{"id":112,"date":"2014-09-16T21:40:06","date_gmt":"2014-09-16T21:40:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/lifespandevelopment1x1\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=112"},"modified":"2024-04-29T23:09:26","modified_gmt":"2024-04-29T23:09:26","slug":"research-methods","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/chapter\/research-methods\/","title":{"raw":"Research Methods","rendered":"Research Methods"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe methods for collecting research data (including observation, survey, case study, content analysis, and secondary content analysis)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nWe have just learned about some of the various models and objectives of research in lifespan development. Now we'll dig deeper to understand the methods and techniques used to describe, explain, or evaluate behavior.\r\n\r\nAll types of research methods have unique strengths and weaknesses, and each method may only be appropriate for certain types of research questions. For example, studies that rely primarily on observation produce incredible amounts of information, but the ability to apply this information to the larger population is somewhat limited because of small sample sizes. Survey research, on the other hand, allows researchers to easily collect data from relatively large samples. While this allows for results to be generalized to the larger population more easily, the information that can be collected on any given survey is somewhat limited and subject to problems associated with any type of self-reported data. Some researchers conduct archival research by using existing records. While this can be a fairly inexpensive way to collect data that can provide insight into a number of research questions, researchers using this approach have no control on how or what kind of data was collected.\r\n<h2>Types of Descriptive Research<\/h2>\r\n<h3>Observation<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Observational studies<\/strong>, also called naturalistic observation,\u00a0involve watching and recording the actions of participants. This may take place in the natural setting, such as observing children at play\u00a0in a park, or behind a one-way glass while children are at play in a laboratory playroom.\u00a0The researcher may follow a checklist and record the frequency and duration of events (perhaps how many conflicts occur among 2-year-olds) or may observe and record as much as possible about an event as a participant (such as attending an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting and recording the slogans on the walls, the structure of the meeting, the expressions commonly used, etc.).\u00a0The researcher may be a participant or a non-participant.\u00a0What would be the strengths of being a participant?\u00a0What would be the weaknesses?\r\n\r\nIn general, observational studies have the strength of allowing the researcher to see how people behave rather than relying on self-report. One weakness of self-report studies is that what people do and what they say they do are often very different.\u00a0A major weakness of observational studies is that they do not allow the researcher to explain causal relationships.\u00a0Yet, observational studies are useful and widely used when studying children. It is important to remember that\u00a0most people tend to change their behavior when they know they are being watched (known as the <strong>Hawthorne effect<\/strong>) and children may not survey well.\r\n<h3>Case Studies<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Case studies\u00a0<\/strong>involve exploring a single case or situation in great detail.\u00a0Information may be gathered with the use of observation, interviews, testing, or other methods to uncover as much as possible about a person or situation.\u00a0Case studies are helpful when investigating unusual situations such as brain trauma or children reared in isolation.\u00a0And they are often used by clinicians who conduct case studies as part of their normal practice when gathering information about a client or patient coming in for treatment.\u00a0Case studies can be used to explore areas about which little is known and can provide rich detail about situations or conditions.\u00a0However, the findings from case studies cannot be\u00a0generalized\u00a0or applied to larger populations; this is because cases are not randomly selected and no control group is used for comparison.\u00a0(Read <em>The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat<\/em> by Dr. Oliver Sacks as a good example of the case study approach.)\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4031\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2014\/09\/26162324\/survey-1594962.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-4031 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2014\/09\/26162324\/survey-1594962-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"A person is checking off boxes on a paper survey\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 1. <\/strong>A survey is a common tool for collecting research data.[\/caption]\r\n<h3>Surveys<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Surveys<\/strong>\u00a0are familiar to most people because they are so widely used.\u00a0Surveys enhance accessibility to subjects because they can be conducted in person, over the phone, through the mail, or online.\u00a0A survey involves asking a standard set of questions to a group of subjects.\u00a0In a highly structured survey, subjects are forced to choose from a response set such as \u201cstrongly disagree, disagree, undecided, agree, strongly agree\u201d; or \u201c0, 1-5, 6-10, etc.\u201d\u00a0Surveys are commonly used by sociologists, marketing researchers, political scientists, therapists, and others to gather information on many variables in a relatively short period of time.\u00a0Surveys typically yield surface information on a wide variety of factors, but may not allow for an in-depth understanding of human behavior.\r\n\r\nOf course, surveys can be designed in a\u00a0number of ways.\u00a0They\u00a0may include\u00a0forced-choice\u00a0questions and\u00a0semi-structured questions\u00a0in which the researcher allows the respondent to describe or give details about certain events.\u00a0One of the most difficult aspects of designing a good survey is wording questions in an unbiased way and asking the right questions so that respondents can give a clear response rather than choosing \u201cundecided\u201d each time.\u00a0Knowing that 30% of respondents are undecided is of little use!\u00a0So a lot of time and effort should be placed on the construction of survey items.