{"id":1514,"date":"2019-01-11T19:37:17","date_gmt":"2019-01-11T19:37:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1514"},"modified":"2024-04-30T19:51:50","modified_gmt":"2024-04-30T19:51:50","slug":"the-graying-population-and-life-expectancy","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/chapter\/the-graying-population-and-life-expectancy\/","title":{"raw":"The \"Graying\" Population and Life Expectancy","rendered":"The &#8220;Graying&#8221; Population and Life Expectancy"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n \t<li>Explain trends in life expectancies, including factors that contribute to longer life<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\">The \"Graying\" of America<\/h2>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The term \u201cgraying of America\u201d refers to the fact that the\u00a0American\u00a0population is steadily becoming more dominated by older people. In other words, the median age of\u00a0Americans\u00a0is going up.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<section>\r\n<div class=\"uscb-text-image-text uscb-text-media-text uscb-padding-LR-0\">\r\n\r\nAccording to the U.S. Census Bureau\u2019s\u00a02017 National Population Projections, the year 2030 marks an important demographic turning point in U.S. history.\u00a0By 2030, all baby boomers will be older than age 65. This will expand the size of the older population so that 1 in every 5 residents will be retirement age. And by 2035, it's projected that there will be 76.7 million people under the age of 18 but 78 million people above the age of 65. [footnote]US Census Bureau. (2018, October 05). Population Projections. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/popproj.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/popproj.html<\/a>[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2227\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"484\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/01\/05161802\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-05-at-8.17.40-AM.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-2227\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/01\/05161802\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-05-at-8.17.40-AM.png\" alt=\"United States population data by age group from the U.S. Census Bureau that show population in 1960 as a pyramid shape (wide base, narrow top) with the largest population groups being between 0 and 4 years old, 5 and 9 years old, and 10 and 14 years old. The number of people in age groups decreases as ages rise above forty to forty five years, showing the age group eighty-five plus years old being the smallest population. In contrast, the projected ages for the year 2060 show a pillar-like shape instead of a pyramid, with roughly similar numbers of children, adults, and elderly.\" width=\"484\" height=\"508\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. 2030 marks an important demographic change as international migration is expected to overtake natural increase in the United States.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe 2030s are projected to be a transformative decade for the U.S. population. The population is expected to grow at a slower pace, age considerably and become more racially and ethnically diverse. Net international migration is projected to overtake natural increase in 2030 as the primary driver of population growth in the United States, another demographic first for the United States.\r\n\r\nAlthough births are projected to be nearly four times larger than the level of net international migration in coming decades, a rising number of deaths will increasingly offset how much births are able to contribute to population growth. Between 2020 and 2050, the number of deaths is projected to rise substantially as the population ages and a significant share of the population, the baby boomers, age into older adulthood. As a result, the population will naturally grow very slowly, leaving net international migration to overtake natural increase as the leading cause of population growth, even as projected levels of migration remain relatively constant.[footnote]US Census Bureau. (2018, December 03). Older People Projected to Outnumber Children. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.census.gov\/newsroom\/press-releases\/2018\/cb18-41-population-projections.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.census.gov\/newsroom\/press-releases\/2018\/cb18-41-population-projections.html<\/a>[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\">\"Graying\" Around the World<\/h2>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">While the world's oldest countries are mostly in Europe today, some Asian and Latin American countries are quickly catching up.\u00a0The percentage of the population\u00a0aged 65 and over in 2015 ranged\u00a0from a high of 26.6 percent for\u00a0Japan to a low of around 1 percent for Qatar and United Arab\u00a0Emirates. Of the world\u2019s 25 oldest\u00a0countries, 22 are in Europe, with Germany\u00a0and\u00a0Italy leading the ranks of European\u00a0countries for many years (He, Goodkind, and Kowal, 2015).<\/p>\r\nBy 2050, Slovenia and\u00a0Bulgaria are projected to be the oldest European countries.\u00a0Japan, however, is currently the\u00a0oldest nation in the world and is\u00a0projected to retain this position\u00a0through at least 2050. With the\u00a0rapid aging taking place in Asia, the countries of South Korea, Hong Kong, and\u00a0Taiwan are projected to join Japan at the top\u00a0of the list of oldest countries and\u00a0areas by 2050, when more than\u00a0one-third of these Asian countries\u2019\u00a0total populations are projected\u00a0to be aged 65 and over.[footnote]He, Wan, Daniel Goodking, and Paul Kowal. An Aging World: 2015. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.census.gov\/content\/dam\/Census\/library\/publications\/2016\/demo\/p95-16-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.census.gov\/content\/dam\/Census\/library\/publications\/2016\/demo\/p95-16-1.pdf<\/a>.[\/footnote]\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\">Life Expectancy<\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><strong>Life expectancy<\/strong>\u00a0is a statistical measure of the average time an organism is expected to live, based on the year of birth, current age and other\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"color: #333333;\" title=\"Demographic\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Demographic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">demographic<\/a>\u00a0factors including gender. The most commonly used measure of life expectancy is at birth (LEB).