, was the first caliph became known as Sunnis, and those who followed Muhammad's son-in-law and cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib became known as Shias. Today Shia Muslims are the majority in Iran, Iraq, Bahrain, Lebanon, and Azerbaijan, as well as being a politically significant minority in Pakistan, Syria, Yemen and Kuwait.\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2797973\">Islam means \u201cpeace\u201d and \u201csubmission.\u201d The sacred text for Muslims is the Qur\u2019an (or Koran). As with Christianity\u2019s Old Testament, many of the Qur\u2019an stories are shared with the Jewish faith. While divisions exist within Islam, all Muslims are guided by five core beliefs or practices, often called \u201cthe five pillars\u201d:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"First_Pillar:_Shahadah_(Profession_of_Faith)\" class=\"mw-headline\">Shahadah: the profession of faith in God. This is commonly recited, and translates to \"There is no god but Allah<\/span>, and Muhammad is his prophet.\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"Second_Pillar:_Salat_(Prayer)\" class=\"mw-headline\">Salat:\u00a0<\/span>daily prayer. These prayers are performed five times a day, at set times, with the individual kneeling and prostrating in a particular pattern while facing in the direction of Mecca (the birthplace of Muhammed, and therefore of Islam itself). The five prayer times correspond to dawn, noon, afternoon, evening, and night.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"250\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/120\/2016\/04\/15204550\/Figure_15_02_07.jpg\" alt=\"A man dressed in white is shown from behind looking down over the Kaaba, Islam\u2019s most sacred site. Hundreds of other people, dressed in all black or all white, can be seen circling a large black cube-like structure on the floor of a stadium-like structure.\" width=\"250\" height=\"338\" \/> <strong>Figure 2.\u00a0<\/strong>One of the cornerstones of Muslim practice is journeying to the religion\u2019s most sacred place, Mecca. (Photo courtesy of Raeky\/flickr)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<span id=\"Third_Pillar:_Zakat_(Almsgiving)\" class=\"mw-headline\">Zakat: almsgiving.\u00a0<\/span>This is given as a tithe (often around 2.5% of a person's income) and is used to support holy places and mosques around the world, as well as those within the same community as the payer.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"Fourth_Pillar:_Sawm_(Fasting)\" class=\"mw-headline\">Sawm:\u00a0<\/span>fasting as a spiritual practice, as is done during the month of Ramadan. During Ramadan, Muslims do not eat or drink from sunup to sundown for\u00a0an entire month. Ramadan includes special daily prayers called <em>taraweeh<\/em>, which take place at mosques and last for 1-2 hours, and a period of seclusion, or\u00a0<em>l'tikaf,<\/em> during the last ten nights of the month. The fast is meant to allow Muslims to seek nearness and to look for forgiveness from God, to express their gratitude to and dependence on him, to atone for their past sins, and to remind them of the needy.[32] During Ramadan, Muslims are also expected to recommit to the teachings of Islam by refraining from violence, anger, envy, greed, lust, profane language, gossip and to try to get along with fellow Muslims better. In addition, all obscene and irreligious sights and sounds are to be avoided<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"Fifth_Pillar:_Hajj_(Pilgrimage)\" class=\"mw-headline\">Hajj:\u00a0<\/span>pilgrimage to the holy center of Mecca.\u00a0The reason for this journey is to follow in the footsteps of the Prophet Muhammad, hoping to gain enlightenment as Muhammad did when he was in the presence of Allah.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nWhile Muslims celebrate many special occasions and events, there are two specific days set aside as holy days: <em>Eid ul Fitr<\/em> and <em>Eid ul Adha<\/em> (<em>Eid<\/em> or <em>Id<\/em> is a word meaning festival). The holiday, E<em>id ul Fitr<\/em>, marks the end of Ramadan and is a time of feasting, fine clothes, decorating one's home, praying, and making amends. <em>E<\/em><i>id ul Adha\u00a0<\/i>is a festival to remember the prophet Ibrahim's (known as Abraham in Judaism and Christianity) willingness to sacrifice his son when God ordered him to do so. [footnote]\"Muslim Holy Days,\" BBC. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/religion\/religions\/islam\/holydays\/holydays.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/religion\/religions\/islam\/holydays\/holydays.shtml<\/a>.[\/footnote]\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>JIhad and Terrorism<\/h3>\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333;\">Following the 9\/11 attacks in 2001 by the terrorist group Al-Qaeda, the word \"jihad\" has become a contentious term associated with extremists who justify their violent actions as part of a a political project, or a religious war against nonbelievers. Jihad is an Arabic word which means \"to strive\" or \"to struggle,\" especially toward a praiseworthy goal. In a broader Islamic context, it can refer to almost any effort to make personal and social life conform to God's will, such as to struggle against one's evil inclinations, or to undertake religious proselytizing (i.e., the spreading of the faith), or to work toward the moral betterment of the \"ummah,\" which refers to the entirety of the Muslim community. Despite the multiple and many benevolent applications of this idea, today it is often narrowly associated with a form of holy war, or with sacrificing one's life for the sake of God.