{"id":298,"date":"2014-09-27T15:52:10","date_gmt":"2014-09-27T15:52:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/lifespandevelopment1x1\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=298"},"modified":"2024-04-30T19:17:19","modified_gmt":"2024-04-30T19:17:19","slug":"psychosocial-development","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/chapter\/psychosocial-development\/","title":{"raw":"Psychodynamic and Psychosocial Theories of Middle Childhood","rendered":"Psychodynamic and Psychosocial Theories of Middle Childhood"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Examine Erikson's stage of industry vs. inferiority as it relates to middle childhood<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe the importance of peer relationships to middle childhood<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nNow let's turn our attention to concerns related to social development, self-concept, the world of friendships, and family life. During middle childhood, children are likely to show more independence from their parents and family, think more about the future, understand more about their place in the world, pay more attention to friendships, and want to be accepted by their peers.\r\n<h2>Freud's Psychosexual Development: The Latency Stage<\/h2>\r\nRemember that Freud's theory of psychosexual development suggests that children develop their personality through a series of psychosexual stages. In each stage, the erogenous zone is the source of the libidinal energy. So far we have seen the oral stage (ages birth - 18 months), the anal stage (ages 18 months - 3 years), and the phallic stage (ages 3 years - 6 years).\r\n\r\nFreud's fourth stage of psychosexual development is the latency stage. This stage begins around age 6 and lasts until puberty. In the latency stage, children are actually doing very little psychosexual developing according to Freud. Where pleasure and development occurred through erogenous zones in the first 3 stages, in the latency stage all pleasure from erogenous zones is repressed. In other words, it is latent\u2014hence the stage's name. Freud believed that in the latency stage all development and stimulation come from secondary sources since the erogenous forces are repressed. These secondary sources can include education, forming various social relationships, and hobbies.\r\n<h2>Erikson's Psychosocial Development: Industry vs. Inferiority<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_6447\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"539\"]<img class=\"wp-image-6447\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2014\/09\/23181247\/PIXNIO-47744-5746x3823.jpeg\" alt=\"Elementary students talking at a table and sharing a comic book.\" width=\"539\" height=\"359\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. According to Erikson, children in middle childhood may feel industrious,\u00a0 or that they can work hard and be successful, or they may compare themselves to others and feel inferior.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nAs we have seen in previous modules, Erikson believes that children's greatest source of personality development comes from their social relationships. So far, we have seen 3 psychosocial stages: trust versus mistrust (ages birth - 18 months), autonomy versus shame and doubt (ages 18 months - 3 years), and initiative versus guilt (ages 3 years - around 6 years). During middle childhood comes the stage of industry vs. inferiority.\r\n\r\nAccording to Erikson, children in middle childhood are very busy or industrious.\u00a0They are constantly doing, planning, playing, getting together with friends, and achieving.\u00a0This is a very active time and a time when they are gaining a sense of how they measure up when compared with friends.\u00a0Erikson believed that if these industrious children view themselves as successful in their endeavors, they will get a sense of competence for future challenges.\u00a0If instead, a child feels that they are not measuring up to their peers, feelings of inferiority and self-doubt will develop. These feelings of inferiority can, according to Erikson, lead to an inferiority complex that lasts into adulthood.\r\n\r\nTo help children have a successful resolution in this stage, they should be encouraged to explore their abilities. They should be given authentic feedback as well. Failure is not necessarily a horrible thing according to Erikson. Indeed, failure is a type of feedback which may help a child form a sense of modesty. A balance of competence and modesty is ideal for creating a sense of competence in the child.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/7b5db919-e80e-44e2-be99-d89a62cac333\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Self-Concept<\/h2>\r\nChildren in middle childhood have a more realistic sense of self than do those in early childhood.\u00a0That exaggerated sense of self as \"biggest\" or \"smartest\" or \"tallest\" gives way to an understanding of one's strengths and weaknesses.\u00a0This can be attributed to greater experience in comparing one's own performance with that of others and to greater cognitive flexibility.\u00a0A\u00a0child's self-concept can be influenced by peers, family, teachers, and the messages they send about a child's worth.\u00a0Contemporary children also receive messages from the media about how they should look and act.\u00a0 Movies, music videos, the internet, and advertisers can all create cultural images of what is desirable or undesirable and this too can influence a child's self-concept.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Tweens<\/h3>\r\nThe pre-adolescent, or tween, age range of roughly 9-12 is a major force in the marketing world. This group has a spending power of $200 billion,[footnote]Pearson, Bryan. My (Kid's) Generation: 5 Ways Today's Tweens Are Changing Retail. Forbes. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/bryanpearson\/2016\/04\/14\/my-kids-generation-5-ways-todays-tweens-are-changing-retail\/#1011b2dd42ef\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/bryanpearson\/2016\/04\/14\/my-kids-generation-5-ways-todays-tweens-are-changing-retail\/#1011b2dd42ef<\/a>[\/footnote] and\u00a0are primarily targeted as consumers of media, clothing, and products that make them look \"cool\" and feel independent. This market came under heavy fire a few years ago for being overly sexualized, which led to the creation of a task force by the American Psychological Association to learn more\u2014their <a href=\"https:\/\/www.apa.org\/pi\/women\/programs\/girls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">findings and recommendations to reduce this problem<\/a> are available to read.