{"id":285,"date":"2016-05-04T03:40:39","date_gmt":"2016-05-04T03:40:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontosociology-waymaker\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=285"},"modified":"2024-04-25T15:44:11","modified_gmt":"2024-04-25T15:44:11","slug":"religion-and-social-change","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-introductiontosociology\/chapter\/religion-and-social-change\/","title":{"raw":"Religion and Social Change","rendered":"Religion and Social Change"},"content":{"raw":"<div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Give examples of religion as an agent of social change<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Religion and Social Change<\/h2>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<section id=\"fs-id1950309\">\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1301497\">Religion has historically been an impetus\u00a0for\u00a0social change. The translation of sacred texts into everyday, non-scholarly language empowered people to shape their religions. The United States is no stranger to religion as an agent of social change. In fact, some of the first colonial settlers in what would become the United States were acting on religious convictions when they crossed the Atlantic and made their way to the New World.<\/p>\r\nDisagreements between religious groups and instances of religious persecution have led to wars and genocides\u2014the very same European settlers that came to the New World looking for religious freedom persecuted Native Americans, forced conversions and family separation, and used religion to justify the practice of human slavery.\r\n\r\n<\/section><section>\r\n<h2>Liberation Theology<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1948117\"><strong>Liberation theology<\/strong> began as a movement within the Roman Catholic Church in the 1950s and 1960s in Latin America. Liberation theology combines Christian principles with political activism; it is the synthesis of Christian theology and Marxist socio-economic principles, emphasizing liberation for oppressed peoples. It uses the church to promote social change via the political arena, and it is most often seen in attempts to reduce or eliminate social injustice, discrimination, and poverty. One of the founding members of the movement, Father\u00a0Gustavo Guti\u00e9rrez Merino (a Peruvian theologian and Dominican priest)\u00a0said true liberation has the following dimensions:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">It addresses the elimination of the immediate causes of poverty and injustice with the goal of political and social liberation,\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;\"><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">It involves the the emancipation of the poor, the\u00a0<\/span>marginalized, or the oppressed and the removal of obstacles limiting their ability to develop with dignity\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">It involves liberation from selfishness and sin as well as a re-establishment of a relationship with God and with other people.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nCivil wars and political unrest in Latin America in the 1970s and 1980s led to the slaughter of hundreds of thousands of people, including priests. One of these priests was the\u00a0Archbishop Oscar Romero, who was killed in 1980 by a Salvadoran death squad, shortly after he asked the soldiers to stop killing each other. Romero was canonized in 2018 by Pope Francis.[footnote]\"Archbishop Oscar Romero,\" Liberation Theologies Online Library and Reference Center. <a href=\"https:\/\/liberationtheology.org\/people-organizations\/oscar-romero\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/liberationtheology.org\/people-organizations\/oscar-romero\/<\/a>.[\/footnote].\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1291654\">Although begun as a moral reaction against the poverty caused by social injustice in that part of the world, today liberation theology is an international movement that encompasses many churches and denominations, such as Jewish liberation or Black liberation philosophy. Liberation theologians discuss theology from the point of view of the poor and the oppressed, and some interpret the scriptures as a call to action against poverty and injustice. In Europe and North America, feminist theology has emerged from liberation theology as a movement to bring social justice to women.<\/p>\r\nLiberation theology influences Pope Francis' philosophy from the Vatican today, as demonstrated by his pointed critiques of economic exploitation. In Pope Francis' first apostolic exhortation, <em>Evangelii gaudium<\/em> (The Joy of the Gospel), he said, \u201cToday we also have to say \u2018Thou shalt not\u2019 to an economy of exclusion and inequality. Such an economy kills.