\u00a0There are great variations in life expectancy in different parts of the world, mos<\/span>tly due to\u00a0differenc<span style=\"color: #333333;\">es in public health, medical care, and diet, but also affected by education, economic circumstances, violence, mental health, and sex.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2769\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"665\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/01\/25142306\/1280px-Countries_by_average_life_expectancy_2015.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-2769 \" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/01\/25142306\/1280px-Countries_by_average_life_expectancy_2015.png\" alt=\"World map of life expectancies, showing lower expectancies concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa ang longer lifespans in Canada, much of Western Europe, Japan, and Australia.\" width=\"665\" height=\"391\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. Life expectancies around the world in 2015.[\/caption]\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Life Expectancy in the United States<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #333333;\">According to the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), life expectancy in the U.S. now stands at 78.7 years.\u00a0Women continue to outlive men, with life expectancy being 76.3 years for males, and 81.1 years for females. Life expectancy varies according to race and ethnicity. It is highest for Hispanics, for both males and females, and lower for blacks than for whites or Hispanics.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2770\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"560\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/01\/26022831\/db244_fig1.gif\"><img class=\"wp-image-2770 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/01\/26022831\/db244_fig1.gif\" alt=\"Life expectancy for all origins was 78.8 years in 2013 and 78.8 years in 2014. Life expectancy for hispanic people was 81.6 years in 2013 and 81.8 in 2014. Life expectancy for non-hispanic white people was 78.9 years in 2013 and 78.8 years in 2014. Life expectancy for non-hispanic black people was 75.1 years in 2013 and 75.2 years in 2014.\" width=\"560\" height=\"339\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. Life expectancy at birth, by race and Hispanic origin: United States, 2013 and 2014. From\u00a0CDC\/NCHS, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality.[\/caption]\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #333333;\">Statistics from the U.S. Census Bureau reveal that the 85-and over age group is the fastest-growing age group in America.\u00a0According to the Census Bureau and\u00a0<a style=\"color: #333333;\" href=\"https:\/\/agingstats.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AgingStats.gov<\/a>, the over-65 population grew from 3 million in 1900 to 40 million in 2010, an increase of more than 1200%. But during this same time, the over-85 population grew from just over 100,000 in 1900 to 5.5 million in 2010\u2013an increase of 5400%!<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3536\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"628\"]<img class=\"wp-image-3536 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/01\/17142037\/aging-85-and-over.gif\" alt=\"Graph of two populations: those age 65 and older, and those age 85 and over. Population numbers between years 1990 and 2020 are shown, and projected population numbers from 2020 to 2050 are shown. Population over 65 years of age increased greatly from around 10 million in 1950 to around 55 million in 2020. There is a major increase in population aged 65 and older predicted, from about 55 million in 2020 to nearly 100 million by 2050.\" width=\"628\" height=\"494\" \/> <strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. The population of people over 65 is projected to grow significantly in the coming decades.\u00a0Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/partners4prosperity.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/aging-85-and-over.gif.[\/caption]\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #333333;\">When ca<\/span>lculating life expectancy, we consider all of the elements of heredity, health history, current health habits, and current life experiences\u00a0which\u00a0contribute to a longer life or subtract from a person\u2019s life expectancy. Recent studies concluded that cutting calorie intake by 15 percent over two years can slow aging and protect against diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer\u2019s.[footnote]Lea<span style=\"color: #333333;\">nne M. Redman, Steven R. Smith, Jeffrey H. Burton, Corby K. Martin, Dora Il'yasova, Eric Ravussin (April 2018). Metabolic Slowing and Reduced Oxidative Damage with Sustained Caloric Restriction Support the Rate of Living and Oxidative Damage Theories of Aging.Cell Metabolism. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cell.com\/cell-metabolism\/fulltext\/S1550-4131(18)30130-X?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS155041311830130X%3Fshowall%3Dtrue\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.cell.com\/cell-metabolism\/fulltext\/S1550-4131(18)30130-X?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS155041311830130X%3Fshowall%3Dtrue<\/a>[\/footnote]\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Some life factors\u00a0are beyond\u00a0a person's\u00a0control, and some are controllable. The rising cost of health care is a source of financial vulnerability to older adults.\u00a0Vaccines are especially important for older adults. As you get older you\u2019re more likely to get diseases like the flu, pneumonia, and shingles, and to have complications that can lead to long-term illness, hospitalization, and even death.<\/p>\r\nThings that contribute to longer life expectancies include eating a healthy diet that is rich in plants and nuts. Staying physically active, not smoking, and consuming moderate amounts of alcohol, tea, or coffee are also reported to be beneficial to leading a long life. Other recommendations include being conscientious, prioritizing your happiness, avoiding stress and anxiety, and having a strong social support network. Establishing a consistent sleep schedule and maintaining between 7-8 hours of sleep per night is also beneficial.[footnote]Petre, Alina (April 2019).\u00a013 Habits Linked to a Long Life (Backed by Science. <em>Healthline<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/nutrition\/13-habits-linked-to-a-long-life.