{"id":2721,"date":"2019-04-19T19:06:56","date_gmt":"2019-04-19T19:06:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2721"},"modified":"2024-04-29T23:12:24","modified_gmt":"2024-04-29T23:12:24","slug":"the-evolutionary-perspective-genetic-inheritance-from-our-ancestors","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/chapter\/the-evolutionary-perspective-genetic-inheritance-from-our-ancestors\/","title":{"raw":"The Evolutionary Perspective: Genetic Inheritance from our Ancestors","rendered":"The Evolutionary Perspective: Genetic Inheritance from our Ancestors"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe the evolutionary perspective<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>The fundamentals of the evolutionary perspective<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3835\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"179\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/04\/21183944\/charles-robert-darwin-629111.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-3835\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/04\/21183944\/charles-robert-darwin-629111-234x300.jpg\" alt=\"Portrait of Charles Darwin.\" width=\"179\" height=\"230\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 1.\u00a0<\/strong> A portrait of Charles Robert Darwin.\u00a0<em><span style=\"color: #6f6f6f; font-size: 1.15em; text-align: initial;\">In the distant future I see open fields for far more important researches. Psychology will be based on a new foundation, that of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation.\u00a0<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-size: 0.9em; text-align: justify;\">\u2014\u2009<\/span><cite style=\"text-align: justify;\"><cite class=\"citation\">Darwin, Charles (1859).\u00a0<span class=\"cs1-ws-icon\" title=\"s:Page:Origin_of_Species_1859_facsimile.djvu\/500\"><i>The Origin of Species<\/i>\u00a0<\/span>. p.\u00a0488 \u2013 via\u00a0Wikisource<\/cite><\/cite>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<div>One very influential approach in understanding human development is the evolutionary perspective, the final developmental perspective that we will consider. This perspective seeks to identify behavior that is the result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors.\u00a0<b>Evolutionary psychology<\/b>\u00a0is a theoretical approach in the\u00a0social\u00a0and\u00a0natural sciences\u00a0that examines psychological structure from a modern\u00a0evolutionary\u00a0perspective. It seeks to identify which human psychological traits are evolved\u00a0adaptations\u00a0\u2013 that is, the functional products of\u00a0natural selection\u00a0or\u00a0sexual selection in human evolution.<\/div>\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n<div>David M. Buss\u00a0is an\u00a0evolutionary psychologist\u00a0at the\u00a0University of Texas at Austin, theorizing and researching human\u00a0sex differences\u00a0in mate selection. The primary topics of his research include male mating strategies, conflict between the sexes,\u00a0social status, social reputation, prestige, the emotion of\u00a0jealousy,\u00a0homicide, anti-homicide defenses, and\u2014most recently\u2014stalking. All of these are approached from an evolutionary perspective.<\/div>\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\nEvolutionary psychology has its historical roots in\u00a0Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Psychology_5-2\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\u00a0In\u00a0<i>The Origin of Species<\/i>, Darwin predicted that psychology would develop an evolutionary basis, and\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em; text-align: initial;\">that a process of natural selection creates traits in a species that are adaptive to its environment.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 1em; text-align: initial;\">Using Darwin\u2019s\u00a0arguments, evolutionary approaches<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em; text-align: initial;\">\u00a0claim that one's genetic inheritance not only determine such physical traits as skin and eye color, but also certain personality traits and social behaviors. For example, some evolutionary developmental psychologists suggest that behavior such as shyness and jealousy may be produced in part by genetic causes, presumably because they helped increase the survival rates of human's ancient relatives.[footnote]David M. Buss The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating BasicBooks, Jun 25, 2003[\/footnote][footnote]Buss, A.H 2012 Pathways to individuality: evolution and development of personality traits. Washington, DC: American psychological Association[\/footnote][footnote]Easton, JM., Schipper, L., And Shackleford, T. 2007 morbid jealousy from an evolutionary psychological perspective. Evolution and human behavior, 28, 399 \u2013402[\/footnote]<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Lorenz and Imprinting<\/h2>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4525\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"395\"]<img class=\"wp-image-4525\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/04\/10033710\/20090426_Parc_Paradisio_0357.jpg\" alt=\"Six baby graylag geese.