\u201d [footnote]Stephenson, Wen. 2015. \"How Pope Francis Came to Embrace...\" The Nation. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/how-pope-francis-came-to-embrace-not-just-climate-justice-but-liberation-theology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/how-pope-francis-came-to-embrace-not-just-climate-justice-but-liberation-theology\/<\/a>.[\/footnote]\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>REligious Leaders and the Rainbow of Gay PRide<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2766799\">What happens when a religious leader officiates a gay marriage against denomination policies? What about when that same minister defends the action in part by coming out and making her own lesbian relationship known to the church?<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1333119\">In the case of the Reverend Amy DeLong, it meant a church trial. Some leaders in her denomination assert that homosexuality is incompatible with their faith, while others feel this type of discrimination has no place in a modern church (Barrick 2011).<\/p>\r\nAs the LBGTQ+ community increasingly advocates for, and earns, basic civil rights, how will religious communities respond? Many religious groups have traditionally discounted LBGTQ+ sexualities as \u201cwrong.\u201d However, these organizations have moved closer to respecting human rights by, for example, increasingly recognizing females as an equal gender.\u00a0The Episcopal Church, a Christian sect comprising about 2.3 million people in the United States, has been far more welcoming to\u00a0<span class=\"search-highlight first text last\" data-timestamp=\"1626457657495\" data-highlight-id=\"7dd74a87-259e-4ef7-93c8-1c420e94c058\" data-highlighted=\"true\">LGBTQ<\/span>\u00a0people. Progressing from a supportive proclamation in 1976, the Episcopal Church in the USA declared in 2015 that its clergy could preside over and sanction same-sex marriages (HRC 2019). The decision was not without its detractors, and as recently as 2020 an Episcopal bishop (a senior leader) in upstate New York was dismissed for prohibiting same-sex marriages in his diocese. (NBC, 2020). Lutheran and Anglican denominations also support the blessing of same-sex marriages, though they do not necessarily offer them the full recognition of opposite-sex marriages.\r\n\r\nPope Francis, current head of the Catholic Church, has said that homosexual tendencies \"are not a sin\" and famously queried, \"Who am I to judge?\" Pope Francis was also the first pope to use the word \"gay\" in 2013. He also said no parent should throw a homosexual son or daughter out of their home [footnote]San Martin, Ines. 2019. \"Pope Says Homosexual Tendencies...\" <a href=\"https:\/\/cruxnow.com\/vatican\/2019\/04\/01\/pope-francis-says-homosexual-tendencies-are-not-a-sin\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/cruxnow.com\/vatican\/2019\/04\/01\/pope-francis-says-homosexual-tendencies-are-not-a-sin\/<\/a>.[\/footnote].\u00a0This has resulted in a renewed conversation about homosexuality among the world's Catholics, and among other religious denominations.\r\n\r\nAmerican Jewish denominations generally recognize and support the blessing of same-sex marriages, and Jewish rabbis have been supporters of\u00a0<span class=\"search-highlight first text last\" data-timestamp=\"1626457657502\" data-highlight-id=\"d2178bc5-1460-45f2-bde0-5270b8012e0f\" data-highlighted=\"true\">LGBTQ<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"search-highlight first text last\" data-timestamp=\"1626457657508\" data-highlight-id=\"cdac36ec-5b3e-45a0-94b8-5c60e5866f3f\" data-highlighted=\"true\">rights<\/span>\u00a0from the Civil\u00a0<span class=\"search-highlight first text last\" data-timestamp=\"1626457657508\" data-highlight-id=\"2e4addbf-821d-4439-b668-d26efbe44c09\" data-highlighted=\"true\">Rights<\/span>\u00a0era. In other religions, such as Hinduism, which does not have a governing body common to other religions,\u00a0<span class=\"search-highlight first text last\" data-timestamp=\"1626457657515\" data-highlight-id=\"8f409271-ab5b-4388-9ba9-a21b15ee2fdd\" data-highlighted=\"true\">LGBTQ<\/span>\u00a0people are generally welcomed, and the decision to perform same-sex marriages is at the discretion of individual priests.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\r\nVisit the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pewforum.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life<\/a>, a research institute examining U.S. and world\u00a0religious trends, to learn more about religion and how it's practiced.