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nA major reason a person will statistically live longer once they reach an older age is simply that they have made it this far without anything killing them.\u00a0Also, there appears to be several factors\u00a0which\u00a0may explain changes in life\u00a0expectancy\u00a0in the United States and around the world\u2014h<span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">ealth conditions are better, m<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">any diseases have been eliminated\u00a0or better controlled through medicine, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">working conditions are better and\u00a0b<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">etter lifestyles choices are being made.\u00a0Such factors significantly contribute to longer life expectancies.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Life Expectancy Tables<\/h3>\r\nSometimes referred to as mortality tables, death charts or actuarial life tables, these life expectancy tables\u00a0are strictly statistical, and do not take into consideration any personal health information or lifestyle information. Take a look at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lifeexpectancycalculators.com\/life-expectancy-tables\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">life expectancy tables on the\u00a0Life Expectancy Calculators website<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/2819125e-1e3b-4090-8c38-bc941d71a7f6\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Understanding Life Expectancy<\/h2>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #333333;\">Life expectancy\u00a0is also used in describing the physi<\/span>cal\u00a0quality of life.\u00a0<strong>Quality of life\u00a0<\/strong>is the general well-being of individuals and societies, outlining negative and positive features of life.\u00a0Quality of life considers\u00a0lif<span style=\"color: #333333;\">e satisfaction, including everything from physical health, family, education, employment, wealth, safety, security, freedom, religious beliefs, and the environment.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_934\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"426\"]<img class=\"wp-image-934\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2016\/03\/17011807\/oldexercise.png\" alt=\"Graphs showing the participation of men and women in aerobic and muscle-strengthening activities, between the years of 1999 and 2009, divided into age groups. Over 20% of men between 18-44 exercise, between 15-20% of men between 45-64 exercise, and close to 10% for men over 65 exercise. Women's raters are lower, with around 20% for those between 18-44 exercising, between 15-20% between 45-64 exercising, then under 10% for women over 65 exercising.\" width=\"426\" height=\"314\" \/> <strong>Figure 5<\/strong>. Physical activity remains low for those above age 65, although exercise can have tremendous health benefits and result in longer life expectancy.[\/caption]\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #333333;\">Increased life expectancy brings concern over the health and independence of those living longer. Greater attention is now being given to the number of years a person can expect to live without disability, which is called <strong>active life expectancy<\/strong>.\u00a0When this distinction is made, we see that although women live longer than men, they are more at risk of living with disability (Weitz, 2007).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">What factors co<span style=\"color: #333333;\">ntribute to poor health in women?\u00a0Marriage has been linked to longevity, but spending years in a stressful marriage<\/span> can increase the risk of illness.\u00a0This negative effect is experienced more by women than men and seems to accumulate through the years.\u00a0The impact of a stressful marriage\u00a0on health may not occur until a woman reaches 70 or older (Umberson, Williams, et. al., 2006). Sexism\u00a0can also create chronic stress.\u00a0The stress experienced by women as they work outside the home as well as care for family members can also ultimately have a negative impact on health (He et als, 2005).<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The shorter life expectancy for men in general, is attributed to greater stress, poorer attention to health, more involvement in dangerous occupations, and higher rates of death due to accidents, homicide, and suicide.\u00a0Social support can increase longevity.\u00a0For men, life expectancy and health seems to improve with marriage. Spouses are less likely to engage in risky health practices and wives are more likely to monitor their husband's diet and health regimes. But men who live in stressful marriages can also experience poorer health as a result.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Health and Sexuality<\/h2>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><span style=\"color: #333333;\">It has been suggested that an active sex life can inc<\/span><\/span>rease longevity.[footnote]Castleman, Michael. The Prescription for a Longer Life? More Sex. Psychology Today. Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/blog\/all-about-sex\/201705\/the-prescription-longer-life-more-sex.[\/footnote]\u00a0<span style=\"color: #993300;\"><span style=\"color: #333333;\">Dr. Maggie Syme found in her research on sexuality in old age that, \"Having a sexual partnership, with frequent sexual expression, having a good quality sex life, and being interested in sex have been found to be positively associated with health among middle-aged and older adults.\"[footnote]Syme, Maggie. (2014). The evolving concept of older adult sexual behavior and its benefits. <em style=\"color: #333333;\">Generations<\/em>. 38. 35-41.[\/footnote]\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Positive sexual health in older age is gradually becoming more of a common topic and less taboo.\u00a0Population percentage\u00a0increase\u00a0among older Americans\u00a0has resulted in\u00a0placing more attention on the needs of this age group, including their ideas on sexual health, desires, and attitudes. This shift in attitudes and behaviors, combined with medical advances to prolong a sexually active life, has changed the landscape of aging sexuality.<span style=\"color: #993300;\"><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #333333;\">There are a number of associated health benefits with practicing positive sexual health. Positive sexual health often acts as a de-stressor promoting increased relaxation. Researchers also report health benefits such as decreased pain sensitivity, improved cardiovascular health, lower levels of depression, increased self-esteem, and better relationship satisfaction.