{"id":2716,"date":"2019-04-19T19:00:43","date_gmt":"2019-04-19T19:00:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2716"},"modified":"2024-04-29T23:12:00","modified_gmt":"2024-04-29T23:12:00","slug":"the-humanistic-perspective","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/chapter\/the-humanistic-perspective\/","title":{"raw":"The Humanistic Perspective","rendered":"The Humanistic Perspective"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe the major concepts of humanistic theory (unconditional positive regard, the good life), as developed by Carl Rogers<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain Maslow's hierarchy of needs<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>The Humanistic Perspective: A Focus on Uniquely Human Qualities<\/h2>\r\nThe humanistic perspective rose to prominence in the mid-20th century in response to psychoanalytic theory and behaviorism; this perspective focuses on how healthy people develop and emphasizes an individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization and creativity. <strong>Humanism<\/strong> emphasizes human potential and an individual's ability to change, and rejects the idea of biological determinism. Humanistic work and research are sometimes criticized for being qualitative (not measurement-based), but there exist a number of quantitative research strains within humanistic psychology, including research on happiness, self-concept, meditation, and the outcomes of humanistic psychotherapy (Friedman, 2008).\r\n<h2>Carl Rogers and Humanism<\/h2>\r\nOne pioneering humanistic theorist was Carl Rogers. He\u00a0was an influential\u00a0humanistic\u00a0psychologist who developed a\u00a0personality\u00a0theory\u00a0that emphasized the importance of the self-actualizing tendency in\u00a0shaping\u00a0human personalities. He also believed that humans are constantly reacting to\u00a0stimuli\u00a0with their\u00a0subjective\u00a0reality (<strong>phenomenal field<\/strong>), which changes continuously. Over time, a person develops a\u00a0self-concept\u00a0based on the feedback from this field of reality.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_7047\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1000\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/04\/14201622\/phenomenal-field.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-7047 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/04\/14201622\/phenomenal-field.jpg\" alt=\"The Phenomenal Field. The self is at the center of the phenomenal field with the following items surrounding the self: objects, people, thoughts, images and behaviors. Individual and Environment are on the outside of the phenomenal field. The influence from an individual is motivation and the influence from the environment is learning.\" width=\"1000\" height=\"473\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> The phenomenal field refers to a person's subjective reality, which includes external objects and people as well as internal thoughts and emotions. The person's motivations and environments both act on their phenomenal field.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nOne of Rogers\u2019s main ideas about personality regards\u00a0self-concept, our thoughts and feelings about ourselves. How would you respond to the question, \u201cWho am I?\u201d Your answer can show how you see yourself. If your response is primarily positive, then you tend to feel good about who you are, and you probably see the world as a safe and positive place. If your response is mainly negative, then you may feel unhappy with who you are. Rogers further divided the self into two categories: the ideal self and the real self. The\u00a0ideal self\u00a0is the person that you would like to be; the\u00a0real self\u00a0is the person you actually are. Rogers focused on the idea that we need to achieve consistency between these two selves.\r\n<h3>Unconditional Positive Regard<\/h3>\r\nHuman beings develop an ideal self and a real self, based on the conditional status of positive regard. How closely one's real self matches up with their ideal self is called\u00a0congruence. We experience\u00a0congruence\u00a0when our thoughts about our real self and ideal self are very similar\u2014in other words when our self-concept is accurate<strong>.\u00a0<\/strong>High congruence leads to a greater sense of self-worth and a healthy, productive life.\u00a0Conversely, when there is a great discrepancy between our ideal and actual selves, we experience a state Rogers called\u00a0incongruence, which can lead to maladjustment.\r\n\r\nAccording to Rogers, parents can help their children achieve their ideal self by giving them unconditional positive regard, or unconditional love. In the development of self-concept, positive regard is key. Unconditional positive regard is an environment that is free of preconceived notions of value. Conditional positive regard is full of conditions of worth that must be achieved to be considered successful. Rogers (1980) explained it this way: \u201cAs persons are accepted and prized, they tend to develop a more caring attitude towards themselves\u201d (p. 116).\r\n<h3>The Good Life<\/h3>\r\nRogers described life in terms of principles rather than stages of development. These principles exist in fluid processes rather than static states. He claimed that a fully functioning person would continually aim to fulfill their potential in each of these processes, achieving what he called \"the good life.<em>\"<\/em>\u00a0These people would allow personality and self-concept to emanate from experience. He found that fully functioning individuals had several\u00a0traits\u00a0or tendencies in common:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>A growing openness to experience\u2013they move away from defensiveness.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>An increasingly existential lifestyle\u2013living each moment fully, rather than distorting the moment to fit personality or self-concept.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Increasing organismic trust\u2013they trust their own judgment and their ability to choose behavior that is appropriate for each moment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Freedom of choice\u2013they are not restricted by incongruence and are able to make a wide range of choices\u00a0more\u00a0fluently. They believe that they play a role in determining their own behavior and so feel responsible for their own behavior.