{"id":2264,"date":"2019-03-07T15:34:50","date_gmt":"2019-03-07T15:34:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2264"},"modified":"2024-04-30T19:52:43","modified_gmt":"2024-04-30T19:52:43","slug":"cognitive-function-in-late-adulthood","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/chapter\/cognitive-function-in-late-adulthood\/","title":{"raw":"Cognitive Function in Late Adulthood","rendered":"Cognitive Function in Late Adulthood"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe abnormal memory loss due to Alzheimer's disease, delirium, and dementia<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Abnormal Loss of Cognitive Functioning During Late Adulthood<\/h2>\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333;\"><strong>Dementia<\/strong> is the umbrella category used to describe the general\u00a0long-term and often gradual decrease in the ability to think and remember that affects a person's daily functioning. The manual used to help classify and diagnose mental disorders, the <em>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders<\/em>, or\u00a0DSM-V, classifies dementia as a \"major neurocognitive disorder,\" with milder symptoms classified as \"mild cognitive impairment,\" although the term dementia is still in common use. Common symptoms of dementia include emotional problems, difficulties with language, and a decrease in motivation. A person's consciousness is usually not affected.\u00a0<\/span>Globally, dementia affected about 46 million people in 2015.<sup id=\"cite_ref-GBD2015Pre_9-1\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\u00a0About 10% of people develop the disorder at some point in their lives, and it\u00a0becomes more common with age.\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-Larson2013_21-0\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>About 3% of people between the ages of 65\u201374 have dementia, 19% between 75 and 84, and nearly half of those over 85 years of age.<sup id=\"cite_ref-22\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup> In 2015, dementia resulted in about 1.9 million deaths, up from 0.8 million in 1990.<sup id=\"cite_ref-GDB2013_23-0\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\u00a0As more people are living longer, dementia is becoming more common in the population as a whole.\r\n\r\nDementia generally refers to severely impaired judgment, memory, or problem-solving ability. It can occur before old age and is not an inevitable development even among the very old. Dementia can be caused by numerous diseases and circumstances, all of which result in similar general symptoms of impaired judgment, etc. Alzheimer\u2019s disease is the most common form of dementia and is incurable, but there are also\u00a0nonorganic causes of dementia\u00a0which\u00a0can be prevented.\u00a0Malnutrition, alcoholism, depression, and mixing medications can\u00a0also\u00a0result in symptoms of dementia.\u00a0If these causes are properly identified, they can be treated.\u00a0Cerebral vascular disease can also reduce cognitive functioning.\r\n\r\n<strong>Delirium<\/strong>, also known as acute confusional state, is an organically caused decline from a previous baseline level of mental function that develops over a short period of time, typically hours to days. It is more common in older adults, but can easily be confused with a number of psychiatric disorders or chronic organic brain syndromes because of many overlapping signs and symptoms in common with dementia, depression, psychosis, etc. Delirium may manifest from a baseline of existing mental illness, a baseline intellectual development disorder, or dementia, without being due to any of these problems.\r\n\r\nDelirium is a syndrome encompassing disturbances in attention, consciousness, and cognition. It may also involve other neurological deficits, such as psychomotor disturbances (e.g. hyperactive, hypoactive, or mixed), impaired sleep-wake cycle, emotional disturbances, and perceptual disturbances (e.g. hallucinations and delusions), although these features are not required for diagnosis.\u00a0Among older adults, delirium occurs in 15-53% of\u00a0post-surgical\u00a0patients,\u00a070-87% of those in the ICU, and\u00a0up to 60% of those in nursing homes or post-acute care settings. Among those requiring critical care, delirium is a risk for death within the next year.\r\n<h3><strong>Alzheimer's Disease<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<strong>Alzheimer's disease (AD)<\/strong>, also referred to simply as Alzheimer's, is\u00a0the most common cause of dementia, accounting for 60-70% of its cases. Alzheimer's<i>\u00a0<\/i>is a progressive disease\u00a0causing\u00a0problems with memory, thinking, and behavior. Symptoms usually develop slowly and get worse over time, becoming severe enough to interfere with daily tasks.[footnote]What is Alzheimer's? <em>Alzheimer's Association<\/em>. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alz.org\/alzheimers-dementia\/what-is-alzheimers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.alz.org\/alzheimers-dementia\/what-is-alzheimers<\/a>[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333;\">The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events. As the disease advances, symptoms can include problems w<\/span>ith language, disorientation (including easily getting lost), mood swings, loss of motivation, not managing self-care, and behavioral issues. In\u00a0the early stages, memory loss is mild, but with late-stage Alzheimer's, individuals lose the ability to carry on a conversation and respond to their environme<span style=\"color: #333333;\">nt. <\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2779\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"686\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/01\/27012757\/800px-Alzheimers_disease_brain_comparison.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-2779 \" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/01\/27012757\/800px-Alzheimers_disease_brain_comparison.jpg\" alt=\"Brain scan showing a normal brain and one with Alzheimer's, which has significant decay on the sides and lower portions of the brain. It shows a smaller hippocampus, shrinking cerebral cortex, and enlarged ventricles.