\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_3-2\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>This could also imply that there are negative consequences of poor sexual health or lack of sexual activity, <\/span><span style=\"color: #333333;\">including depression, low self-esteem, increased frustration, and loneliness.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Key players in improving the quality of life among older adults are the adults themselves.\u00a0By exercising, reducing stress, not smoking, limiting use of alcohol,\u00a0consuming more fruits and vegetables, and eating less meat and dairy, older adults can expect to live longer and more active lives (He et. als, 2005).\u00a0<span style=\"color: #333333;\">Regular exercise is also associated with a lower risk of developing neurodegenerative disorders, especially Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Stress reduction both in late adulthood and earlier in life is also crucial.\u00a0The reduction of societal stressors can prom<\/span>ote active life expectancy. In the last 40 years, smoking rates have decreased, but obesity has increased, and physical activity has only modestly increased.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/a8bae947-4856-4fd2-a47f-75b5f0e83830\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Glossary<\/h3>\r\n[glossary-page]\r\n[glossary-term]active life expectancy:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]the number of years a person can expect to live without disability[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]life expectancy:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]a statistical measure of the average time an organism is expected to live, based on the year of its birth, its current age and other\u00a0demographic\u00a0factors including gender[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]quality of life:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]the general well-being of individuals and societies, including life satisfaction, physical health, family, education, employment, wealth, safety, security, freedom, religious beliefs, and the environment[\/glossary-definition]\r\n[\/glossary-page]\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li>Explain trends in life expectancies, including factors that contribute to longer life<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\">The &#8220;Graying&#8221; of America<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The term \u201cgraying of America\u201d refers to the fact that the\u00a0American\u00a0population is steadily becoming more dominated by older people. In other words, the median age of\u00a0Americans\u00a0is going up.<\/p>\n<section>\n<div class=\"uscb-text-image-text uscb-text-media-text uscb-padding-LR-0\">\n<p>According to the U.S. Census Bureau\u2019s\u00a02017 National Population Projections, the year 2030 marks an important demographic turning point in U.S. history.\u00a0By 2030, all baby boomers will be older than age 65. This will expand the size of the older population so that 1 in every 5 residents will be retirement age. And by 2035, it&#8217;s projected that there will be 76.7 million people under the age of 18 but 78 million people above the age of 65. <a class=\"footnote\" title=\"US Census Bureau. (2018, October 05). Population Projections. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/popproj.html\" id=\"return-footnote-1514-1\" href=\"#footnote-1514-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2227\" style=\"width: 494px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/01\/05161802\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-05-at-8.17.40-AM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2227\" class=\"wp-image-2227\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/01\/05161802\/Screen-Shot-2019-03-05-at-8.17.40-AM.png\" alt=\"United States population data by age group from the U.S. Census Bureau that show population in 1960 as a pyramid shape (wide base, narrow top) with the largest population groups being between 0 and 4 years old, 5 and 9 years old, and 10 and 14 years old. The number of people in age groups decreases as ages rise above forty to forty five years, showing the age group eighty-five plus years old being the smallest population. In contrast, the projected ages for the year 2060 show a pillar-like shape instead of a pyramid, with roughly similar numbers of children, adults, and elderly.\" width=\"484\" height=\"508\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2227\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. 2030 marks an important demographic change as international migration is expected to overtake natural increase in the United States.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The 2030s are projected to be a transformative decade for the U.S. population. The population is expected to grow at a slower pace, age considerably and become more racially and ethnically diverse. Net international migration is projected to overtake natural increase in 2030 as the primary driver of population growth in the United States, another demographic first for the United States.<\/p>\n<p>Although births are projected to be nearly four times larger than the level of net international migration in coming decades, a rising number of deaths will increasingly offset how much births are able to contribute to population growth. Between 2020 and 2050, the number of deaths is projected to rise substantially as the population ages and a significant share of the population, the baby boomers, age into older adulthood. As a result, the population will naturally grow very slowly, leaving net international migration to overtake natural increase as the leading cause of population growth, even as projected levels of migration remain relatively constant.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"US Census Bureau. (2018, December 03). Older People Projected to Outnumber Children. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.census.gov\/newsroom\/press-releases\/2018\/cb18-41-population-projections.html\" id=\"return-footnote-1514-2\" href=\"#footnote-1514-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\">&#8220;Graying&#8221; Around the World<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">While the world&#8217;s oldest countries are mostly in Europe today, some Asian and Latin American countries are quickly catching up.