{"id":2154,"date":"2019-03-01T04:58:47","date_gmt":"2019-03-01T04:58:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2154"},"modified":"2024-04-30T19:13:29","modified_gmt":"2024-04-30T19:13:29","slug":"theory-of-mind","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/chapter\/theory-of-mind\/","title":{"raw":"Theory of Mind","rendered":"Theory of Mind"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Explain theory of mind<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4004\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"570\"]<img class=\"wp-image-4004\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/03\/26123749\/boy-thinking-calculation-kid-child-sitting-1428411-pxhere.com_.jpg\" alt=\"boy thinking\" width=\"570\" height=\"380\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Around age four, most children begin to understand that thoughts and realities do not always match.[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Theory of Mind<\/h2>\r\nHow do we come to understand how our mind works? The\u00a0<strong>theory of mind\u00a0<\/strong>is the understanding that the mind holds people's beliefs, desires, emotions, and intentions. One component of this is understanding that the mind can be tricked or that the mind is not always accurate.\r\n\r\nA two-year-old child does not understand very much about how their mind works. They can learn by imitating others, they are starting to understand that people do not always agree on things they like, and they have a rudimentary understanding of cause and effect (although they often fall prey to transitive reasoning). By the time a child is four, their theory of the mind allows them to understand that people think differently, have different preferences, and even mask their true feelings by putting on a different face that differs from how they truly feel inside.\r\n\r\nTo think about what this might look like in the real world, imagine showing a three-year-old child a bandaid box and asking the child what is in the box.\u00a0Chances are, the child will reply, \u201cbandaids.\u201d\u00a0Now imagine that you open the box and pour out crayons.\u00a0If you now ask the child what they thought was in the box before it was opened, they may respond, \u201ccrayons.\u201d If you ask what a friend would have thought was in the box, the response would still be \u201ccrayons.\u201d Why?\r\n\r\nBefore about four years of age, a child does not recognize that the mind can hold ideas that are not accurate, so this three-year-old changes their response once shown that the box contains crayons. The child's response can also be explained in terms of egocentrism and irreversibility. The child's response is based on their current view rather than seeing the situation from another person's perspective (egocentrism) or thinking about how they arrived at their conclusion (irreversibility).\u00a0At around age four, the child would likely reply, \u201cbandaids\u201d when asked after seeing the crayons because by this age a child is beginning to understand that thoughts and realities do not always match.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nWatch as researchers demonstrate several versions of the false belief test to assess the theory of mind in young children.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=3935285&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=YGSj2zY2OEM&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-mancn8fr-YGSj2zY2OEM\" width=\"800px\" height=\"520px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nYou can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Lifespan+Development\/Transcriptions\/TheTheoryOfMindTest_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for \"The theory of mind test\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=1793482&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=8hLubgpY2_w&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-1xwc704d-8hLubgpY2_w\" width=\"800px\" height=\"520px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nYou can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Lifespan+Development\/Transcriptions\/TheFalseBeliefTestTheoryofMind_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for \"The \"False Belief\" Test: Theory of Mind\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Theory of Mind and Social Intelligence<\/h2>\r\nThis awareness of the existence of mind is part of social intelligence and the ability to recognize that others can think differently about situations.\u00a0It helps us to be self-conscious or aware that others can think of us in different ways, and it helps us to be able to be understanding or empathic toward others.\u00a0This developing social intelligence helps us to anticipate and predict the actions of others (even though these predictions are sometimes inaccurate). The awareness of the mental states of others is important for communication and social skills. A child who demonstrates this skill is able to anticipate the needs of others.\r\n<h2>Impaired Theory of Mind in Individuals with Autism<\/h2>\r\nPeople with autism or an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) typically show an impaired ability to recognize other people's minds.\u00a0Under the DSM-5, <strong>autism<\/strong> is characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across multiple contexts, as well as restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. These deficits are present in early childhood, typically before age three, and lead to clinically significant functional impairment. Symptoms may include lack of social or emotional reciprocity, stereotyped and repetitive use of language or idiosyncratic language, and persistent preoccupation with unusual objects.\r\n\r\nAbout half of parents of children with ASD notice their child's unusual behaviors by age 18 months, and about four-fifths notice by age 24 months, but often a diagnoses comes later, and individual cases vary significantly. Typical early signs of autism include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>No babbling by 12 months.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>No gesturing (pointing, waving, etc.) by 12 months.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>No single words by 16 months.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>No two-word (spontaneous, not just echolalic) phrases by 24 months.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Loss of any language or social skills, at any age.