\u00a0One of the benefits of having forced-choice items is that each response is coded so that the results can be quickly entered and analyzed using statistical software. The analysis takes much longer when respondents give lengthy responses that must be analyzed in a different way.\u00a0Surveys are useful in examining stated values, attitudes, opinions, and reporting on practices.\u00a0However, they are based on\u00a0self-report, or what people say they do rather than on observation, and this can limit accuracy. <strong>Validity<\/strong> refers to accuracy and <strong>reliability<\/strong> refers to consistency in responses to tests and other measures; great care is taken to ensure the validity and reliability of surveys.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>watch it<\/h3>\r\nIn this video, Harvard psychologist Dan Gilbert explains survey research that was conducted to explore the way our preferences change over time.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XNbaR54Gpj4\r\n\r\nYou can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Lifespan+Development\/Transcriptions\/ThePsychologyOfYourFutureSelfDanGilbert_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for \"The psychology of your future self | Dan Gilbert\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Content Analysis<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Content analysis\u00a0<\/strong>involves looking at media such as old texts, pictures, commercials, lyrics or other materials to explore patterns or themes in culture. An example of content analysis is the classic history of childhood by Aries (1962) called \"Centuries of Childhood\" or the analysis of television commercials for sexual or violent content or for ageism.\u00a0Passages in text or television programs can be randomly selected for analysis as well. Again, one advantage of analyzing work such as this is that the researcher does not have to go through the time and expense of finding respondents, but the researcher cannot know how accurately the media reflects the actions and sentiments of the population.\r\n\r\n<strong>Secondary content analysis,<\/strong> or archival research,\u00a0involves analyzing information that has already been collected or examining documents or media to uncover attitudes, practices or preferences.\u00a0There are a number of data sets available to those who wish to conduct this type of research.\u00a0The researcher conducting secondary analysis does not have to recruit subjects but does need to know the quality of the information collected in the original study. And unfortunately, the researcher is limited to the questions asked and data collected originally.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\r\nU.S. Census Data is available and widely used to look at trends and changes taking place in the United States (visit the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.census.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">United States Census website<\/a> and check it out).\u00a0There are also a number of other agencies that collect data on family life, sexuality, and on many other areas of interest in human development (go to the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.norc.uchicago.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NORC at the University of Chicago website<\/a>\u00a0or the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.kff.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation website\u00a0<\/a>and see what you find.).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/2d2bd259-d0ea-469c-a793-e7996e6b8175\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>glossary<\/h3>\r\n[glossary-page]\r\n[glossary-term]case study:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]exploring a single case or situation in great detail. Information may be gathered with the use of observation, interviews, testing, or other methods to uncover as much as possible about a person or situation[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]content analysis:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]involves looking at media such as old texts, pictures, commercials, lyrics or other materials to explore patterns or themes in culture[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]Hawthorne effect:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]individuals tend to change their behavior when they know they are being watched[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]observational studies:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]also called naturalistic observation, involves watching and recording the actions of participants[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]reliability:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]when something yields consistent results[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]secondary content analysis:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]archival research, involves analyzing information that has already been collected or examining documents or media to uncover attitudes, practices or preferences[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]survey:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]asking a standard set of questions to a group of subjects[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]validity:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]when something yields accurate results[\/glossary-definition]\r\n[\/glossary-page]\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe methods for collecting research data (including observation, survey, case study, content analysis, and secondary content analysis)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>We have just learned about some of the various models and objectives of research in lifespan development. Now we&#8217;ll dig deeper to understand the methods and techniques used to describe, explain, or evaluate behavior.<\/p>\n<p>All types of research methods have unique strengths and weaknesses, and each method may only be appropriate for certain types of research questions. For example, studies that rely primarily on observation produce incredible amounts of information, but the ability to apply this information to the larger population is somewhat limited because of small sample sizes. Survey research, on the other hand, allows researchers to easily collect data from relatively large samples. While this allows for results to be generalized to the larger population more easily, the information that can be collected on any given survey is somewhat limited and subject to problems associated with any type of self-reported data. Some researchers conduct archival research by using existing records. While this can be a fairly inexpensive way to collect data that can provide insight into a number of research questions, researchers using this approach have no control on how or what kind of data was collected.