\" width=\"686\" height=\"310\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Alzheimer's disease is not simply part of the aging process. It is a disease with physiological\u00a0symptoms and decay in the brain.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333;\">Alzheimer's is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. On average, a person with Alzheimer's lives four to eight years after diagnosis but can live as long as 20 years, depending on other factors. Alzheimer's is not a normal part of aging. The greatest known risk factor is increasing age, and the majority of people with Alzheimer's are 65 and older. But Alzheimer's is not just a disease of old age. Approximately 200,000 Americans under the age of 65 have younger-onset Alzheimer\u2019s disease (also known as early-onset Alzheimer\u2019s).[footnote]What is Alzheimer's? Alzheimer's Association. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alz.org\/alzheimers-dementia\/what-is-alzheimers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.alz.org\/alzheimers-dementia\/what-is-alzheimers<\/a>.[\/footnote]<\/span>\r\n\r\nThe cause of Alzheimer's disease is poorly understood. About 70% of the risk is believed to be inherited from a person's parents with many genes usually involved. Other risk factors include a history of head injuries, depression, and hypertension. The disease process is associated with plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. A probable diagnosis is based on the history of the illness and cognitive testing with medical imaging and blood tests to rule out other possible causes. Initial symptoms are often mistaken for normal aging, but examination of brain tissue, specifically of structures called plaques and tangles, is needed for a definite diagnosis. Though qualified physicians can be up to 90% certain of a correct diagnosis of Alzheimer's, currently, the only way to make a 100% definitive diagnosis is by performing an autopsy of the person and examining the brain tissue. In 2015, there were approximately 29.8 million people worldwide with AD. In developed countries, AD is one of the most financially costly diseases.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nThis Ted-Ed video explains some of the history and biological diagnosis of Alzheimer's.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=yJXTXN4xrI8\r\n\r\nYou can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Lifespan+Development\/Transcriptions\/WhatIsAlzheimersDiseaseIvanSeahYuJun_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for \"What is Alzheimer's disease? - Ivan Seah Yu Jun\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\r\nSamuel Cohen researches Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Listen to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ted.com\/talks\/samuel_cohen_alzheimer_s_is_not_normal_aging_and_we_can_cure_it\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cohen's TED Talk on Alzheimer's disease<\/a> to learn more.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/41dad9c7-3d91-4eb7-9d7b-a2bb858d3703\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n[glossary-page]\r\n[glossary-term]Alzheimer's disease:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]an irreversible, progressive brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, and eventually the ability to carry out the simplest tasks[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]delirium:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]an abrupt change in the brain that causes mental confusion and emotional disruption. It makes it difficult to think, remember, sleep, pay attention, and more[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]dementia:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]an umbrella category for neurocognitive disorders, characterized by progressive and gradual cognitive deficits due to severe cerebral atrophy[\/glossary-definition]\r\n[\/glossary-page]\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe abnormal memory loss due to Alzheimer&#8217;s disease, delirium, and dementia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Abnormal Loss of Cognitive Functioning During Late Adulthood<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><strong>Dementia<\/strong> is the umbrella category used to describe the general\u00a0long-term and often gradual decrease in the ability to think and remember that affects a person&#8217;s daily functioning. The manual used to help classify and diagnose mental disorders, the <em>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders<\/em>, or\u00a0DSM-V, classifies dementia as a &#8220;major neurocognitive disorder,&#8221; with milder symptoms classified as &#8220;mild cognitive impairment,&#8221; although the term dementia is still in common use. Common symptoms of dementia include emotional problems, difficulties with language, and a decrease in motivation. A person&#8217;s consciousness is usually not affected.\u00a0<\/span>Globally, dementia affected about 46 million people in 2015.<sup id=\"cite_ref-GBD2015Pre_9-1\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\u00a0About 10% of people develop the disorder at some point in their lives, and it\u00a0becomes more common with age.\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-Larson2013_21-0\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>About 3% of people between the ages of 65\u201374 have dementia, 19% between 75 and 84, and nearly half of those over 85 years of age.<sup id=\"cite_ref-22\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup> In 2015, dementia resulted in about 1.9 million deaths, up from 0.8 million in 1990.<sup id=\"cite_ref-GDB2013_23-0\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\u00a0As more people are living longer, dementia is becoming more common in the population as a whole.