\" width=\"395\" height=\"297\" \/> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. Through a process known as imprinting, birds who leave the nest early attach to the first moving object they see.[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"auths\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">The evolutionary perspective draws heavily on the field of <strong>ethology<\/strong>, which examines the ways in which our biological makeup influences our behavior.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">The primary proponent of ethology was Konrad Lorenz, who discovered that newborn geese are genetically pre-programmed to become attached to the first moving object they see after birth.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">Lorenz's work led developmentalists to consider the ways in which human behavior might reflect inborn genetic patterns. Working with geese, he investigated the principle of\u00a0imprinting<strong>,<\/strong> the process by which some\u00a0nidifugous\u00a0birds (i.e. birds that leave their nest early) bond instinctively with the first moving object that they see within the first hours of hatching. Although Lorenz did not discover the topic, he became widely known for his descriptions of imprinting as an instinctive bond.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"auths\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">In\u00a0psychology\u00a0and\u00a0ethology,\u00a0<b>imprinting<\/b>\u00a0is any kind of phase-sensitive\u00a0learning\u00a0(learning occurring at a particular age or a particular life stage) that is rapid and apparently independent of the consequences of behavior. It was first used to describe situations in which an animal or person learns the characteristics of some stimulus, which is therefore said to be \"imprinted\" onto the subject. Imprinting is hypothesized to have a\u00a0critical period.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"auths\">Behavioral Genetics<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"auths\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">The evolutionary perspective encompasses one of the fastest-growing areas within the field of lifespan development: behavioral genetics. <strong>Behavioral genetics<\/strong>\u00a0is a field of\u00a0scientific\u00a0research\u00a0that uses\u00a0genetic\u00a0methods\u00a0to investigate the\u00a0nature and origins\u00a0of\u00a0individual differences\u00a0in\u00a0behavior and\u00a0studies the effects of heredity on behavior. Behavioral geneticists strive to understand how we might inherit certain behavioral traits and how the environment influences whether we actually displayed those traits. It also considers how genetic factors may influence psychological disorders such as schizophrenia, depression and substance abuse.[footnote]Origins of the Social Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and Child Development, Bruce J. Ellis, David F. Bjorklund pp 3-18 New York Guilford Press, Jan 1, 2005[\/footnote][footnote]Rembis , M. 2009( re)defining disability in the \u201cgenetic age\u201d: behavioral genetics, \u201cnew\u201d eugenics and the future of impairment. Disability and society, 24, 585 - 597[\/footnote][footnote]PLOMIN, R., DEFRIES, J. C. , KnOPIK, V. S., &amp; NEIDERHISER, J. M. 2016. Top 10 replicated findings from behavioral genetics. Perspectives on psychological science, 11, 3\u201323.[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\r\nIn Stanford, professor and author of <em>Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ORthzIOEf30\">Robert Sapolsky's Ted Talk<\/a>, Sapolsky describes how our history and biology influence our behavior. This tour of our individual and collective history provides an enlightening overview of behavioral genetics.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Criticisms of the Evolutionary Perspective<\/h2>\r\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">There is a general acceptance that Darwin's evolutionary theory provides an accurate description of basic genetic processes and that the evolutionary perspective is increasingly visible in the field of lifespan development. However, applications of the evolutionary perspective have been subjected to considerable criticism. Some developmental psychologists are concerned over too much emphasis on genetic and biological aspects of behavior and suggest that the evolutionary perspective places insufficient attention on environmental and social factors involved in producing children\u2019s and adults behavior. Other critics argue that there is no good way to experimentally test theories derived from this approach because humans evolved so long ago. For example, we may admit that jealousy helps individuals to survive more effectively, but how do we prove it? All things considered however, the evolutionary approach is continually stimulating research on how our biological inheritance at least partially influences our traits and behaviors.[footnote]Bjorklund, D. 2006 mother knows best, epigenetic inheritance, maternal effects, and the evolution of human intelligence. Developmental review, 26, 213 \u2013242.[\/footnote][footnote]Baptista, T., Aldana, E., Angeles , F., And Beaulieu , S. 2008. Evolution theory: an overview of its applications in psychiatry. Psychopathology, 41, 17 \u201327.