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333;\">Watch this <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?time_continue=1&amp;v=bVV2Zk88beY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TEDTalk about Megan Phelps-Roper's experience growing up in the controversial Westboro Baptist Church (WBC)<\/a> and how and why she decided to leave the religious group. The WBC describes itself as \"Primitive Baptist\" that follows the five points of Calvinism, but it has been classified as a hate group, known for holding extreme views and for loudly picketing against homosexuality, Jews, the military, and other groups.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id2638614\" class=\"short-answer\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/56b2cb3d-5cf9-41e3-9936-6e6d659fe0af\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>glossary<\/h3>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-id2299334\" class=\"definition\">\r\n \t<dt>liberation theology:<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-id2070386\">the use of a church to promote social change via the political arena<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Give examples of religion as an agent of social change<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Religion and Social Change<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"fs-id1950309\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1301497\">Religion has historically been an impetus\u00a0for\u00a0social change. The translation of sacred texts into everyday, non-scholarly language empowered people to shape their religions. The United States is no stranger to religion as an agent of social change. In fact, some of the first colonial settlers in what would become the United States were acting on religious convictions when they crossed the Atlantic and made their way to the New World.<\/p>\n<p>Disagreements between religious groups and instances of religious persecution have led to wars and genocides\u2014the very same European settlers that came to the New World looking for religious freedom persecuted Native Americans, forced conversions and family separation, and used religion to justify the practice of human slavery.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<h2>Liberation Theology<\/h2>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1948117\"><strong>Liberation theology<\/strong> began as a movement within the Roman Catholic Church in the 1950s and 1960s in Latin America. Liberation theology combines Christian principles with political activism; it is the synthesis of Christian theology and Marxist socio-economic principles, emphasizing liberation for oppressed peoples. It uses the church to promote social change via the political arena, and it is most often seen in attempts to reduce or eliminate social injustice, discrimination, and poverty. One of the founding members of the movement, Father\u00a0Gustavo Guti\u00e9rrez Merino (a Peruvian theologian and Dominican priest)\u00a0said true liberation has the following dimensions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">It addresses the elimination of the immediate causes of poverty and injustice with the goal of political and social liberation,\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;\"><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">It involves the the emancipation of the poor, the\u00a0<\/span>marginalized, or the oppressed and the removal of obstacles limiting their ability to develop with dignity\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">It involves liberation from selfishness and sin as well as a re-establishment of a relationship with God and with other people.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Civil wars and political unrest in Latin America in the 1970s and 1980s led to the slaughter of hundreds of thousands of people, including priests. One of these priests was the\u00a0Archbishop Oscar Romero, who was killed in 1980 by a Salvadoran death squad, shortly after he asked the soldiers to stop killing each other. Romero was canonized in 2018 by Pope Francis.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"&quot;Archbishop Oscar Romero,&quot; Liberation Theologies Online Library and Reference Center. https:\/\/liberationtheology.org\/people-organizations\/oscar-romero\/.\" id=\"return-footnote-285-1\" href=\"#footnote-285-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1291654\">Although begun as a moral reaction against the poverty caused by social injustice in that part of the world, today liberation theology is an international movement that encompasses many churches and denominations, such as Jewish liberation or Black liberation philosophy. Liberation theologians discuss theology from the point of view of the poor and the oppressed, and some interpret the scriptures as a call to action against poverty and injustice. In Europe and North America, feminist theology has emerged from liberation theology as a movement to bring social justice to women.