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nChildren with ASD experience difficulties with explaining and predicting other people\u2019s behavior, which leads to problems in social communication and interaction. Children who are diagnosed with an autistic spectrum disorder usually develop the theory of mind more slowly than other children and continue to have difficulties with it throughout their lives. <sup id=\"cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\r\n\r\nFor testing whether someone lacks the theory of mind, the\u00a0<i>Sally-Anne<\/i>\u00a0test is performed. The child sees the following story: Sally and Anne are playing. Sally puts her ball into a basket and leaves the room. While Sally is gone, Anne moves the ball from the basket to the box. Now Sally returns. The question is: where will Sally look for her ball? The test is passed if the child correctly assumes that Sally will look in the basket. The test is failed if the child thinks that Sally will look in the box. Children younger than four and older children with autism will generally say that Sally will look in the box.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nWatch this video to see the Sally-Anne test in action.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=3935288&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=QjkTQtggLH4&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-almu0hbp-QjkTQtggLH4\" width=\"800px\" height=\"520px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nYou can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Lifespan+Development\/Transcriptions\/SallyAnneTest_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for \"Sally Anne Test..mpg\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/04fdcd3f-f753-471c-9be4-2362e2f63a53\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n[glossary-page]\r\n[glossary-term]autism:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]a developmental disorder affecting communication and behavior[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]theory of mind:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]the understanding that the mind holds people's beliefs, desires, emotions, and intentions. One component of this is understanding that the mind can be tricked or that the mind is not always accurate[\/glossary-definition]\r\n[\/glossary-page]\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Explain theory of mind<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_4004\" style=\"width: 580px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4004\" class=\"wp-image-4004\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/03\/26123749\/boy-thinking-calculation-kid-child-sitting-1428411-pxhere.com_.jpg\" alt=\"boy thinking\" width=\"570\" height=\"380\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-4004\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Around age four, most children begin to understand that thoughts and realities do not always match.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Theory of Mind<\/h2>\n<p>How do we come to understand how our mind works? The\u00a0<strong>theory of mind\u00a0<\/strong>is the understanding that the mind holds people&#8217;s beliefs, desires, emotions, and intentions. One component of this is understanding that the mind can be tricked or that the mind is not always accurate.<\/p>\n<p>A two-year-old child does not understand very much about how their mind works. They can learn by imitating others, they are starting to understand that people do not always agree on things they like, and they have a rudimentary understanding of cause and effect (although they often fall prey to transitive reasoning). By the time a child is four, their theory of the mind allows them to understand that people think differently, have different preferences, and even mask their true feelings by putting on a different face that differs from how they truly feel inside.<\/p>\n<p>To think about what this might look like in the real world, imagine showing a three-year-old child a bandaid box and asking the child what is in the box.\u00a0Chances are, the child will reply, \u201cbandaids.\u201d\u00a0Now imagine that you open the box and pour out crayons.\u00a0If you now ask the child what they thought was in the box before it was opened, they may respond, \u201ccrayons.\u201d If you ask what a friend would have thought was in the box, the response would still be \u201ccrayons.\u201d Why?<\/p>\n<p>Before about four years of age, a child does not recognize that the mind can hold ideas that are not accurate, so this three-year-old changes their response once shown that the box contains crayons. The child&#8217;s response can also be explained in terms of egocentrism and irreversibility. The child&#8217;s response is based on their current view rather than seeing the situation from another person&#8217;s perspective (egocentrism) or thinking about how they arrived at their conclusion (irreversibility).\u00a0At around age four, the child would likely reply, \u201cbandaids\u201d when asked after seeing the crayons because by this age a child is beginning to understand that thoughts and realities do not always match.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>Watch as researchers demonstrate several versions of the false belief test to assess the theory of mind in young children.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=3935285&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=YGSj2zY2OEM&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-mancn8fr-YGSj2zY2OEM\" width=\"800px\" height=\"520px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Lifespan+Development\/Transcriptions\/TheTheoryOfMindTest_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for &#8220;The theory of mind test&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=1793482&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=8hLubgpY2_w&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-1xwc704d-8hLubgpY2_w\" width=\"800px\" height=\"520px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Lifespan+Development\/Transcriptions\/TheFalseBeliefTestTheoryofMind_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for &#8220;The &#8220;False Belief&#8221; Test: Theory of Mind&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Theory of Mind and Social Intelligence<\/h2>\n<p>This awareness of the existence of mind is part of social intelligence and the ability to recognize that others can think differently about situations.\u00a0It helps us to be self-conscious or aware that others can think of us in different ways, and it helps us to be able to be understanding or empathic toward others.