{"id":269,"date":"2014-09-26T20:34:34","date_gmt":"2014-09-26T20:34:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/lifespandevelopment1x1\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=269"},"modified":"2024-04-30T19:12:59","modified_gmt":"2024-04-30T19:12:59","slug":"growth-and-nutrition-in-early-childhood","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/chapter\/growth-and-nutrition-in-early-childhood\/","title":{"raw":"Growth and Nutrition in Early Childhood","rendered":"Growth and Nutrition in Early Childhood"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Summarize overall physical growth and nutrition during early childhood<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Examine nutritional concerns during early childhood<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Growth in early childhood<\/h2>\r\nChildren between the ages of 2 and 6 years tend to grow about 3 inches in height each year and gain about 4 to 5 pounds in weight each year.\u00a0The average 6-year-old weighs about 46 pounds and is about 46 inches in height.\u00a0The 3-year-old is very similar to a toddler with a large head, large stomach, short arms, and short legs. During early childhood, children start to lose some of their baby fat, making them less like a baby, and more like a child as they progress through this stage. By around age 3, children will have all 20 of their primary teeth, and by around age 4, may have 20\/20 vision. Many children take a daytime nap until around age 4 or 5, then sleep between 11 and 13 hours at night.\r\n\r\nBy the time the child reaches age 6, the torso has lengthened and body proportions have become more like those of adults. It should be noted that these growth patterns are seen where children receive adequate nutrition. Studies from many countries support the assertion that children tend to grow more slowly in low SES areas, and thus they are smaller.[footnote]Van Rossem, R., &amp; Pannecoucke, I. (2019). Poverty and a child's height development during early childhood: A double disadvantage? A study of the 2006-2009 birth cohorts in Flanders. PloS one, 14(1), e0209170. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0209170[\/footnote][footnote]Neumann, Janice (September 2015). Small height differences among kids may reflect economic disparities. Reuters, Health News. Retried from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-health-children-height-poverty\/small-height-differences-among-kids-may-reflect-economic-disparities-idUSKCN0RR11720150927\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-health-children-height-poverty\/small-height-differences-among-kids-may-reflect-economic-disparities-idUSKCN0RR11720150927<\/a>.[\/footnote][footnote]Kerr GR, Lee ES, Lorimor RJ, Mueller WH, Lam MM (1982) Height distributions of U.S. children: associations with race, poverty status and parental size. Growth 46: 135\u2013149.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nThis growth rate is slower than that of infancy and is accompanied by a reduced appetite between the ages of 2 and 6. This change can sometimes be surprising to parents and lead to the development of poor eating habits.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/a446d826-cc25-45ce-84fd-7c926dd42b40\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Nutritional concerns<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_807\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"328\"]<img class=\"wp-image-807\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2016\/03\/16025913\/6144729060_058ffcf4b9_m.jpg\" alt=\"toddler girl sits behind her grapes and hotdog with a grumpy face.\" width=\"328\" height=\"217\" \/> <span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><strong>Figure 1.<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>While young children can be picky eaters, it is important to expose them to a variety of healthy foods and avoid too many high-fat or low-nutritional foods, such as corndogs.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nAccording to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1 in 5 American children between the ages of 2 and 5 are overweight or obese. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends a number of steps to take to help reduce the chances of obesity in young children. Removing high-calorie low-nutrition foods from the diet, offering whole fruits and vegetables instead of just juices, and getting kids active are just some of the recommendations that they make.\u00a0Muckelbauer and colleagues (2009) found that increasing water consumption in school-aged children by just 220ml (just under 8 oz) per day decreased the risk of obesity by 31%. Finally, the AAP suggests that parents can begin offering milk with a lower fat percentage (2%, 1%, or skim milk) to 2-year-olds. The switch to lower fat milk may help avoid some of the obesity issues discussed above.\u00a0Parents should avoid giving the child too much milk as calcium interferes with the absorption of iron in the diet as well.\r\n\r\nCaregivers (whether parents or non-parents) need to keep in mind that they are setting up taste preferences at this age.\u00a0Young children who grow accustomed to high-fat, very sweet, and salty flavors may have trouble eating foods that have more subtle flavors such as fruits and vegetables. Lack of a healthy diet may lead to obesity during this and future stages. Offering a diet of diverse food options, limiting foods with high calories but low nutritional value, and limiting high-calorie drink options can all contribute greatly to a child's health during this stage of life.\r\n\r\nCaregivers who have established a feeding routine with their child can find the normal reduction in appetite a bit frustrating and become concerned that the child is going to starve.\u00a0However, by providing adequate, sound nutrition, and limiting sugary snacks and drinks, the caregiver can be assured that 1) the child will not starve, and 2) the child will receive adequate nutrition.