<\/p>\n<p>Liberation theology influences Pope Francis&#8217; philosophy from the Vatican today, as demonstrated by his pointed critiques of economic exploitation. In Pope Francis&#8217; first apostolic exhortation, <em>Evangelii gaudium<\/em> (The Joy of the Gospel), he said, \u201cToday we also have to say \u2018Thou shalt not\u2019 to an economy of exclusion and inequality. Such an economy kills.\u201d <a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Stephenson, Wen. 2015. &quot;How Pope Francis Came to Embrace...&quot; The Nation. https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/how-pope-francis-came-to-embrace-not-just-climate-justice-but-liberation-theology\/.\" id=\"return-footnote-285-2\" href=\"#footnote-285-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>REligious Leaders and the Rainbow of Gay PRide<\/h3>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2766799\">What happens when a religious leader officiates a gay marriage against denomination policies? What about when that same minister defends the action in part by coming out and making her own lesbian relationship known to the church?<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1333119\">In the case of the Reverend Amy DeLong, it meant a church trial. Some leaders in her denomination assert that homosexuality is incompatible with their faith, while others feel this type of discrimination has no place in a modern church (Barrick 2011).<\/p>\n<p>As the LBGTQ+ community increasingly advocates for, and earns, basic civil rights, how will religious communities respond? Many religious groups have traditionally discounted LBGTQ+ sexualities as \u201cwrong.\u201d However, these organizations have moved closer to respecting human rights by, for example, increasingly recognizing females as an equal gender.\u00a0The Episcopal Church, a Christian sect comprising about 2.3 million people in the United States, has been far more welcoming to\u00a0<span class=\"search-highlight first text last\" data-timestamp=\"1626457657495\" data-highlight-id=\"7dd74a87-259e-4ef7-93c8-1c420e94c058\" data-highlighted=\"true\">LGBTQ<\/span>\u00a0people. Progressing from a supportive proclamation in 1976, the Episcopal Church in the USA declared in 2015 that its clergy could preside over and sanction same-sex marriages (HRC 2019). The decision was not without its detractors, and as recently as 2020 an Episcopal bishop (a senior leader) in upstate New York was dismissed for prohibiting same-sex marriages in his diocese. (NBC, 2020). Lutheran and Anglican denominations also support the blessing of same-sex marriages, though they do not necessarily offer them the full recognition of opposite-sex marriages.<\/p>\n<p>Pope Francis, current head of the Catholic Church, has said that homosexual tendencies &#8220;are not a sin&#8221; and famously queried, &#8220;Who am I to judge?&#8221; Pope Francis was also the first pope to use the word &#8220;gay&#8221; in 2013. He also said no parent should throw a homosexual son or daughter out of their home <a class=\"footnote\" title=\"San Martin, Ines. 2019. &quot;Pope Says Homosexual Tendencies...&quot; https:\/\/cruxnow.com\/vatican\/2019\/04\/01\/pope-francis-says-homosexual-tendencies-are-not-a-sin\/.\" id=\"return-footnote-285-3\" href=\"#footnote-285-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0This has resulted in a renewed conversation about homosexuality among the world&#8217;s Catholics, and among other religious denominations.<\/p>\n<p>American Jewish denominations generally recognize and support the blessing of same-sex marriages, and Jewish rabbis have been supporters of\u00a0<span class=\"search-highlight first text last\" data-timestamp=\"1626457657502\" data-highlight-id=\"d2178bc5-1460-45f2-bde0-5270b8012e0f\" data-highlighted=\"true\">LGBTQ<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"search-highlight first text last\" data-timestamp=\"1626457657508\" data-highlight-id=\"cdac36ec-5b3e-45a0-94b8-5c60e5866f3f\" data-highlighted=\"true\">rights<\/span>\u00a0from the Civil\u00a0<span class=\"search-highlight first text last\" data-timestamp=\"1626457657508\" data-highlight-id=\"2e4addbf-821d-4439-b668-d26efbe44c09\" data-highlighted=\"true\">Rights<\/span>\u00a0era. In other religions, such as Hinduism, which does not have a governing body common to other religions,\u00a0<span class=\"search-highlight first text last\" data-timestamp=\"1626457657515\" data-highlight-id=\"8f409271-ab5b-4388-9ba9-a21b15ee2fdd\" data-highlighted=\"true\">LGBTQ<\/span>\u00a0people are generally welcomed, and the decision to perform same-sex marriages is at the discretion of individual priests.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\n<p>Visit the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pewforum.