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333;\">Al-Qaeda (the \"base\" or \"foundation\") is a terrorist network of Islamic extremists and Salafist jihadists (a splinter group from Sunni Islam).\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: #333333;\">Islamic extremism is not the same thing as Islam\u2014remember that Islam, by definition, is peaceful.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: #333333;\">Al-Qaeda formed during the Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989) and has had a strong presence at various times in different regions throughout the Middle East. It is connected with ISIS (the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, also called the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), or the Islamic State (IS)), which recently controlled large areas in Iraq and Syria, but lost nearly all of its significant territory by March 2019. ISIS claimed responsibility for the Easter suicide bombings in Sri Lanka, which killed over 250 people at churches and hotels, and has also been connected with terrorist activities in Congo, the Philippines, Nigeria, Libya, and parts of Egypt. It's important to note that Al-Qaeda and other terrorist groups or splinter sects are not representative of Islam overall, just as extremist Christian terrorists such as the Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh are not representative of mainstream Christian beliefs.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nWatch this short video to learn more about the beliefs and practices of Islam.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=3648548&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=wgP_OSOS3IA&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-89jesewh-wgP_OSOS3IA\" width=\"800px\" height=\"520px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/8a0ae8dd-7148-442b-8ab0-5c7f23c818df\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the basic tenets of Islam<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"import-auto-id2726402\">\n<div style=\"width: 280px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/120\/2016\/04\/15204548\/Figure_15_02_06.jpg\" alt=\"A mosque is shown, a large building with one large dome and two smaller domes and two towers, called minarets.\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.<\/strong>The Islamic house of worship is called a mosque. (Photo courtesy of David Stanley\/flickr)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<section id=\"fs-id1175410\">\n<h3>Islam<\/h3>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2318477\">Islam is monotheistic, Abrahamic religion that follows the teachings of the prophet Muhammad, born in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, in 570 C.E. Muhammad is seen as an earthly prophet, not as a divine being, and he is believed to be the messenger of Allah (God), who is divine. The followers of Islam, whose U.S. population is projected to double in the next twenty years (Pew Research Forum 2011), are called Muslims.\u00a0It has over 1.8 billion followers worldwide (24% of the population), making it the world&#8217;s second-largest religion. Is is one of the fastest-growing religions in the world, with Muslims expected to account for 30% of the global population by 2050.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050 Why Muslims Are Rising Fastest and the Unaffiliated Are Shrinking as a Share of the World\u2019s Population (2015). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.pewforum.org\/2015\/04\/02\/religious-projections-2010-2050\/.\" id=\"return-footnote-1521-1\" href=\"#footnote-1521-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a> Births to Muslims between 2010 and 2015 outnumbered deaths by 152 million (213 million births vs. 61 million deaths), meaning Muslims have the highest fertility rate of any religious group at 2.9 children per woman (Christians are 2.6 children per woman and Hindu and Jewish fertility rates are 2.3)\u00a0<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Hackett, Conrad and David McClenden. 2018. &quot;Christians Remain World's Largest Religious Group.&quot; https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2017\/04\/05\/christians-remain-worlds-largest-religious-group-but-they-are-declining-in-europe\/.\" id=\"return-footnote-1521-2\" href=\"#footnote-1521-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>About 13% of Muslims live in Indonesia, the largest Muslim-majority country; 31% of Muslims live in South Asia, the largest population of Muslims in the world; 20% in the Middle East\u2013North Africa region, where it is the dominant religion; and 15% reside in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sizeable Muslim communities are also found in the Americas, the Caucasus, Central Asia, China, Europe, Mainland Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and Russia.<\/p>\n<p>Most Muslims belong to one of two denominations: Sunni (87\u201390%) or Shia (10-13%) (Pew Research). Following Muhammed&#8217;s death in 632 C.E., disagreements arose over would be the next caliph, or leader. Those who believed that Muhammed&#8217;s father-in-law, Abu Bakr, was the first caliph became known as Sunnis, and those who followed Muhammad&#8217;s son-in-law and cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib became known as Shias. Today Shia Muslims are the majority in Iran, Iraq, Bahrain, Lebanon, and Azerbaijan, as well as being a politically significant minority in Pakistan, Syria, Yemen and Kuwait.