\u00a0Preschoolers can experience iron deficiencies if not given well-balanced nutrition.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Tips for Establishing Healthy Eating Patterns<\/h3>\r\nConsider the following advice about establishing eating patterns for years to come (Rice, F.P., 1997).\u00a0Notice that keeping mealtime pleasant, providing sound nutrition, and not engaging in power struggles over food are the main goals.\r\n<p class=\"indent hanging-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">1. Don\u2019t try to force your child to eat or fight over food.\u00a0Of course, it is impossible to force someone to eat.\u00a0But the real advice here is to avoid turning food into some kind of ammunition during a fight.\u00a0Do not teach your child to eat to or refuse to eat in order to gain favor or express anger toward someone else.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"indent hanging-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">2. Recognize that appetite varies.\u00a0Children may eat well at one meal and have no appetite at another.\u00a0Rather than seeing this as a problem, it may help to realize that appetites do vary.\u00a0Continue to provide good nutrition, but do not worry excessively if the child does not eat.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"indent hanging-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">3. Keep it pleasant.\u00a0This tip is designed to help caregivers create a positive atmosphere during mealtime.\u00a0Mealtimes should not be the time for arguments or expressing tensions.\u00a0You do not want the child to have painful memories of mealtimes together or have nervous stomachs and problems eating and digesting food due to stress.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"indent hanging-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">4. No short order chefs.\u00a0While it is fine to prepare foods that children enjoy, preparing a different meal for each child or family member sets up an unrealistic expectation from others.\u00a0Children probably do best when they are hungry and a meal is ready.\u00a0Limiting snacks rather than allowing children to \u201cgraze\u201d continuously can help create an appetite for whatever is being served.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"indent hanging-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">5. Limit choices.\u00a0If you give your preschool-aged child choices, make sure that you give them one or two specific choices rather than asking \u201cWhat would you like for lunch?\u201d\u00a0If given an open choice, children may change their minds or choose whatever their sibling does not choose!<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"indent hanging-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">6. Serve balanced meals.\u00a0This tip encourages caregivers to serve balanced meals, ideally including a variety of food groups (like a protein, dairy, vegetable, fruit, etc.) Meals prepared at home tend to have better\u00a0nutritional value than fast food or frozen dinners.\u00a0Prepared foods tend to be higher in fat and sugar content, so, when possible, fresh foods are recommended. Preparing meals and including the children in kitchen chores can provide a fun and memorable experience.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"indent hanging-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">7. Don\u2019t bribe.\u00a0Bribing a child to eat vegetables by promising dessert is not a good idea.\u00a0For one reason, the child will likely find a way to get the dessert without eating the vegetables (by whining or fidgeting, perhaps, until the caregiver gives in), and for another reason, because it teaches the child that some foods are better than others.\u00a0Children tend to naturally enjoy a variety of foods until they are taught that some are considered less desirable than others.\u00a0A child, for example, may learn the broccoli they have enjoyed is actually seen as yucky by others.<\/p>\r\n\u00a0To what extent do these tips address cultural practices? How might these tips vary by culture?\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/cd450cf1-8937-47b9-aeb9-adf48804fad6\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Summarize overall physical growth and nutrition during early childhood<\/li>\n<li>Examine nutritional concerns during early childhood<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Growth in early childhood<\/h2>\n<p>Children between the ages of 2 and 6 years tend to grow about 3 inches in height each year and gain about 4 to 5 pounds in weight each year.\u00a0The average 6-year-old weighs about 46 pounds and is about 46 inches in height.\u00a0The 3-year-old is very similar to a toddler with a large head, large stomach, short arms, and short legs. During early childhood, children start to lose some of their baby fat, making them less like a baby, and more like a child as they progress through this stage. By around age 3, children will have all 20 of their primary teeth, and by around age 4, may have 20\/20 vision. Many children take a daytime nap until around age 4 or 5, then sleep between 11 and 13 hours at night.<\/p>\n<p>By the time the child reaches age 6, the torso has lengthened and body proportions have become more like those of adults. It should be noted that these growth patterns are seen where children receive adequate nutrition. Studies from many countries support the assertion that children tend to grow more slowly in low SES areas, and thus they are smaller.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Van Rossem, R., &amp; Pannecoucke, I. (2019). Poverty and a child's height development during early childhood: A double disadvantage? A study of the 2006-2009 birth cohorts in Flanders. PloS one, 14(1), e0209170. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0209170\" id=\"return-footnote-269-1\" href=\"#footnote-269-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Neumann, Janice (September 2015). Small height differences among kids may reflect economic disparities. Reuters, Health News. Retried from https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-health-children-height-poverty\/small-height-differences-among-kids-may-reflect-economic-disparities-idUSKCN0RR11720150927.\" id=\"return-footnote-269-2\" href=\"#footnote-269-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Kerr GR, Lee ES, Lorimor RJ, Mueller WH, Lam MM (1982) Height distributions of U.S. children: associations with race, poverty status and parental size. Growth 46: 135\u2013149.\" id=\"return-footnote-269-3\" href=\"#footnote-269-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>This growth rate is slower than that of infancy and is accompanied by a reduced appetite between the ages of 2 and 6. This change can sometimes be surprising to parents and lead to the development of poor eating habits.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_a446d826-cc25-45ce-84fd-7c926dd42b40\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/a446d826-cc25-45ce-84fd-7c926dd42b40?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_a446d826-cc25-45ce-84fd-7c926dd42b40\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Nutritional concerns<\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_807\" style=\"width: 338px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-807\" class=\"wp-image-807\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2016\/03\/16025913\/6144729060_058ffcf4b9_m.jpg\" alt=\"toddler girl sits behind her grapes and hotdog with a grumpy face.\" width=\"328\" height=\"217\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-807\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><strong>Figure 1.<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>While young children can be picky eaters, it is important to expose them to a variety of healthy foods and avoid too many high-fat or low-nutritional foods, such as corndogs.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1 in 5 American children between the ages of 2 and 5 are overweight or obese. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends a number of steps to take to help reduce the chances of obesity in young children. Removing high-calorie low-nutrition foods from the diet, offering whole fruits and vegetables instead of just juices, and getting kids active are just some of the recommendations that they make.\u00a0Muckelbauer and colleagues (2009) found that increasing water consumption in school-aged children by just 220ml (just under 8 oz) per day decreased the risk of obesity by 31%. Finally, the AAP suggests that parents can begin offering milk with a lower fat percentage (2%, 1%, or skim milk) to 2-year-olds. The switch to lower fat milk may help avoid some of the obesity issues discussed above.\u00a0Parents should avoid giving the child too much milk as calcium interferes with the absorption of iron in the diet as well.<\/p>\n<p>Caregivers (whether parents or non-parents) need to keep in mind that they are setting up taste preferences at this age.\u00a0Young children who grow accustomed to high-fat, very sweet, and salty flavors may have trouble eating foods that have more subtle flavors such as fruits and vegetables. Lack of a healthy diet may lead to obesity during this and future stages. Offering a diet of diverse food options, limiting foods with high calories but low nutritional value, and limiting high-calorie drink options can all contribute greatly to a child&#8217;s health during this stage of life.<\/p>\n<p>Caregivers who have established a feeding routine with their child can find the normal reduction in appetite a bit frustrating and become concerned that the child is going to starve.\u00a0However, by providing adequate, sound nutrition, and limiting sugary snacks and drinks, the caregiver can be assured that 1) the child will not starve, and 2) the child will receive adequate nutrition.\u00a0Preschoolers can experience iron deficiencies if not given well-balanced nutrition.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Tips for Establishing Healthy Eating Patterns<\/h3>\n<p>Consider the following advice about establishing eating patterns for years to come (Rice, F.P., 1997).\u00a0Notice that keeping mealtime pleasant, providing sound nutrition, and not engaging in power struggles over food are the main goals.<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent hanging-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">1. Don\u2019t try to force your child to eat or fight over food.\u00a0Of course, it is impossible to force someone to eat.\u00a0But the real advice here is to avoid turning food into some kind of ammunition during a fight.\u00a0Do not teach your child to eat to or refuse to eat in order to gain favor or express anger toward someone else.<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent hanging-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">2. Recognize that appetite varies.\u00a0Children may eat well at one meal and have no appetite at another.\u00a0Rather than seeing this as a problem, it may help to realize that appetites do vary.\u00a0Continue to provide good nutrition, but do not worry excessively if the child does not eat.<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent hanging-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">3. Keep it pleasant.\u00a0This tip is designed to help caregivers create a positive atmosphere during mealtime.\u00a0Mealtimes should not be the time for arguments or expressing tensions.\u00a0You do not want the child to have painful memories of mealtimes together or have nervous stomachs and problems eating and digesting food due to stress.