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Higher levels of creativity\u2013they will be more creative in the way they adapt to their own circumstances without feeling a need to conform.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Reliability\u00a0and constructiveness\u2013they can be trusted to act constructively. Even aggressive needs will be matched and balanced by\u00a0intrinsic\u00a0goodness in congruent individuals.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A rich full life\u2013they will experience joy and pain, love and heartbreak, fear and courage more intensely.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/511cb30e-579f-4b8b-8e29-a8bab9e604ea\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Abraham Maslow's\u00a0Hierarchy of Needs<\/h2>\r\nAbraham Maslow (1908\u20131970) was an American psychologist who is best known for proposing a <strong>hierarchy of human needs<\/strong> in motivating behavior. Maslow described a pattern through which human motivations generally move, meaning that in order for motivation to occur at the next level, each level must be satisfied within the individual themselves. These stages include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>physiological needs:\u00a0the main physical requirements for human survival, including homeostasis, food, water, sleep, shelter, and sex.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>safety needs: the need for personal, emotional, financial, and physical security.\u00a0Once a person's physiological needs are relatively satisfied, their safety needs take precedence and dominate behavior. In the absence of physical safety \u2013 due to war, natural disaster,\u00a0family violence,\u00a0childhood abuse, institutional racism, etc. \u2013 people may (re-)experience\u00a0post-traumatic stress disorder\u00a0or\u00a0transgenerational trauma. In the absence of economic safety \u2013 due to an economic crisis and lack of work opportunities \u2013 these safety needs manifest themselves in ways such as a preference for\u00a0job security, grievance procedures for protecting the individual from unilateral authority, savings accounts, insurance policies, disability accommodations, etc. This level is more likely to predominate in children as they generally have a greater need to feel safe.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>love and belonging: the need for friendships, intimacy, and belonging.\u00a0This need is especially strong in childhood and it can override the need for safety as witnessed in children who cling to abusive parents. Deficiencies within this level of Maslow's hierarchy \u2013 due to\u00a0hospitalism,\u00a0neglect,\u00a0shunning,\u00a0ostracism, etc. \u2013 can adversely affect the individual's ability to form and maintain emotionally significant relationships in general.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>esteem: the typical human desire to be accepted and valued by others. People often engage in a profession or hobby to gain recognition.\u00a0Esteem needs are ego needs or status needs. People develop a concern with getting recognition, status, importance, and respect from others. Most humans have a need to feel respected; this includes the need to have\u00a0self-esteem\u00a0and self-respect.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>self-actualization:\u00a0Maslow describes this level as the desire to accomplish everything that one can, to become the most that one can be.\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-Maslow,_A._1954_5-4\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>Individuals may perceive or focus on this need very specifically. For example, one individual may have a strong desire to become an ideal parent. In another, the desire may be expressed athletically. For others, it may be expressed in paintings, pictures, or inventions. Some examples of this include utilizing abilities and talents, pursuing goals, and seeking happiness.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Maslow,_A._1954_5-5\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nFurthermore, this theory is a key foundation in understanding how drive and motivation are correlated when discussing human behavior. Each of these individual levels contains a certain amount of internal sensation that must be met in order for an individual to complete their hierarchy.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_3-1\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\u00a0The goal in Maslow's theory is to attain the fifth level or stage of\u00a0<strong>self-actualization.<\/strong>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3288\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"731\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/04\/09023731\/800px-Maslows_hierarchy_of_needs.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-3288\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/04\/09023731\/800px-Maslows_hierarchy_of_needs.png\" alt=\"Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. At the bottom of the pyramid are physiological needs (breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion), then security needs (security of body, of employment, of resources, or morality, of the family, of health, or property), then love\/belonging (friendship, family, sexual intimacy), then esteem (self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others), and lastly, self-actualization (morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts).\" width=\"731\" height=\"479\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. Diagram of\u00a0Maslow's hierarchy of needs.\u00a0Maslow's hierarchy of\u00a0needs\u00a0is often portrayed in the shape of a pyramid with the largest, most fundamental needs at the bottom and the need for\u00a0self-actualization\u00a0and transcendence at the top. In other words, the crux of the theory is that individuals\u2019 most basic needs must be met before they become motivated to achieve higher-level needs.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nWatch as Maslow's hierarchy of needs comes to life in this quick video.