<\/p>\n<p>Dementia generally refers to severely impaired judgment, memory, or problem-solving ability. It can occur before old age and is not an inevitable development even among the very old. Dementia can be caused by numerous diseases and circumstances, all of which result in similar general symptoms of impaired judgment, etc. Alzheimer\u2019s disease is the most common form of dementia and is incurable, but there are also\u00a0nonorganic causes of dementia\u00a0which\u00a0can be prevented.\u00a0Malnutrition, alcoholism, depression, and mixing medications can\u00a0also\u00a0result in symptoms of dementia.\u00a0If these causes are properly identified, they can be treated.\u00a0Cerebral vascular disease can also reduce cognitive functioning.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Delirium<\/strong>, also known as acute confusional state, is an organically caused decline from a previous baseline level of mental function that develops over a short period of time, typically hours to days. It is more common in older adults, but can easily be confused with a number of psychiatric disorders or chronic organic brain syndromes because of many overlapping signs and symptoms in common with dementia, depression, psychosis, etc. Delirium may manifest from a baseline of existing mental illness, a baseline intellectual development disorder, or dementia, without being due to any of these problems.<\/p>\n<p>Delirium is a syndrome encompassing disturbances in attention, consciousness, and cognition. It may also involve other neurological deficits, such as psychomotor disturbances (e.g. hyperactive, hypoactive, or mixed), impaired sleep-wake cycle, emotional disturbances, and perceptual disturbances (e.g. hallucinations and delusions), although these features are not required for diagnosis.\u00a0Among older adults, delirium occurs in 15-53% of\u00a0post-surgical\u00a0patients,\u00a070-87% of those in the ICU, and\u00a0up to 60% of those in nursing homes or post-acute care settings. Among those requiring critical care, delirium is a risk for death within the next year.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Alzheimer&#8217;s Disease<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Alzheimer&#8217;s disease (AD)<\/strong>, also referred to simply as Alzheimer&#8217;s, is\u00a0the most common cause of dementia, accounting for 60-70% of its cases. Alzheimer&#8217;s<i>\u00a0<\/i>is a progressive disease\u00a0causing\u00a0problems with memory, thinking, and behavior. Symptoms usually develop slowly and get worse over time, becoming severe enough to interfere with daily tasks.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"What is Alzheimer's? Alzheimer's Association. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.alz.org\/alzheimers-dementia\/what-is-alzheimers\" id=\"return-footnote-2264-1\" href=\"#footnote-2264-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #333333;\">The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events. As the disease advances, symptoms can include problems w<\/span>ith language, disorientation (including easily getting lost), mood swings, loss of motivation, not managing self-care, and behavioral issues. In\u00a0the early stages, memory loss is mild, but with late-stage Alzheimer&#8217;s, individuals lose the ability to carry on a conversation and respond to their environme<span style=\"color: #333333;\">nt. <\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2779\" style=\"width: 696px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/01\/27012757\/800px-Alzheimers_disease_brain_comparison.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2779\" class=\"wp-image-2779\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/01\/27012757\/800px-Alzheimers_disease_brain_comparison.jpg\" alt=\"Brain scan showing a normal brain and one with Alzheimer's, which has significant decay on the sides and lower portions of the brain. It shows a smaller hippocampus, shrinking cerebral cortex, and enlarged ventricles.\" width=\"686\" height=\"310\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2779\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Alzheimer&#8217;s disease is not simply part of the aging process. It is a disease with physiological\u00a0symptoms and decay in the brain.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #333333;\">Alzheimer&#8217;s is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. On average, a person with Alzheimer&#8217;s lives four to eight years after diagnosis but can live as long as 20 years, depending on other factors. Alzheimer&#8217;s is not a normal part of aging. The greatest known risk factor is increasing age, and the majority of people with Alzheimer&#8217;s are 65 and older. But Alzheimer&#8217;s is not just a disease of old age. Approximately 200,000 Americans under the age of 65 have younger-onset Alzheimer\u2019s disease (also known as early-onset Alzheimer\u2019s).<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"What is Alzheimer's? Alzheimer's Association. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.alz.org\/alzheimers-dementia\/what-is-alzheimers.\" id=\"return-footnote-2264-2\" href=\"#footnote-2264-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>The cause of Alzheimer&#8217;s disease is poorly understood. About 70% of the risk is believed to be inherited from a person&#8217;s parents with many genes usually involved. Other risk factors include a history of head injuries, depression, and hypertension. The disease process is associated with plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. A probable diagnosis is based on the history of the illness and cognitive testing with medical imaging and blood tests to rule out other possible causes. Initial symptoms are often mistaken for normal aging, but examination of brain tissue, specifically of structures called plaques and tangles, is needed for a definite diagnosis. Though qualified physicians can be up to 90% certain of a correct diagnosis of Alzheimer&#8217;s, currently, the only way to make a 100% definitive diagnosis is by performing an autopsy of the person and examining the brain tissue. In 2015, there were approximately 29.8 million people worldwide with AD. In developed countries, AD is one of the most financially costly diseases.