[\/footnote][footnote]Del Giudice, M. 2015. Self-regulation in an evolutionary perspective. In G. E. Gendolla, M. Tops, S. L. Koole, G. E. Gendolla, M. Tops, &amp; S. L. Koole (Eds), Handbook of behavioral approaches to self-regulation. New York, New York: Springer science + business media[\/footnote]<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/1a38a672-43b9-48fa-990a-26f802ce26de\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/b30548d9-2f47-43e6-a975-c37d5e7e2375\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n[glossary-page]\r\n[glossary-term]behavioral genetics:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]one of the fastest-growing areas within the field of lifespan development and studies the effects of heredity on behavior[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]ethology:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]the study of behavior through a biological lens[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]evolutionary psychology:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]a field of study that seeks to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]imprinting:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]in psychology and ethology, imprinting is any kind of phase-sensitive learning (learning occurring at a particular age or a particular life stage) that is rapid and apparently independent of the consequences of behavior[\/glossary-definition]\r\n[\/glossary-page]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the evolutionary perspective<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>The fundamentals of the evolutionary perspective<\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_3835\" style=\"width: 189px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/04\/21183944\/charles-robert-darwin-629111.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3835\" class=\"wp-image-3835\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/04\/21183944\/charles-robert-darwin-629111-234x300.jpg\" alt=\"Portrait of Charles Darwin.\" width=\"179\" height=\"230\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-3835\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.\u00a0<\/strong> A portrait of Charles Robert Darwin.\u00a0<em><span style=\"color: #6f6f6f; font-size: 1.15em; text-align: initial;\">In the distant future I see open fields for far more important researches. Psychology will be based on a new foundation, that of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation.\u00a0<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-size: 0.9em; text-align: justify;\">\u2014\u2009<\/span><cite style=\"text-align: justify;\"><cite class=\"citation\">Darwin, Charles (1859).\u00a0<span class=\"cs1-ws-icon\" title=\"s:Page:Origin_of_Species_1859_facsimile.djvu\/500\"><i>The Origin of Species<\/i>\u00a0<\/span>. p.\u00a0488 \u2013 via\u00a0Wikisource<\/cite><\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>One very influential approach in understanding human development is the evolutionary perspective, the final developmental perspective that we will consider. This perspective seeks to identify behavior that is the result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors.\u00a0<b>Evolutionary psychology<\/b>\u00a0is a theoretical approach in the\u00a0social\u00a0and\u00a0natural sciences\u00a0that examines psychological structure from a modern\u00a0evolutionary\u00a0perspective. It seeks to identify which human psychological traits are evolved\u00a0adaptations\u00a0\u2013 that is, the functional products of\u00a0natural selection\u00a0or\u00a0sexual selection in human evolution.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>David M. Buss\u00a0is an\u00a0evolutionary psychologist\u00a0at the\u00a0University of Texas at Austin, theorizing and researching human\u00a0sex differences\u00a0in mate selection. The primary topics of his research include male mating strategies, conflict between the sexes,\u00a0social status, social reputation, prestige, the emotion of\u00a0jealousy,\u00a0homicide, anti-homicide defenses, and\u2014most recently\u2014stalking. All of these are approached from an evolutionary perspective.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Evolutionary psychology has its historical roots in\u00a0Charles Darwin&#8217;s theory of natural selection.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Psychology_5-2\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\u00a0In\u00a0<i>The Origin of Species<\/i>, Darwin predicted that psychology would develop an evolutionary basis, and\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em; text-align: initial;\">that a process of natural selection creates traits in a species that are adaptive to its environment.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1em; text-align: initial;\">Using Darwin\u2019s\u00a0arguments, evolutionary approaches<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em; text-align: initial;\">\u00a0claim that one&#8217;s genetic inheritance not only determine such physical traits as skin and eye color, but also certain personality traits and social behaviors. For example, some evolutionary developmental psychologists suggest that behavior such as shyness and jealousy may be produced in part by genetic causes, presumably because they helped increase the survival rates of human&#8217;s ancient relatives.