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=O-4ithG_07Q\r\n\r\nYou can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Lifespan+Development\/Transcriptions\/MaslowsHierarchyofNeeds_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for \"Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It#<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/8df864af-6341-41b0-b7bf-0b8da3c4e934\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n[glossary-page]\r\n[glossary-term]congruence:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]an instance or point of agreement or correspondence between the ideal self and the real self in Rogers' humanistic personality theory[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]humanism:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]a psychological theory that emphasizes an individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization and contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their own behavior[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]Maslow's hierarchy of needs:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid. Needs lower down in the hierarchy must be satisfied before individuals are motivated to attend to needs higher up[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]phenomenal field:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]our subjective reality, all that we are aware of, including objects and people as well as our behaviors, thoughts, images, and ideas[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]self-actualization:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]according to humanistic theory, the realizing of one\u2019s full potential can include creative expression, a quest for spiritual enlightenment, the pursuit of knowledge, or the desire to contribute to society. For Maslow, it is a state of self-fulfillment in which people achieve their highest potential in their own unique way[\/glossary-definition]\r\n[\/glossary-page]\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the major concepts of humanistic theory (unconditional positive regard, the good life), as developed by Carl Rogers<\/li>\n<li>Explain Maslow&#8217;s hierarchy of needs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>The Humanistic Perspective: A Focus on Uniquely Human Qualities<\/h2>\n<p>The humanistic perspective rose to prominence in the mid-20th century in response to psychoanalytic theory and behaviorism; this perspective focuses on how healthy people develop and emphasizes an individual&#8217;s inherent drive towards self-actualization and creativity. <strong>Humanism<\/strong> emphasizes human potential and an individual&#8217;s ability to change, and rejects the idea of biological determinism. Humanistic work and research are sometimes criticized for being qualitative (not measurement-based), but there exist a number of quantitative research strains within humanistic psychology, including research on happiness, self-concept, meditation, and the outcomes of humanistic psychotherapy (Friedman, 2008).<\/p>\n<h2>Carl Rogers and Humanism<\/h2>\n<p>One pioneering humanistic theorist was Carl Rogers. He\u00a0was an influential\u00a0humanistic\u00a0psychologist who developed a\u00a0personality\u00a0theory\u00a0that emphasized the importance of the self-actualizing tendency in\u00a0shaping\u00a0human personalities. He also believed that humans are constantly reacting to\u00a0stimuli\u00a0with their\u00a0subjective\u00a0reality (<strong>phenomenal field<\/strong>), which changes continuously. Over time, a person develops a\u00a0self-concept\u00a0based on the feedback from this field of reality.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_7047\" style=\"width: 1010px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/04\/14201622\/phenomenal-field.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7047\" class=\"wp-image-7047 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/04\/14201622\/phenomenal-field.jpg\" alt=\"The Phenomenal Field. The self is at the center of the phenomenal field with the following items surrounding the self: objects, people, thoughts, images and behaviors. Individual and Environment are on the outside of the phenomenal field. The influence from an individual is motivation and the influence from the environment is learning.\" width=\"1000\" height=\"473\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-7047\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> The phenomenal field refers to a person&#8217;s subjective reality, which includes external objects and people as well as internal thoughts and emotions. The person&#8217;s motivations and environments both act on their phenomenal field.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>One of Rogers\u2019s main ideas about personality regards\u00a0self-concept, our thoughts and feelings about ourselves. How would you respond to the question, \u201cWho am I?\u201d Your answer can show how you see yourself. If your response is primarily positive, then you tend to feel good about who you are, and you probably see the world as a safe and positive place. If your response is mainly negative, then you may feel unhappy with who you are. Rogers further divided the self into two categories: the ideal self and the real self. The\u00a0ideal self\u00a0is the person that you would like to be; the\u00a0real self\u00a0is the person you actually are. Rogers focused on the idea that we need to achieve consistency between these two selves.<\/p>\n<h3>Unconditional Positive Regard<\/h3>\n<p>Human beings develop an ideal self and a real self, based on the conditional status of positive regard. How closely one&#8217;s real self matches up with their ideal self is called\u00a0congruence. We experience\u00a0congruence\u00a0when our thoughts about our real self and ideal self are very similar\u2014in other words when our self-concept is accurate<strong>.\u00a0<\/strong>High congruence leads to a greater sense of self-worth and a healthy, productive life.\u00a0Conversely, when there is a great discrepancy between our ideal and actual selves, we experience a state Rogers called\u00a0incongruence, which can lead to maladjustment.