\u00a0The percentage of the population\u00a0aged 65 and over in 2015 ranged\u00a0from a high of 26.6 percent for\u00a0Japan to a low of around 1 percent for Qatar and United Arab\u00a0Emirates. Of the world\u2019s 25 oldest\u00a0countries, 22 are in Europe, with Germany\u00a0and\u00a0Italy leading the ranks of European\u00a0countries for many years (He, Goodkind, and Kowal, 2015).<\/p>\n<p>By 2050, Slovenia and\u00a0Bulgaria are projected to be the oldest European countries.\u00a0Japan, however, is currently the\u00a0oldest nation in the world and is\u00a0projected to retain this position\u00a0through at least 2050. With the\u00a0rapid aging taking place in Asia, the countries of South Korea, Hong Kong, and\u00a0Taiwan are projected to join Japan at the top\u00a0of the list of oldest countries and\u00a0areas by 2050, when more than\u00a0one-third of these Asian countries\u2019\u00a0total populations are projected\u00a0to be aged 65 and over.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"He, Wan, Daniel Goodking, and Paul Kowal. An Aging World: 2015. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.census.gov\/content\/dam\/Census\/library\/publications\/2016\/demo\/p95-16-1.pdf.\" id=\"return-footnote-1514-3\" href=\"#footnote-1514-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\">Life Expectancy<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><strong>Life expectancy<\/strong>\u00a0is a statistical measure of the average time an organism is expected to live, based on the year of birth, current age and other\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"color: #333333;\" title=\"Demographic\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Demographic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">demographic<\/a>\u00a0factors including gender. The most commonly used measure of life expectancy is at birth (LEB).\u00a0There are great variations in life expectancy in different parts of the world, mos<\/span>tly due to\u00a0differenc<span style=\"color: #333333;\">es in public health, medical care, and diet, but also affected by education, economic circumstances, violence, mental health, and sex.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2769\" style=\"width: 675px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/01\/25142306\/1280px-Countries_by_average_life_expectancy_2015.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2769\" class=\"wp-image-2769\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/01\/25142306\/1280px-Countries_by_average_life_expectancy_2015.png\" alt=\"World map of life expectancies, showing lower expectancies concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa ang longer lifespans in Canada, much of Western Europe, Japan, and Australia.\" width=\"665\" height=\"391\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2769\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. Life expectancies around the world in 2015.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Life Expectancy in the United States<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #333333;\">According to the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), life expectancy in the U.S. now stands at 78.7 years.\u00a0Women continue to outlive men, with life expectancy being 76.3 years for males, and 81.1 years for females. Life expectancy varies according to race and ethnicity. It is highest for Hispanics, for both males and females, and lower for blacks than for whites or Hispanics.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2770\" style=\"width: 570px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/01\/26022831\/db244_fig1.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2770\" class=\"wp-image-2770 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/01\/26022831\/db244_fig1.gif\" alt=\"Life expectancy for all origins was 78.8 years in 2013 and 78.8 years in 2014. Life expectancy for hispanic people was 81.6 years in 2013 and 81.8 in 2014. Life expectancy for non-hispanic white people was 78.9 years in 2013 and 78.8 years in 2014. Life expectancy for non-hispanic black people was 75.1 years in 2013 and 75.2 years in 2014.\" width=\"560\" height=\"339\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2770\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. Life expectancy at birth, by race and Hispanic origin: United States, 2013 and 2014. From\u00a0CDC\/NCHS, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #333333;\">Statistics from the U.S. Census Bureau reveal that the 85-and over age group is the fastest-growing age group in America.\u00a0According to the Census Bureau and\u00a0<a style=\"color: #333333;\" href=\"https:\/\/agingstats.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AgingStats.gov<\/a>, the over-65 population grew from 3 million in 1900 to 40 million in 2010, an increase of more than 1200%. But during this same time, the over-85 population grew from just over 100,000 in 1900 to 5.5 million in 2010\u2013an increase of 5400%!<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_3536\" style=\"width: 638px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3536\" class=\"wp-image-3536 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/01\/17142037\/aging-85-and-over.gif\" alt=\"Graph of two populations: those age 65 and older, and those age 85 and over. Population numbers between years 1990 and 2020 are shown, and projected population numbers from 2020 to 2050 are shown. Population over 65 years of age increased greatly from around 10 million in 1950 to around 55 million in 2020. There is a major increase in population aged 65 and older predicted, from about 55 million in 2020 to nearly 100 million by 2050.\" width=\"628\" height=\"494\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-3536\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. The population of people over 65 is projected to grow significantly in the coming decades.\u00a0Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/partners4prosperity.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/aging-85-and-over.gif.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #333333;\">When ca<\/span>lculating life expectancy, we consider all of the elements of heredity, health history, current health habits, and current life experiences\u00a0which\u00a0contribute to a longer life or subtract from a person\u2019s life expectancy. Recent studies concluded that cutting calorie intake by 15 percent over two years can slow aging and protect against diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer\u2019s.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Leanne M. Redman, Steven R. Smith, Jeffrey H. Burton, Corby K. Martin, Dora Il'yasova, Eric Ravussin (April 2018). Metabolic Slowing and Reduced Oxidative Damage with Sustained Caloric Restriction Support the Rate of Living and Oxidative Damage Theories of Aging.Cell Metabolism. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cell.com\/cell-metabolism\/fulltext\/S1550-4131(18)30130-X?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS155041311830130X%3Fshowall%3Dtrue\" id=\"return-footnote-1514-4\" href=\"#footnote-1514-4\" aria-label=\"Footnote 4\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[4]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Some life factors\u00a0are beyond\u00a0a person&#8217;s\u00a0control, and some are controllable. The rising cost of health care is a source of financial vulnerability to older adults.\u00a0Vaccines are especially important for older adults. As you get older you\u2019re more likely to get diseases like the flu, pneumonia, and shingles, and to have complications that can lead to long-term illness, hospitalization, and even death.<\/p>\n<p>Things that contribute to longer life expectancies include eating a healthy diet that is rich in plants and nuts. Staying physically active, not smoking, and consuming moderate amounts of alcohol, tea, or coffee are also reported to be beneficial to leading a long life. Other recommendations include being conscientious, prioritizing your happiness, avoiding stress and anxiety, and having a strong social support network. Establishing a consistent sleep schedule and maintaining between 7-8 hours of sleep per night is also beneficial.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Petre, Alina (April 2019).\u00a013 Habits Linked to a Long Life (Backed by Science. Healthline. Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/nutrition\/13-habits-linked-to-a-long-life.\" id=\"return-footnote-1514-5\" href=\"#footnote-1514-5\" aria-label=\"Footnote 5\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>A major reason a person will statistically live longer once they reach an older age is simply that they have made it this far without anything killing them.\u00a0Also, there appears to be several factors\u00a0which\u00a0may explain changes in life\u00a0expectancy\u00a0in the United States and around the world\u2014h<span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">ealth conditions are better, m<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">any diseases have been eliminated\u00a0or better controlled through medicine, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">working conditions are better and\u00a0b<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">etter lifestyles choices are being made.\u00a0Such factors significantly contribute to longer life expectancies.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Life Expectancy Tables<\/h3>\n<p>Sometimes referred to as mortality tables, death charts or actuarial life tables, these life expectancy tables\u00a0are strictly statistical, and do not take into consideration any personal health information or lifestyle information. Take a look at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lifeexpectancycalculators.com\/life-expectancy-tables\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">life expectancy tables on the\u00a0Life Expectancy Calculators website<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_2819125e-1e3b-4090-8c38-bc941d71a7f6\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/2819125e-1e3b-4090-8c38-bc941d71a7f6?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_2819125e-1e3b-4090-8c38-bc941d71a7f6\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Understanding Life Expectancy<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #333333;\">Life expectancy\u00a0is also used in describing the physi<\/span>cal\u00a0quality of life.\u00a0<strong>Quality of life\u00a0<\/strong>is the general well-being of individuals and societies, outlining negative and positive features of life.\u00a0Quality of life considers\u00a0lif<span style=\"color: #333333;\">e satisfaction, including everything from physical health, family, education, employment, wealth, safety, security, freedom, religious beliefs, and the environment.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_934\" style=\"width: 436px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-934\" class=\"wp-image-934\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2016\/03\/17011807\/oldexercise.png\" alt=\"Graphs showing the participation of men and women in aerobic and muscle-strengthening activities, between the years of 1999 and 2009, divided into age groups. Over 20% of men between 18-44 exercise, between 15-20% of men between 45-64 exercise, and close to 10% for men over 65 exercise. Women's raters are lower, with around 20% for those between 18-44 exercising, between 15-20% between 45-64 exercising, then under 10% for women over 65 exercising.\" width=\"426\" height=\"314\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-934\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 5<\/strong>. Physical activity remains low for those above age 65, although exercise can have tremendous health benefits and result in longer life expectancy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #333333;\">Increased life expectancy brings concern over the health and independence of those living longer. Greater attention is now being given to the number of years a person can expect to live without disability, which is called <strong>active life expectancy<\/strong>.\u00a0When this distinction is made, we see that although women live longer than men, they are more at risk of living with disability (Weitz, 2007).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">What factors co<span style=\"color: #333333;\">ntribute to poor health in women?\u00a0Marriage has been linked to longevity, but spending years in a stressful marriage<\/span> can increase the risk of illness.\u00a0This negative effect is experienced more by women than men and seems to accumulate through the years.\u00a0The impact of a stressful marriage\u00a0on health may not occur until a woman reaches 70 or older (Umberson, Williams, et. al., 2006). Sexism\u00a0can also create chronic stress.\u00a0The stress experienced by women as they work outside the home as well as care for family members can also ultimately have a negative impact on health (He et als, 2005).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The shorter life expectancy for men in general, is attributed to greater stress, poorer attention to health, more involvement in dangerous occupations, and higher rates of death due to accidents, homicide, and suicide.\u00a0Social support can increase longevity.