\u00a0This developing social intelligence helps us to anticipate and predict the actions of others (even though these predictions are sometimes inaccurate). The awareness of the mental states of others is important for communication and social skills. A child who demonstrates this skill is able to anticipate the needs of others.<\/p>\n<h2>Impaired Theory of Mind in Individuals with Autism<\/h2>\n<p>People with autism or an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) typically show an impaired ability to recognize other people&#8217;s minds.\u00a0Under the DSM-5, <strong>autism<\/strong> is characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across multiple contexts, as well as restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. These deficits are present in early childhood, typically before age three, and lead to clinically significant functional impairment. Symptoms may include lack of social or emotional reciprocity, stereotyped and repetitive use of language or idiosyncratic language, and persistent preoccupation with unusual objects.<\/p>\n<p>About half of parents of children with ASD notice their child&#8217;s unusual behaviors by age 18 months, and about four-fifths notice by age 24 months, but often a diagnoses comes later, and individual cases vary significantly. Typical early signs of autism include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>No babbling by 12 months.<\/li>\n<li>No gesturing (pointing, waving, etc.) by 12 months.<\/li>\n<li>No single words by 16 months.<\/li>\n<li>No two-word (spontaneous, not just echolalic) phrases by 24 months.<\/li>\n<li>Loss of any language or social skills, at any age.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Children with ASD experience difficulties with explaining and predicting other people\u2019s behavior, which leads to problems in social communication and interaction. Children who are diagnosed with an autistic spectrum disorder usually develop the theory of mind more slowly than other children and continue to have difficulties with it throughout their lives. <sup id=\"cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>For testing whether someone lacks the theory of mind, the\u00a0<i>Sally-Anne<\/i>\u00a0test is performed. The child sees the following story: Sally and Anne are playing. Sally puts her ball into a basket and leaves the room. While Sally is gone, Anne moves the ball from the basket to the box. Now Sally returns. The question is: where will Sally look for her ball? The test is passed if the child correctly assumes that Sally will look in the basket. The test is failed if the child thinks that Sally will look in the box. Children younger than four and older children with autism will generally say that Sally will look in the box.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>Watch this video to see the Sally-Anne test in action.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=3935288&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=QjkTQtggLH4&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-almu0hbp-QjkTQtggLH4\" width=\"800px\" height=\"520px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Lifespan+Development\/Transcriptions\/SallyAnneTest_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for &#8220;Sally Anne Test..mpg&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_04fdcd3f-f753-471c-9be4-2362e2f63a53\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/04fdcd3f-f753-471c-9be4-2362e2f63a53?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_04fdcd3f-f753-471c-9be4-2362e2f63a53\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<div class=\"titlepage\">\n<dl>\n<dt>autism:<\/dt>\n<dd>a developmental disorder affecting communication and behavior<\/dd>\n<dt>theory of mind:<\/dt>\n<dd>the understanding that the mind holds people&#8217;s beliefs, desires, emotions, and intentions. One component of this is understanding that the mind can be tricked or that the mind is not always accurate<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2154\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Stephanie Loalada for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Psyc 200 Lifespan Psychology. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Laura Overstreet. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/opencourselibrary.org\/econ-201\/\">http:\/\/opencourselibrary.org\/econ-201\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Boy in thought. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: mbpogue. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: pxhere. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pxhere.com\/en\/photo\/1428411\">https:\/\/pxhere.com\/en\/photo\/1428411<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Theory of Mind Sally-Anne test. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/simple.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theory_of_mind\">https:\/\/simple.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theory_of_mind<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>The False Belief Test: Theory of Mind. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: 007IceWeasel. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8hLubgpY2_w\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8hLubgpY2_w<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><li>The theory of mind test. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Globe and the Mail. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=YGSj2zY2OEM\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=YGSj2zY2OEM<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><li>Sally Anne Test. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: markmcdermott. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?time_continue=10&#038;v=QjkTQtggLH4\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?time_continue=10&#038;v=QjkTQtggLH4<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Autism. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autism\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autism<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":142491,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Psyc 200 Lifespan Psychology\",\"author\":\"Laura Overstreet\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/opencourselibrary.org\/econ-201\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"Stephanie Loalada for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"The False Belief Test: Theory of Mind\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"007IceWeasel\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8hLubgpY2_w\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"The theory of mind test\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"The 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