<\/p>\n<p>According to Rogers, parents can help their children achieve their ideal self by giving them unconditional positive regard, or unconditional love. In the development of self-concept, positive regard is key. Unconditional positive regard is an environment that is free of preconceived notions of value. Conditional positive regard is full of conditions of worth that must be achieved to be considered successful. Rogers (1980) explained it this way: \u201cAs persons are accepted and prized, they tend to develop a more caring attitude towards themselves\u201d (p. 116).<\/p>\n<h3>The Good Life<\/h3>\n<p>Rogers described life in terms of principles rather than stages of development. These principles exist in fluid processes rather than static states. He claimed that a fully functioning person would continually aim to fulfill their potential in each of these processes, achieving what he called &#8220;the good life.<em>&#8220;<\/em>\u00a0These people would allow personality and self-concept to emanate from experience. He found that fully functioning individuals had several\u00a0traits\u00a0or tendencies in common:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>A growing openness to experience\u2013they move away from defensiveness.<\/li>\n<li>An increasingly existential lifestyle\u2013living each moment fully, rather than distorting the moment to fit personality or self-concept.<\/li>\n<li>Increasing organismic trust\u2013they trust their own judgment and their ability to choose behavior that is appropriate for each moment.<\/li>\n<li>Freedom of choice\u2013they are not restricted by incongruence and are able to make a wide range of choices\u00a0more\u00a0fluently. They believe that they play a role in determining their own behavior and so feel responsible for their own behavior.<\/li>\n<li>Higher levels of creativity\u2013they will be more creative in the way they adapt to their own circumstances without feeling a need to conform.<\/li>\n<li>Reliability\u00a0and constructiveness\u2013they can be trusted to act constructively. Even aggressive needs will be matched and balanced by\u00a0intrinsic\u00a0goodness in congruent individuals.<\/li>\n<li>A rich full life\u2013they will experience joy and pain, love and heartbreak, fear and courage more intensely.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_511cb30e-579f-4b8b-8e29-a8bab9e604ea\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/511cb30e-579f-4b8b-8e29-a8bab9e604ea?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_511cb30e-579f-4b8b-8e29-a8bab9e604ea\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Abraham Maslow&#8217;s\u00a0Hierarchy of Needs<\/h2>\n<p>Abraham Maslow (1908\u20131970) was an American psychologist who is best known for proposing a <strong>hierarchy of human needs<\/strong> in motivating behavior. Maslow described a pattern through which human motivations generally move, meaning that in order for motivation to occur at the next level, each level must be satisfied within the individual themselves. These stages include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>physiological needs:\u00a0the main physical requirements for human survival, including homeostasis, food, water, sleep, shelter, and sex.<\/li>\n<li>safety needs: the need for personal, emotional, financial, and physical security.\u00a0Once a person&#8217;s physiological needs are relatively satisfied, their safety needs take precedence and dominate behavior. In the absence of physical safety \u2013 due to war, natural disaster,\u00a0family violence,\u00a0childhood abuse, institutional racism, etc. \u2013 people may (re-)experience\u00a0post-traumatic stress disorder\u00a0or\u00a0transgenerational trauma. In the absence of economic safety \u2013 due to an economic crisis and lack of work opportunities \u2013 these safety needs manifest themselves in ways such as a preference for\u00a0job security, grievance procedures for protecting the individual from unilateral authority, savings accounts, insurance policies, disability accommodations, etc. This level is more likely to predominate in children as they generally have a greater need to feel safe.<\/li>\n<li>love and belonging: the need for friendships, intimacy, and belonging.\u00a0This need is especially strong in childhood and it can override the need for safety as witnessed in children who cling to abusive parents. Deficiencies within this level of Maslow&#8217;s hierarchy \u2013 due to\u00a0hospitalism,\u00a0neglect,\u00a0shunning,\u00a0ostracism, etc. \u2013 can adversely affect the individual&#8217;s ability to form and maintain emotionally significant relationships in general.<\/li>\n<li>esteem: the typical human desire to be accepted and valued by others. People often engage in a profession or hobby to gain recognition.\u00a0Esteem needs are ego needs or status needs. People develop a concern with getting recognition, status, importance, and respect from others. Most humans have a need to feel respected; this includes the need to have\u00a0self-esteem\u00a0and self-respect.<\/li>\n<li>self-actualization:\u00a0Maslow describes this level as the desire to accomplish everything that one can, to become the most that one can be.\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-Maslow,_A._1954_5-4\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>Individuals may perceive or focus on this need very specifically. For example, one individual may have a strong desire to become an ideal parent. In another, the desire may be expressed athletically. For others, it may be expressed in paintings, pictures, or inventions. Some examples of this include utilizing abilities and talents, pursuing goals, and seeking happiness.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Maslow,_A._1954_5-5\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Furthermore, this theory is a key foundation in understanding how drive and motivation are correlated when discussing human behavior. Each of these individual levels contains a certain amount of internal sensation that must be met in order for an individual to complete their hierarchy.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_3-1\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\u00a0The goal in Maslow&#8217;s theory is to attain the fifth level or stage of\u00a0<strong>self-actualization.<\/strong><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_3288\" style=\"width: 741px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/04\/09023731\/800px-Maslows_hierarchy_of_needs.