\u00a0For men, life expectancy and health seems to improve with marriage. Spouses are less likely to engage in risky health practices and wives are more likely to monitor their husband&#8217;s diet and health regimes. But men who live in stressful marriages can also experience poorer health as a result.<\/p>\n<h2>Health and Sexuality<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><span style=\"color: #333333;\">It has been suggested that an active sex life can inc<\/span><\/span>rease longevity.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Castleman, Michael. The Prescription for a Longer Life? More Sex. Psychology Today. Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/blog\/all-about-sex\/201705\/the-prescription-longer-life-more-sex.\" id=\"return-footnote-1514-6\" href=\"#footnote-1514-6\" aria-label=\"Footnote 6\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[6]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<span style=\"color: #993300;\"><span style=\"color: #333333;\">Dr. Maggie Syme found in her research on sexuality in old age that, &#8220;Having a sexual partnership, with frequent sexual expression, having a good quality sex life, and being interested in sex have been found to be positively associated with health among middle-aged and older adults.&#8221;<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Syme, Maggie. (2014). The evolving concept of older adult sexual behavior and its benefits. Generations. 38. 35-41.\" id=\"return-footnote-1514-7\" href=\"#footnote-1514-7\" aria-label=\"Footnote 7\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[7]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Positive sexual health in older age is gradually becoming more of a common topic and less taboo.\u00a0Population percentage\u00a0increase\u00a0among older Americans\u00a0has resulted in\u00a0placing more attention on the needs of this age group, including their ideas on sexual health, desires, and attitudes. This shift in attitudes and behaviors, combined with medical advances to prolong a sexually active life, has changed the landscape of aging sexuality.<span style=\"color: #993300;\"><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #333333;\">There are a number of associated health benefits with practicing positive sexual health. Positive sexual health often acts as a de-stressor promoting increased relaxation. Researchers also report health benefits such as decreased pain sensitivity, improved cardiovascular health, lower levels of depression, increased self-esteem, and better relationship satisfaction.\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_3-2\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>This could also imply that there are negative consequences of poor sexual health or lack of sexual activity, <\/span><span style=\"color: #333333;\">including depression, low self-esteem, increased frustration, and loneliness.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Key players in improving the quality of life among older adults are the adults themselves.\u00a0By exercising, reducing stress, not smoking, limiting use of alcohol,\u00a0consuming more fruits and vegetables, and eating less meat and dairy, older adults can expect to live longer and more active lives (He et. als, 2005).\u00a0<span style=\"color: #333333;\">Regular exercise is also associated with a lower risk of developing neurodegenerative disorders, especially Alzheimer&#8217;s disease and Parkinson&#8217;s disease. Stress reduction both in late adulthood and earlier in life is also crucial.\u00a0The reduction of societal stressors can prom<\/span>ote active life expectancy. In the last 40 years, smoking rates have decreased, but obesity has increased, and physical activity has only modestly increased.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_a8bae947-4856-4fd2-a47f-75b5f0e83830\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/a8bae947-4856-4fd2-a47f-75b5f0e83830?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_a8bae947-4856-4fd2-a47f-75b5f0e83830\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Glossary<\/h3>\n<div class=\"titlepage\">\n<dl>\n<dt>active life expectancy:<\/dt>\n<dd>the number of years a person can expect to live without disability<\/dd>\n<dt>life expectancy:<\/dt>\n<dd>a statistical measure of the average time an organism is expected to live, based on the year of its birth, its current age and other\u00a0demographic\u00a0factors including gender<\/dd>\n<dt>quality of life:<\/dt>\n<dd>the general well-being of individuals and societies, including life satisfaction, physical health, family, education, employment, wealth, safety, security, freedom, religious beliefs, and the environment<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1514\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Sonja Ann Miller for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Psyc 200 Lifespan Psychology. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Laura Overstreet. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/opencourselibrary.org\/econ-201\/\">http:\/\/opencourselibrary.org\/econ-201\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Life expectancy. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Life_expectancy\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Life_expectancy<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Quality of Life. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quality_of_life\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quality_of_life<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Sexuality in Older Age. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sexuality_in_older_age#cite_note-:0-3\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sexuality_in_older_age#cite_note-:0-3<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Life expectancy at birth by race. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Elizabeth Arias, Ph.D.. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. <strong>Project<\/strong>: NCHS Data Brief No. 244, April 2016  . <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em><\/li><li>The Necessity of Exercise: Physical Activity and Aging. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: USC School of Gerontology. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/@gerontologyonline\/the-necessity-of-exercise-physical-activity-and-aging-infographic-1af6db1cafdd\">https:\/\/medium.com\/@gerontologyonline\/the-necessity-of-exercise-physical-activity-and-aging-infographic-1af6db1cafdd<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em><\/li><li>Graph on age projections. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Partners 4 Prosperity. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/partners4prosperity.