<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent hanging-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">4. No short order chefs.\u00a0While it is fine to prepare foods that children enjoy, preparing a different meal for each child or family member sets up an unrealistic expectation from others.\u00a0Children probably do best when they are hungry and a meal is ready.\u00a0Limiting snacks rather than allowing children to \u201cgraze\u201d continuously can help create an appetite for whatever is being served.<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent hanging-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">5. Limit choices.\u00a0If you give your preschool-aged child choices, make sure that you give them one or two specific choices rather than asking \u201cWhat would you like for lunch?\u201d\u00a0If given an open choice, children may change their minds or choose whatever their sibling does not choose!<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent hanging-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">6. Serve balanced meals.\u00a0This tip encourages caregivers to serve balanced meals, ideally including a variety of food groups (like a protein, dairy, vegetable, fruit, etc.) Meals prepared at home tend to have better\u00a0nutritional value than fast food or frozen dinners.\u00a0Prepared foods tend to be higher in fat and sugar content, so, when possible, fresh foods are recommended. Preparing meals and including the children in kitchen chores can provide a fun and memorable experience.<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent hanging-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">7. Don\u2019t bribe.\u00a0Bribing a child to eat vegetables by promising dessert is not a good idea.\u00a0For one reason, the child will likely find a way to get the dessert without eating the vegetables (by whining or fidgeting, perhaps, until the caregiver gives in), and for another reason, because it teaches the child that some foods are better than others.\u00a0Children tend to naturally enjoy a variety of foods until they are taught that some are considered less desirable than others.\u00a0A child, for example, may learn the broccoli they have enjoyed is actually seen as yucky by others.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0To what extent do these tips address cultural practices? How might these tips vary by culture?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_cd450cf1-8937-47b9-aeb9-adf48804fad6\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/cd450cf1-8937-47b9-aeb9-adf48804fad6?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_cd450cf1-8937-47b9-aeb9-adf48804fad6\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-269\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>picky eater image. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: David Goehring. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/carbonnyc\/6144729060\">https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/carbonnyc\/6144729060<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Psyc 200 Lifespan Psychology. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Laura Overstreet. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/opencourselibrary.org\/econ-201\/\">http:\/\/opencourselibrary.org\/econ-201\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-269-1\">Van Rossem, R., &amp; Pannecoucke, I. (2019). Poverty and a child's height development during early childhood: A double disadvantage? A study of the 2006-2009 birth cohorts in Flanders. PloS one, 14(1), e0209170. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0209170 <a href=\"#return-footnote-269-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-269-2\">Neumann, Janice (September 2015). Small height differences among kids may reflect economic disparities. Reuters, Health News. Retried from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-health-children-height-poverty\/small-height-differences-among-kids-may-reflect-economic-disparities-idUSKCN0RR11720150927\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-health-children-height-poverty\/small-height-differences-among-kids-may-reflect-economic-disparities-idUSKCN0RR11720150927<\/a>. <a href=\"#return-footnote-269-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-269-3\">Kerr GR, Lee ES, Lorimor RJ, Mueller WH, Lam MM (1982) Height distributions of U.S. children: associations with race, poverty status and parental size. Growth 46: 135\u2013149. <a href=\"#return-footnote-269-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":74,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"picky eater image\",\"author\":\"David Goehring\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/carbonnyc\/6144729060\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Psyc 200 Lifespan Psychology\",\"author\":\"Laura Overstreet\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/opencourselibrary.org\/econ-201\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"0d1fd0cd-ae01-43cf-a9a5-3a5583820dd4, 81325337-230d-4ee7-a269-ae86e625ab34, 58b6cbf1-6bde-46ff-9f64-3d5147619df4","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-269","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":261,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/269","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/74"}],"version-history":[{"count":56,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/269\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7771,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/269\/revisions\/7771"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/261"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/269\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=269"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=269"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=269"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=269"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}