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life<\/a>, a research institute examining U.S. and world\u00a0religious trends, to learn more about religion and how it&#8217;s practiced.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #333333;\">Watch this <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?time_continue=1&amp;v=bVV2Zk88beY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TEDTalk about Megan Phelps-Roper&#8217;s experience growing up in the controversial Westboro Baptist Church (WBC)<\/a> and how and why she decided to leave the religious group. The WBC describes itself as &#8220;Primitive Baptist&#8221; that follows the five points of Calvinism, but it has been classified as a hate group, known for holding extreme views and for loudly picketing against homosexuality, Jews, the military, and other groups.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id2638614\" class=\"short-answer\">\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_56b2cb3d-5cf9-41e3-9936-6e6d659fe0af\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/56b2cb3d-5cf9-41e3-9936-6e6d659fe0af?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_56b2cb3d-5cf9-41e3-9936-6e6d659fe0af\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>glossary<\/h3>\n<dl id=\"fs-id2299334\" class=\"definition\">\n<dt>liberation theology:<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id2070386\">the use of a church to promote social change via the political arena<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-285\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Revision, Modification, and Original Content. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Religion in the United States. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax CNX. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/AgQDEnLI@10.1:Xe8gZFyQ@3\/Religion-in-the-United-States\">https:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/AgQDEnLI@10.1:Xe8gZFyQ@3\/Religion-in-the-United-States<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/02040312-72c8-441e-a685-20e9333f3e1d@3.49<\/li><li>Liberation Theology. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liberation_theology\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liberation_theology<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Updated Information about Religious Leaders and LGBTQ Rights. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/introduction-sociology-3e\/pages\/15-3-religion-in-the-united-states?query=LGBTQ%20rights&#038;target=%7B%22index%22%3A0%2C%22type%22%3A%22search%22%7D#import-auto-id1027446\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/introduction-sociology-3e\/pages\/15-3-religion-in-the-united-states?query=LGBTQ%20rights&#038;target=%7B%22index%22%3A0%2C%22type%22%3A%22search%22%7D#import-auto-id1027446<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Introduction to Sociology 3e. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/introduction-sociology-3e\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-285-1\">\"Archbishop Oscar Romero,\" Liberation Theologies Online Library and Reference Center. <a href=\"https:\/\/liberationtheology.org\/people-organizations\/oscar-romero\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/liberationtheology.org\/people-organizations\/oscar-romero\/<\/a>. <a href=\"#return-footnote-285-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-285-2\">Stephenson, Wen. 2015. \"How Pope Francis Came to Embrace...\" The Nation. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/how-pope-francis-came-to-embrace-not-just-climate-justice-but-liberation-theology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/how-pope-francis-came-to-embrace-not-just-climate-justice-but-liberation-theology\/<\/a>. <a href=\"#return-footnote-285-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-285-3\">San Martin, Ines. 2019. \"Pope Says Homosexual Tendencies...\" <a href=\"https:\/\/cruxnow.com\/vatican\/2019\/04\/01\/pope-francis-says-homosexual-tendencies-are-not-a-sin\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/cruxnow.com\/vatican\/2019\/04\/01\/pope-francis-says-homosexual-tendencies-are-not-a-sin\/<\/a>. <a href=\"#return-footnote-285-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":15,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Religion in the United States\",\"author\":\"OpenStax CNX\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/AgQDEnLI@10.1:Xe8gZFyQ@3\/Religion-in-the-United-States\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/02040312-72c8-441e-a685-20e9333f3e1d@3.49\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Revision, Modification, and Original Content\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen 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