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2797973\">Islam means \u201cpeace\u201d and \u201csubmission.\u201d The sacred text for Muslims is the Qur\u2019an (or Koran). As with Christianity\u2019s Old Testament, many of the Qur\u2019an stories are shared with the Jewish faith. While divisions exist within Islam, all Muslims are guided by five core beliefs or practices, often called \u201cthe five pillars\u201d:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span id=\"First_Pillar:_Shahadah_(Profession_of_Faith)\" class=\"mw-headline\">Shahadah: the profession of faith in God. This is commonly recited, and translates to &#8220;There is no god but Allah<\/span>, and Muhammad is his prophet.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><span id=\"Second_Pillar:_Salat_(Prayer)\" class=\"mw-headline\">Salat:\u00a0<\/span>daily prayer. These prayers are performed five times a day, at set times, with the individual kneeling and prostrating in a particular pattern while facing in the direction of Mecca (the birthplace of Muhammed, and therefore of Islam itself). The five prayer times correspond to dawn, noon, afternoon, evening, and night.<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"width: 260px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/120\/2016\/04\/15204550\/Figure_15_02_07.jpg\" alt=\"A man dressed in white is shown from behind looking down over the Kaaba, Islam\u2019s most sacred site. Hundreds of other people, dressed in all black or all white, can be seen circling a large black cube-like structure on the floor of a stadium-like structure.\" width=\"250\" height=\"338\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2.\u00a0<\/strong>One of the cornerstones of Muslim practice is journeying to the religion\u2019s most sacred place, Mecca. (Photo courtesy of Raeky\/flickr)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span id=\"Third_Pillar:_Zakat_(Almsgiving)\" class=\"mw-headline\">Zakat: almsgiving.\u00a0<\/span>This is given as a tithe (often around 2.5% of a person&#8217;s income) and is used to support holy places and mosques around the world, as well as those within the same community as the payer.<\/li>\n<li><span id=\"Fourth_Pillar:_Sawm_(Fasting)\" class=\"mw-headline\">Sawm:\u00a0<\/span>fasting as a spiritual practice, as is done during the month of Ramadan. During Ramadan, Muslims do not eat or drink from sunup to sundown for\u00a0an entire month. Ramadan includes special daily prayers called <em>taraweeh<\/em>, which take place at mosques and last for 1-2 hours, and a period of seclusion, or\u00a0<em>l&#8217;tikaf,<\/em> during the last ten nights of the month. The fast is meant to allow Muslims to seek nearness and to look for forgiveness from God, to express their gratitude to and dependence on him, to atone for their past sins, and to remind them of the needy.[32] During Ramadan, Muslims are also expected to recommit to the teachings of Islam by refraining from violence, anger, envy, greed, lust, profane language, gossip and to try to get along with fellow Muslims better. In addition, all obscene and irreligious sights and sounds are to be avoided<\/li>\n<li><span id=\"Fifth_Pillar:_Hajj_(Pilgrimage)\" class=\"mw-headline\">Hajj:\u00a0<\/span>pilgrimage to the holy center of Mecca.\u00a0The reason for this journey is to follow in the footsteps of the Prophet Muhammad, hoping to gain enlightenment as Muhammad did when he was in the presence of Allah.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>While Muslims celebrate many special occasions and events, there are two specific days set aside as holy days: <em>Eid ul Fitr<\/em> and <em>Eid ul Adha<\/em> (<em>Eid<\/em> or <em>Id<\/em> is a word meaning festival). The holiday, E<em>id ul Fitr<\/em>, marks the end of Ramadan and is a time of feasting, fine clothes, decorating one&#8217;s home, praying, and making amends. <em>E<\/em><i>id ul Adha\u00a0<\/i>is a festival to remember the prophet Ibrahim&#8217;s (known as Abraham in Judaism and Christianity) willingness to sacrifice his son when God ordered him to do so. <a class=\"footnote\" title=\"&quot;Muslim Holy Days,&quot; BBC. http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/religion\/religions\/islam\/holydays\/holydays.shtml.\" id=\"return-footnote-1521-3\" href=\"#footnote-1521-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>JIhad and Terrorism<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #333333;\">Following the 9\/11 attacks in 2001 by the terrorist group Al-Qaeda, the word &#8220;jihad&#8221; has become a contentious term associated with extremists who justify their violent actions as part of a a political project, or a religious war against nonbelievers. Jihad is an Arabic word which means &#8220;to strive&#8221; or &#8220;to struggle,&#8221; especially toward a praiseworthy goal. In a broader Islamic context, it can refer to almost any effort to make personal and social life conform to God&#8217;s will, such as to struggle against one&#8217;s evil inclinations, or to undertake religious proselytizing (i.e., the spreading of the faith), or to work toward the moral betterment of the &#8220;ummah,&#8221; which refers to the entirety of the Muslim community. Despite the multiple and many benevolent applications of this idea, today it is often narrowly associated with a form of holy war, or with sacrificing one&#8217;s life for the sake of God.