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/aging-85-and-over.gif\">https:\/\/partners4prosperity.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/aging-85-and-over.gif<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>From Pyramid to Pillar: A Century of Change, Population of the U.S.. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: U.S. Census Bureau. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.census.gov\/library\/visualizations\/2018\/comm\/century-of-change.html\">https:\/\/www.census.gov\/library\/visualizations\/2018\/comm\/century-of-change.html<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-1514-1\">US Census Bureau. (2018, October 05). Population Projections. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/popproj.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/popproj.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-1514-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-1514-2\">US Census Bureau. (2018, December 03). Older People Projected to Outnumber Children. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.census.gov\/newsroom\/press-releases\/2018\/cb18-41-population-projections.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.census.gov\/newsroom\/press-releases\/2018\/cb18-41-population-projections.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-1514-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-1514-3\">He, Wan, Daniel Goodking, and Paul Kowal. An Aging World: 2015. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.census.gov\/content\/dam\/Census\/library\/publications\/2016\/demo\/p95-16-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.census.gov\/content\/dam\/Census\/library\/publications\/2016\/demo\/p95-16-1.pdf<\/a>. <a href=\"#return-footnote-1514-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-1514-4\">Lea<span style=\"color: #333333;\">nne M. Redman, Steven R. Smith, Jeffrey H. Burton, Corby K. Martin, Dora Il'yasova, Eric Ravussin (April 2018). Metabolic Slowing and Reduced Oxidative Damage with Sustained Caloric Restriction Support the Rate of Living and Oxidative Damage Theories of Aging.Cell Metabolism. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cell.com\/cell-metabolism\/fulltext\/S1550-4131(18)30130-X?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS155041311830130X%3Fshowall%3Dtrue\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.cell.com\/cell-metabolism\/fulltext\/S1550-4131(18)30130-X?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS155041311830130X%3Fshowall%3Dtrue<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-1514-4\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 4\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-1514-5\">Petre, Alina (April 2019).\u00a013 Habits Linked to a Long Life (Backed by Science. <em>Healthline<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/nutrition\/13-habits-linked-to-a-long-life. <a href=\"#return-footnote-1514-5\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 5\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-1514-6\">Castleman, Michael. The Prescription for a Longer Life? More Sex. Psychology Today. Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/blog\/all-about-sex\/201705\/the-prescription-longer-life-more-sex. <a href=\"#return-footnote-1514-6\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 6\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-1514-7\">Syme, Maggie. (2014). The evolving concept of older adult sexual behavior and its benefits. <em style=\"color: #333333;\">Generations<\/em>. 38. 35-41. <a href=\"#return-footnote-1514-7\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 7\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"From Pyramid to Pillar: A Century of Change, Population of the U.S.\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"U.S. Census Bureau\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.census.gov\/library\/visualizations\/2018\/comm\/century-of-change.html\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Psyc 200 Lifespan Psychology\",\"author\":\"Laura Overstreet\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/opencourselibrary.org\/econ-201\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"Sonja Ann Miller for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Life expectancy\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Life_expectancy\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Quality of Life\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quality_of_life\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Sexuality in Older Age\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sexuality_in_older_age#cite_note-:0-3\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Life expectancy at birth by race\",\"author\":\"Elizabeth Arias, Ph.D.\",\"organization\":\"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"NCHS Data Brief No. 244, April 2016  \",\"license\":\"arr\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"The Necessity of Exercise: Physical Activity and Aging\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"USC School of Gerontology\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/medium.com\/@gerontologyonline\/the-necessity-of-exercise-physical-activity-and-aging-infographic-1af6db1cafdd\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"arr\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Graph on age projections\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Partners 4 Prosperity\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/partners4prosperity.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/aging-85-and-over.gif\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"arr\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"6d7e596d-5dd2-4023-9b5f-0157372d4326, dc427eb2-5108-4459-a291-5ecb2b79bc71","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1514","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":372,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1514","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/29"}],"version-history":[{"count":63,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1514\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7849,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1514\/revisions\/7849"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/372"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1514\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1514"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1514"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1514"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1514"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}