<\/p>\n<h2>Types of Descriptive Research<\/h2>\n<h3>Observation<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Observational studies<\/strong>, also called naturalistic observation,\u00a0involve watching and recording the actions of participants. This may take place in the natural setting, such as observing children at play\u00a0in a park, or behind a one-way glass while children are at play in a laboratory playroom.\u00a0The researcher may follow a checklist and record the frequency and duration of events (perhaps how many conflicts occur among 2-year-olds) or may observe and record as much as possible about an event as a participant (such as attending an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting and recording the slogans on the walls, the structure of the meeting, the expressions commonly used, etc.).\u00a0The researcher may be a participant or a non-participant.\u00a0What would be the strengths of being a participant?\u00a0What would be the weaknesses?<\/p>\n<p>In general, observational studies have the strength of allowing the researcher to see how people behave rather than relying on self-report. One weakness of self-report studies is that what people do and what they say they do are often very different.\u00a0A major weakness of observational studies is that they do not allow the researcher to explain causal relationships.\u00a0Yet, observational studies are useful and widely used when studying children. It is important to remember that\u00a0most people tend to change their behavior when they know they are being watched (known as the <strong>Hawthorne effect<\/strong>) and children may not survey well.<\/p>\n<h3>Case Studies<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Case studies\u00a0<\/strong>involve exploring a single case or situation in great detail.\u00a0Information may be gathered with the use of observation, interviews, testing, or other methods to uncover as much as possible about a person or situation.\u00a0Case studies are helpful when investigating unusual situations such as brain trauma or children reared in isolation.\u00a0And they are often used by clinicians who conduct case studies as part of their normal practice when gathering information about a client or patient coming in for treatment.\u00a0Case studies can be used to explore areas about which little is known and can provide rich detail about situations or conditions.\u00a0However, the findings from case studies cannot be\u00a0generalized\u00a0or applied to larger populations; this is because cases are not randomly selected and no control group is used for comparison.\u00a0(Read <em>The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat<\/em> by Dr. Oliver Sacks as a good example of the case study approach.)<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_4031\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2014\/09\/26162324\/survey-1594962.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4031\" class=\"wp-image-4031 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2014\/09\/26162324\/survey-1594962-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"A person is checking off boxes on a paper survey\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-4031\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1. <\/strong>A survey is a common tool for collecting research data.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Surveys<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Surveys<\/strong>\u00a0are familiar to most people because they are so widely used.\u00a0Surveys enhance accessibility to subjects because they can be conducted in person, over the phone, through the mail, or online.\u00a0A survey involves asking a standard set of questions to a group of subjects.\u00a0In a highly structured survey, subjects are forced to choose from a response set such as \u201cstrongly disagree, disagree, undecided, agree, strongly agree\u201d; or \u201c0, 1-5, 6-10, etc.\u201d\u00a0Surveys are commonly used by sociologists, marketing researchers, political scientists, therapists, and others to gather information on many variables in a relatively short period of time.\u00a0Surveys typically yield surface information on a wide variety of factors, but may not allow for an in-depth understanding of human behavior.<\/p>\n<p>Of course, surveys can be designed in a\u00a0number of ways.\u00a0They\u00a0may include\u00a0forced-choice\u00a0questions and\u00a0semi-structured questions\u00a0in which the researcher allows the respondent to describe or give details about certain events.\u00a0One of the most difficult aspects of designing a good survey is wording questions in an unbiased way and asking the right questions so that respondents can give a clear response rather than choosing \u201cundecided\u201d each time.\u00a0Knowing that 30% of respondents are undecided is of little use!\u00a0So a lot of time and effort should be placed on the construction of survey items.\u00a0One of the benefits of having forced-choice items is that each response is coded so that the results can be quickly entered and analyzed using statistical software. The analysis takes much longer when respondents give lengthy responses that must be analyzed in a different way.\u00a0Surveys are useful in examining stated values, attitudes, opinions, and reporting on practices.\u00a0However, they are based on\u00a0self-report, or what people say they do rather than on observation, and this can limit accuracy. <strong>Validity<\/strong> refers to accuracy and <strong>reliability<\/strong> refers to consistency in responses to tests and other measures; great care is taken to ensure the validity and reliability of surveys.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>watch it<\/h3>\n<p>In this video, Harvard psychologist Dan Gilbert explains survey research that was conducted to explore the way our preferences change over time.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"The psychology of your future self | Dan Gilbert\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/XNbaR54Gpj4?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Lifespan+Development\/Transcriptions\/ThePsychologyOfYourFutureSelfDanGilbert_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for &#8220;The psychology of your future self | Dan Gilbert&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Content Analysis<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Content analysis\u00a0<\/strong>involves looking at media such as old texts, pictures, commercials, lyrics or other materials to explore patterns or themes in culture. An example of content analysis is the classic history of childhood by Aries (1962) called &#8220;Centuries of Childhood&#8221; or the analysis of television commercials for sexual or violent content or for ageism.