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #333333;\">Al-Qaeda (the &#8220;base&#8221; or &#8220;foundation&#8221;) is a terrorist network of Islamic extremists and Salafist jihadists (a splinter group from Sunni Islam).\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: #333333;\">Islamic extremism is not the same thing as Islam\u2014remember that Islam, by definition, is peaceful.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: #333333;\">Al-Qaeda formed during the Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989) and has had a strong presence at various times in different regions throughout the Middle East. It is connected with ISIS (the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, also called the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), or the Islamic State (IS)), which recently controlled large areas in Iraq and Syria, but lost nearly all of its significant territory by March 2019. ISIS claimed responsibility for the Easter suicide bombings in Sri Lanka, which killed over 250 people at churches and hotels, and has also been connected with terrorist activities in Congo, the Philippines, Nigeria, Libya, and parts of Egypt. It&#8217;s important to note that Al-Qaeda and other terrorist groups or splinter sects are not representative of Islam overall, just as extremist Christian terrorists such as the Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh are not representative of mainstream Christian beliefs.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>Watch this short video to learn more about the beliefs and practices of Islam.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=3648548&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=wgP_OSOS3IA&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-89jesewh-wgP_OSOS3IA\" width=\"800px\" height=\"520px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_8a0ae8dd-7148-442b-8ab0-5c7f23c818df\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/8a0ae8dd-7148-442b-8ab0-5c7f23c818df?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_8a0ae8dd-7148-442b-8ab0-5c7f23c818df\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1521\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Sarah Hoiland for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>World Religions. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax CNX. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/AgQDEnLI@12.3:k-vms25Q@8\/15-2-World-Religions\">https:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/AgQDEnLI@12.3:k-vms25Q@8\/15-2-World-Religions<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/02040312-72c8-441e-a685-20e9333f3e1d@3.49<\/li><li>Jihad. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jihad#Muslim_public_opinion\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jihad#Muslim_public_opinion<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Islam. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Five Pillars of Islam. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Five_Pillars_of_Islam\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Five_Pillars_of_Islam<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Introduction to Islam | Belief | Oprah Winfrey Show. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OWN. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=wgP_OSOS3IA\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=wgP_OSOS3IA<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-1521-1\">The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050 Why Muslims Are Rising Fastest and the Unaffiliated Are Shrinking as a Share of the World\u2019s Population (2015). Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewforum.org\/2015\/04\/02\/religious-projections-2010-2050\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.pewforum.org\/2015\/04\/02\/religious-projections-2010-2050\/<\/a>. <a href=\"#return-footnote-1521-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-1521-2\">Hackett, Conrad and David McClenden. 2018. \"Christians Remain World's Largest Religious Group.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2017\/04\/05\/christians-remain-worlds-largest-religious-group-but-they-are-declining-in-europe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2017\/04\/05\/christians-remain-worlds-largest-religious-group-but-they-are-declining-in-europe\/<\/a>. <a href=\"#return-footnote-1521-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-1521-3\">\"Muslim Holy Days,\" BBC. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/religion\/religions\/islam\/holydays\/holydays.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/religion\/religions\/islam\/holydays\/holydays.shtml<\/a>. <a href=\"#return-footnote-1521-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":11,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"World Religions\",\"author\":\"OpenStax CNX\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/AgQDEnLI@12.3:k-vms25Q@8\/15-2-World-Religions\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/02040312-72c8-441e-a685-20e9333f3e1d@3.49\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Introduction to Islam | Belief | Oprah Winfrey 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