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"David M. Buss The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating BasicBooks, Jun 25, 2003\" id=\"return-footnote-2721-1\" href=\"#footnote-2721-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Buss, A.H 2012 Pathways to individuality: evolution and development of personality traits. Washington, DC: American psychological Association\" id=\"return-footnote-2721-2\" href=\"#footnote-2721-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Easton, JM., Schipper, L., And Shackleford, T. 2007 morbid jealousy from an evolutionary psychological perspective. Evolution and human behavior, 28, 399 \u2013402\" id=\"return-footnote-2721-3\" href=\"#footnote-2721-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Lorenz and Imprinting<\/h2>\n<div>\n<div id=\"attachment_4525\" style=\"width: 405px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4525\" class=\"wp-image-4525\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2019\/04\/10033710\/20090426_Parc_Paradisio_0357.jpg\" alt=\"Six baby graylag geese.\" width=\"395\" height=\"297\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-4525\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. Through a process known as imprinting, birds who leave the nest early attach to the first moving object they see.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"auths\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">The evolutionary perspective draws heavily on the field of <strong>ethology<\/strong>, which examines the ways in which our biological makeup influences our behavior.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">The primary proponent of ethology was Konrad Lorenz, who discovered that newborn geese are genetically pre-programmed to become attached to the first moving object they see after birth.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">Lorenz&#8217;s work led developmentalists to consider the ways in which human behavior might reflect inborn genetic patterns. Working with geese, he investigated the principle of\u00a0imprinting<strong>,<\/strong> the process by which some\u00a0nidifugous\u00a0birds (i.e. birds that leave their nest early) bond instinctively with the first moving object that they see within the first hours of hatching. Although Lorenz did not discover the topic, he became widely known for his descriptions of imprinting as an instinctive bond.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"auths\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">In\u00a0psychology\u00a0and\u00a0ethology,\u00a0<b>imprinting<\/b>\u00a0is any kind of phase-sensitive\u00a0learning\u00a0(learning occurring at a particular age or a particular life stage) that is rapid and apparently independent of the consequences of behavior. It was first used to describe situations in which an animal or person learns the characteristics of some stimulus, which is therefore said to be &#8220;imprinted&#8221; onto the subject. Imprinting is hypothesized to have a\u00a0critical period.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"auths\">Behavioral Genetics<\/h2>\n<p class=\"auths\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">The evolutionary perspective encompasses one of the fastest-growing areas within the field of lifespan development: behavioral genetics. <strong>Behavioral genetics<\/strong>\u00a0is a field of\u00a0scientific\u00a0research\u00a0that uses\u00a0genetic\u00a0methods\u00a0to investigate the\u00a0nature and origins\u00a0of\u00a0individual differences\u00a0in\u00a0behavior and\u00a0studies the effects of heredity on behavior. Behavioral geneticists strive to understand how we might inherit certain behavioral traits and how the environment influences whether we actually displayed those traits. It also considers how genetic factors may influence psychological disorders such as schizophrenia, depression and substance abuse.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Origins of the Social Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and Child Development, Bruce J. Ellis, David F. Bjorklund pp 3-18 New York Guilford Press, Jan 1, 2005\" id=\"return-footnote-2721-4\" href=\"#footnote-2721-4\" aria-label=\"Footnote 4\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Rembis , M. 2009( re)defining disability in the \u201cgenetic age\u201d: behavioral genetics, \u201cnew\u201d eugenics and the future of impairment. Disability and society, 24, 585 - 597\" id=\"return-footnote-2721-5\" href=\"#footnote-2721-5\" aria-label=\"Footnote 5\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"PLOMIN, R., DEFRIES, J. C. , KnOPIK, V. S., &amp; NEIDERHISER, J. M. 2016. Top 10 replicated findings from behavioral genetics. Perspectives on psychological science, 11, 3\u201323.\" id=\"return-footnote-2721-6\" href=\"#footnote-2721-6\" aria-label=\"Footnote 6\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\n<p>In Stanford, professor and author of <em>Why Zebras Don&#8217;t Get Ulcers<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ORthzIOEf30\">Robert Sapolsky&#8217;s Ted Talk<\/a>, Sapolsky describes how our history and biology influence our behavior. This tour of our individual and collective history provides an enlightening overview of behavioral genetics.