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3288\" class=\"wp-image-3288\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/04\/09023731\/800px-Maslows_hierarchy_of_needs.png\" alt=\"Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. At the bottom of the pyramid are physiological needs (breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion), then security needs (security of body, of employment, of resources, or morality, of the family, of health, or property), then love\/belonging (friendship, family, sexual intimacy), then esteem (self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others), and lastly, self-actualization (morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts).\" width=\"731\" height=\"479\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-3288\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. Diagram of\u00a0Maslow&#8217;s hierarchy of needs.\u00a0Maslow&#8217;s hierarchy of\u00a0needs\u00a0is often portrayed in the shape of a pyramid with the largest, most fundamental needs at the bottom and the need for\u00a0self-actualization\u00a0and transcendence at the top. In other words, the crux of the theory is that individuals\u2019 most basic needs must be met before they become motivated to achieve higher-level needs.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>Watch as Maslow&#8217;s hierarchy of needs comes to life in this quick video.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Maslow&#39;s Hierarchy of Needs\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/O-4ithG_07Q?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Lifespan+Development\/Transcriptions\/MaslowsHierarchyofNeeds_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for &#8220;Maslow&#8217;s Hierarchy of Needs&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It#<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_8df864af-6341-41b0-b7bf-0b8da3c4e934\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/8df864af-6341-41b0-b7bf-0b8da3c4e934?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_8df864af-6341-41b0-b7bf-0b8da3c4e934\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<div class=\"titlepage\">\n<dl>\n<dt>congruence:<\/dt>\n<dd>an instance or point of agreement or correspondence between the ideal self and the real self in Rogers&#8217; humanistic personality theory<\/dd>\n<dt>humanism:<\/dt>\n<dd>a psychological theory that emphasizes an individual&#8217;s inherent drive towards self-actualization and contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their own behavior<\/dd>\n<dt>Maslow&#8217;s hierarchy of needs:<\/dt>\n<dd>a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid. Needs lower down in the hierarchy must be satisfied before individuals are motivated to attend to needs higher up<\/dd>\n<dt>phenomenal field:<\/dt>\n<dd>our subjective reality, all that we are aware of, including objects and people as well as our behaviors, thoughts, images, and ideas<\/dd>\n<dt>self-actualization:<\/dt>\n<dd>according to humanistic theory, the realizing of one\u2019s full potential can include creative expression, a quest for spiritual enlightenment, the pursuit of knowledge, or the desire to contribute to society. For Maslow, it is a state of self-fulfillment in which people achieve their highest potential in their own unique way<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2716\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>The Humanistic Perspective: A focus on Uniquely Human Qualities Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Sonja Ann Miller for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Boundless Psychology. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Boundless. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundless-psychology\/chapter\/humanistic-perspectives-on-personality\/\">https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundless-psychology\/chapter\/humanistic-perspectives-on-personality\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Maslow Hierarchy of Needs. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs#cite_note-:0-3\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs#cite_note-:0-3<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>The History of Psychology: Behaviorism and Humanism. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/chapter\/reading-behaviorism\/\">https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/chapter\/reading-behaviorism\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Hierarchy of needs image. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>:  AuthortJ. Finkelstein. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs.png\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs.png<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Maslow&#039;s Hierarchy of Needs. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Sprouts. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=O-4ithG_07Q\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=O-4ithG_07Q<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><li>Modification of Image: Phenomenal field.. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Tekks; Modification by Lumen Learning. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Phenomenal_field.jpg\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Phenomenal_field.jpg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":142337,"menu_order":10,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"The Humanistic Perspective: A focus on Uniquely Human Qualities Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"Sonja Ann Miller for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Boundless Psychology\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Boundless\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundless-psychology\/chapter\/humanistic-perspectives-on-personality\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Maslow Hierarchy of Needs\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs#cite_note-:0-3\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"The History of Psychology: Behaviorism and Humanism\",\"author\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/chapter\/reading-behaviorism\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Hierarchy of needs image\",\"author\":\" AuthortJ. 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