\u00a0Passages in text or television programs can be randomly selected for analysis as well. Again, one advantage of analyzing work such as this is that the researcher does not have to go through the time and expense of finding respondents, but the researcher cannot know how accurately the media reflects the actions and sentiments of the population.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Secondary content analysis,<\/strong> or archival research,\u00a0involves analyzing information that has already been collected or examining documents or media to uncover attitudes, practices or preferences.\u00a0There are a number of data sets available to those who wish to conduct this type of research.\u00a0The researcher conducting secondary analysis does not have to recruit subjects but does need to know the quality of the information collected in the original study. And unfortunately, the researcher is limited to the questions asked and data collected originally.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\n<p>U.S. Census Data is available and widely used to look at trends and changes taking place in the United States (visit the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.census.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">United States Census website<\/a> and check it out).\u00a0There are also a number of other agencies that collect data on family life, sexuality, and on many other areas of interest in human development (go to the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.norc.uchicago.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NORC at the University of Chicago website<\/a>\u00a0or the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.kff.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation website\u00a0<\/a>and see what you find.).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_2d2bd259-d0ea-469c-a793-e7996e6b8175\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/2d2bd259-d0ea-469c-a793-e7996e6b8175?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_2d2bd259-d0ea-469c-a793-e7996e6b8175\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>glossary<\/h3>\n<div class=\"titlepage\">\n<dl>\n<dt>case study:<\/dt>\n<dd>exploring a single case or situation in great detail. Information may be gathered with the use of observation, interviews, testing, or other methods to uncover as much as possible about a person or situation<\/dd>\n<dt>content analysis:<\/dt>\n<dd>involves looking at media such as old texts, pictures, commercials, lyrics or other materials to explore patterns or themes in culture<\/dd>\n<dt>Hawthorne effect:<\/dt>\n<dd>individuals tend to change their behavior when they know they are being watched<\/dd>\n<dt>observational studies:<\/dt>\n<dd>also called naturalistic observation, involves watching and recording the actions of participants<\/dd>\n<dt>reliability:<\/dt>\n<dd>when something yields consistent results<\/dd>\n<dt>secondary content analysis:<\/dt>\n<dd>archival research, involves analyzing information that has already been collected or examining documents or media to uncover attitudes, practices or preferences<\/dd>\n<dt>survey:<\/dt>\n<dd>asking a standard set of questions to a group of subjects<\/dd>\n<dt>validity:<\/dt>\n<dd>when something yields accurate results<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-112\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Psyc 200 Lifespan Psychology. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Laura Overstreet. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/opencourselibrary.org\/econ-201\/\">http:\/\/opencourselibrary.org\/econ-201\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>magnifying glass. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: nachar. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/en\/magnifying-glass-magnifier-glass-189254\/\">https:\/\/pixabay.com\/en\/magnifying-glass-magnifier-glass-189254\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Survey. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Andreas Breitling. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/images\/id-1594962\/\">https:\/\/pixabay.com\/images\/id-1594962\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>The psychology of your future self | Dan Gilbert. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: TED. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XNbaR54Gpj4\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XNbaR54Gpj4<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":74,"menu_order":9,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Psyc 200 Lifespan Psychology\",\"author\":\"Laura Overstreet\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/opencourselibrary.org\/econ-201\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"magnifying glass\",\"author\":\"nachar\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/en\/magnifying-glass-magnifier-glass-189254\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc0\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Survey\",\"author\":\"Andreas Breitling\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/images\/id-1594962\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc0\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"The psychology of your future self | Dan Gilbert\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"TED\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XNbaR54Gpj4\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"8e939aed-3d60-4323-8a56-21bdd16a4400, 8f4546b1-3dd2-42b6-94e2-9ee0f0c76eed","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-112","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":51,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/112","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/74"}],"version-history":[{"count":68,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/112\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7719,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/112\/revisions\/7719"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/51"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/112\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=112"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=112"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=112"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=112"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}