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Criticisms of the Evolutionary Perspective<\/h2>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">There is a general acceptance that Darwin&#8217;s evolutionary theory provides an accurate description of basic genetic processes and that the evolutionary perspective is increasingly visible in the field of lifespan development. However, applications of the evolutionary perspective have been subjected to considerable criticism. Some developmental psychologists are concerned over too much emphasis on genetic and biological aspects of behavior and suggest that the evolutionary perspective places insufficient attention on environmental and social factors involved in producing children\u2019s and adults behavior. Other critics argue that there is no good way to experimentally test theories derived from this approach because humans evolved so long ago. For example, we may admit that jealousy helps individuals to survive more effectively, but how do we prove it? All things considered however, the evolutionary approach is continually stimulating research on how our biological inheritance at least partially influences our traits and behaviors.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Bjorklund, D. 2006 mother knows best, epigenetic inheritance, maternal effects, and the evolution of human intelligence. Developmental review, 26, 213 \u2013242.\" id=\"return-footnote-2721-7\" href=\"#footnote-2721-7\" aria-label=\"Footnote 7\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Baptista, T., Aldana, E., Angeles , F., And Beaulieu , S. 2008. Evolution theory: an overview of its applications in psychiatry. Psychopathology, 41, 17 \u201327.\" id=\"return-footnote-2721-8\" href=\"#footnote-2721-8\" aria-label=\"Footnote 8\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Del Giudice, M. 2015. Self-regulation in an evolutionary perspective. In G. E. Gendolla, M. Tops, S. L. Koole, G. E. Gendolla, M. Tops, &amp; S. L. Koole (Eds), Handbook of behavioral approaches to self-regulation. New York, New York: Springer science + business media\" id=\"return-footnote-2721-9\" href=\"#footnote-2721-9\" aria-label=\"Footnote 9\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_1a38a672-43b9-48fa-990a-26f802ce26de\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/1a38a672-43b9-48fa-990a-26f802ce26de?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_1a38a672-43b9-48fa-990a-26f802ce26de\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_b30548d9-2f47-43e6-a975-c37d5e7e2375\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/b30548d9-2f47-43e6-a975-c37d5e7e2375?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_b30548d9-2f47-43e6-a975-c37d5e7e2375\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<div class=\"titlepage\">\n<dl>\n<dt>behavioral genetics:<\/dt>\n<dd>one of the fastest-growing areas within the field of lifespan development and studies the effects of heredity on behavior<\/dd>\n<dt>ethology:<\/dt>\n<dd>the study of behavior through a biological lens<\/dd>\n<dt>evolutionary psychology:<\/dt>\n<dd>a field of study that seeks to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors<\/dd>\n<dt>imprinting:<\/dt>\n<dd>in psychology and ethology, imprinting is any kind of phase-sensitive learning (learning occurring at a particular age or a particular life stage) that is rapid and apparently independent of the consequences of behavior<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2721\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>The Evolutionary Perspective : Genetic Inheritance from our Ancestors. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Sonja Ann Miller for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Konrad Lorenz. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Konrad_Lorenz\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Konrad_Lorenz<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Charles Robert Darwin. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: WikiImages. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/images\/id-62911\/\">https:\/\/pixabay.com\/images\/id-62911\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Evolutionary Psychology. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evolutionary_psychology\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evolutionary_psychology<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>David Buss. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Buss\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Buss<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Origin of Species Facsimile. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikisource. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Page:Origin_of_Species_1859_facsimile.djvu\/500\">https:\/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Page:Origin_of_Species_1859_facsimile.djvu\/500<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Behavioral Genetics. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Behavioural_genetics#Nature_of_genetic_influence\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Behavioural_genetics#Nature_of_genetic_influence<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Greylag geese. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greylag_goose#\/media\/File:20090426_Parc_Paradisio_(0357).jpg\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greylag_goose#\/media\/File:20090426_Parc_Paradisio_(0357).jpg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-2721-1\">David M. Buss The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating BasicBooks, Jun 25, 2003 <a href=\"#return-footnote-2721-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-2721-2\">Buss, A.H 2012 Pathways to individuality: evolution and development of personality traits. Washington, DC: American psychological Association <a href=\"#return-footnote-2721-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-2721-3\">Easton, JM., Schipper, L., And Shackleford, T. 2007 morbid jealousy from an evolutionary psychological perspective. Evolution and human behavior, 28, 399 \u2013402 <a href=\"#return-footnote-2721-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-2721-4\">Origins of the Social Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and Child Development, Bruce J. Ellis, David F. Bjorklund pp 3-18 New York Guilford Press, Jan 1, 2005 <a href=\"#return-footnote-2721-4\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 4\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-2721-5\">Rembis , M. 2009( re)defining disability in the \u201cgenetic age\u201d: behavioral genetics, \u201cnew\u201d eugenics and the future of impairment. Disability and society, 24, 585 - 597 <a href=\"#return-footnote-2721-5\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 5\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-2721-6\">PLOMIN, R., DEFRIES, J. C. , KnOPIK, V. S., &amp; NEIDERHISER, J. M. 2016. Top 10 replicated findings from behavioral genetics. Perspectives on psychological science, 11, 3\u201323. <a href=\"#return-footnote-2721-6\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 6\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-2721-7\">Bjorklund, D. 2006 mother knows best, epigenetic inheritance, maternal effects, and the evolution of human intelligence. Developmental review, 26, 213 \u2013242. <a href=\"#return-footnote-2721-7\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 7\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-2721-8\">Baptista, T., Aldana, E., Angeles , F., And Beaulieu , S. 2008. Evolution theory: an overview of its applications in psychiatry. Psychopathology, 41, 17 \u201327. <a href=\"#return-footnote-2721-8\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 8\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-2721-9\">Del Giudice, M. 2015. Self-regulation in an evolutionary perspective. In G. E. Gendolla, M. Tops, S. L. Koole, G. E. Gendolla, M. Tops, &amp; S. L. Koole (Eds), Handbook of behavioral approaches to self-regulation. New York, New York: Springer science + business media <a href=\"#return-footnote-2721-9\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 9\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":142337,"menu_order":12,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"The Evolutionary Perspective : Genetic Inheritance from our Ancestors\",\"author\":\"Sonja Ann Miller for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Konrad Lorenz\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Konrad_Lorenz\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Charles Robert Darwin\",\"author\":\"WikiImages\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/images\/id-62911\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc0\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Evolutionary Psychology\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evolutionary_psychology\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"David Buss\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Buss\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Origin of Species Facsimile\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikisource\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Page:Origin_of_Species_1859_facsimile.djvu\/500\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Behavioral Genetics\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Behavioural_genetics#Nature_of_genetic_influence\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Greylag geese\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greylag_goose#\/media\/File:20090426_Parc_Paradisio_(0357).jpg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"6656cf8d-aab9-414e-bd37-df030214c5eb, ff491213-45e2-496b-a072-b16883fc7721","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2721","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":141,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2721","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/142337"}],"version-history":[{"count":36,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2721\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7735,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2721\/revisions\/7735"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/141"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2721\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2721"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2721"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2721"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2721"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}