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>This Ted-Ed video explains some of the history and biological diagnosis of Alzheimer&#8217;s.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"What is Alzheimer&#39;s disease? - Ivan Seah Yu Jun\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/yJXTXN4xrI8?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Lifespan+Development\/Transcriptions\/WhatIsAlzheimersDiseaseIvanSeahYuJun_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for &#8220;What is Alzheimer&#8217;s disease? &#8211; Ivan Seah Yu Jun&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\n<p>Samuel Cohen researches Alzheimer&#8217;s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Listen to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ted.com\/talks\/samuel_cohen_alzheimer_s_is_not_normal_aging_and_we_can_cure_it\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cohen&#8217;s TED Talk on Alzheimer&#8217;s disease<\/a> to learn more.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_41dad9c7-3d91-4eb7-9d7b-a2bb858d3703\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/41dad9c7-3d91-4eb7-9d7b-a2bb858d3703?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_41dad9c7-3d91-4eb7-9d7b-a2bb858d3703\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<div class=\"titlepage\">\n<dl>\n<dt>Alzheimer&#8217;s disease:<\/dt>\n<dd>an irreversible, progressive brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, and eventually the ability to carry out the simplest tasks<\/dd>\n<dt>delirium:<\/dt>\n<dd>an abrupt change in the brain that causes mental confusion and emotional disruption. It makes it difficult to think, remember, sleep, pay attention, and more<\/dd>\n<dt>dementia:<\/dt>\n<dd>an umbrella category for neurocognitive disorders, characterized by progressive and gradual cognitive deficits due to severe cerebral atrophy<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2264\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Sonja Ann Miller for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Psyc 200 Lifespan Psychology. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Laura Overstreet. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/opencourselibrary.org\/econ-201\/\">http:\/\/opencourselibrary.org\/econ-201\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Alzheimer&#039;s Disease. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alzheimer%27s_disease\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alzheimer%27s_disease<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Delirium. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Delirium\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Delirium<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>What is Alzheimer&#039;s. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Ted-Ed. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=yJXTXN4xrI8\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=yJXTXN4xrI8<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Alzheimer&#039;s disease brain comparison. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Garrando. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dementia#\/media\/File:Alzheimer%27s_disease_brain_comparison.jpg\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dementia#\/media\/File:Alzheimer%27s_disease_brain_comparison.jpg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-2264-1\">What is Alzheimer's? <em>Alzheimer's Association<\/em>. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alz.org\/alzheimers-dementia\/what-is-alzheimers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.alz.org\/alzheimers-dementia\/what-is-alzheimers<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-2264-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-2264-2\">What is Alzheimer's? Alzheimer's Association. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alz.org\/alzheimers-dementia\/what-is-alzheimers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.alz.org\/alzheimers-dementia\/what-is-alzheimers<\/a>. <a href=\"#return-footnote-2264-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":10,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Psyc 200 Lifespan Psychology\",\"author\":\"Laura Overstreet\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/opencourselibrary.org\/econ-201\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"Sonja Ann Miller for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"What is Alzheimer\\'s\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Ted-Ed\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=yJXTXN4xrI8\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"arr\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Alzheimer\\'s Disease\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alzheimer%27s_disease\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"Alzheimer\\'s disease brain comparison\",\"author\":\"Garrando\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dementia#\/media\/File:Alzheimer%27s_disease_brain_comparison.jpg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Delirium\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Delirium\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"0fbfaec9-ef75-4824-9c2f-c0c431a3a1c9, af6293cd-1d17-416b-9bae-5fb0f0ec094b","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2264","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":372,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2264","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/29"}],"version-history":[{"count":30,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2264\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7855,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2264\/revisions\/7855"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/372"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2264\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2264"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2264"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2264"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2264"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}