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>The Society of Children<\/h2>\r\nFriendships during middle childhood take on new importance as judges of one's worth, competence, and attractiveness.\u00a0Friendships provide the opportunity for learning social skills such as how to communicate with others and how to negotiate differences.\u00a0Children get ideas from one another about how to perform certain tasks, how to gain popularity, what to wear, what to say, what to listen to, and how to act.\u00a0This\u00a0society of children\u00a0marks a transition from a life focused on the family to a life concerned with peers.\u00a0 In peer relationships, children learn how to initiate and maintain social interactions with other children. They learn skills for managing conflict, such as turn-taking, compromise, and bargaining. Play and communication also involve the mutual, sometimes complex, coordination of goals, actions, and understanding.\r\n<h3>Social Comparison and Bullying<\/h3>\r\nHowever, peer relationships can be challenging as well as supportive (Rubin, Coplan, Chen, Bowker, &amp; McDonald, 2011). Being accepted by other children is an important source of affirmation and self-esteem, but peer rejection can foreshadow later behavior problems (especially when children are rejected due to aggressive behavior). With increasing age, children confront the challenges of bullying, peer victimization, and managing conformity pressures.\r\n\r\nSocial comparison with peers is an important means by which children evaluate their skills, knowledge, and personal qualities, but it may cause them to feel that they do not measure up well against others. For example, a boy who is not athletic may feel unworthy of his football-playing peers and revert to shy behavior, isolating himself and avoiding conversation. Conversely, an athlete who doesn\u2019t \u201cget\u201d Shakespeare may feel embarrassed and avoid reading altogether.\r\n\r\nMost children want to be liked and accepted by their friends.\u00a0Some popular children are nice and have good social skills.\u00a0These\u00a0<strong>popular-prosocial<\/strong>\u00a0children tend to do well in school and are cooperative and friendly.\u00a0<strong>Popular-antisocial<\/strong>\u00a0children may gain popularity by acting tough or spreading rumors about others (Cillessen &amp; Mayeux, 2004).\u00a0Rejected children\u00a0are sometimes excluded because they are shy and withdrawn.\u00a0The\u00a0<strong>withdrawn-rejected<\/strong>\u00a0children are easy targets for bullies because they are unlikely to retaliate when belittled (Boulton, 1999).\u00a0Other rejected children are ostracized because they are aggressive, loud, and confrontational.\u00a0The\u00a0<strong>aggressive-rejected<\/strong>\u00a0children may be acting out of a feeling of insecurity.\u00a0Unfortunately, their fear of rejection only leads to behavior that brings further rejection from other children.\u00a0Children who are not accepted are more likely to experience conflict, lack confidence, and have trouble adjusting. Other categories in the\u00a0most commonly used sociometric system, developed by Coie &amp; Dodge, includes <strong>neglected<\/strong> children, who tend to go unnoticed but are not especially liked or disliked by their peers; <strong>average<\/strong> children, who receive an average number of positive and negative votes from their peers, or <strong>controversial<\/strong> children, who may be strongly liked and disliked by quite a few peers.\r\n\r\nAlso, with the approach of adolescence, peer relationships become focused on psychological intimacy, involving personal disclosure, vulnerability, and loyalty (or its betrayal)\u2014which significantly affects a child\u2019s outlook on the world. Each of these aspects of peer relationships requires developing very different social and emotional skills than those that emerge in parent-child relationships. They also illustrate the many ways that peer relationships influence the growth of personality and self-concept.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nThe CDC defines bullying as any unwanted aggressive behavior by another youth or group of youths that involves an observed or perceived power imbalance and is repeated multiple times or is highly likely to be repeated. Watch this video to learn how to teach kids how to recognize bullying and how to prevent it.[footnote]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Stop Bullying. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/violenceprevention\/youthviolence\/bullyingresearch\/fastfact.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/violenceprevention\/youthviolence\/bullyingresearch\/fastfact.html<\/a>.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ynTuA_tlZDE\r\n\r\nYou can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Lifespan+Development\/Transcriptions\/WaysToStopBullying_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for \"Ways to Stop Bullying\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/178a62eb-38e5-4795-bac2-2ca855ddc0db\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n[glossary-page]\r\n[glossary-term]aggressive-rejected:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]children who are ostracized because they are aggressive, loud, and confrontational[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]average:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]children who receive an average number of positive and negative nominations from their peers[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]controversial:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]children who are either strongly liked or strongly disliked by quite a few peers[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]neglected:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]children who tend to go unnoticed but are not especially liked or disliked by their peers[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]popular-antisocial:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]children who gain popularity by acting tough or spreading rumors about others[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]popular-prosocial:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]children who are popular because they are nice and have good social skills[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]withdrawn-rejected:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]children who are excluded because they are shy and withdrawn[\/glossary-definition]\r\n[\/glossary-page]\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Examine Erikson&#8217;s stage of industry vs. inferiority as it relates to middle childhood<\/li>\n<li>Describe the importance of peer relationships to middle childhood<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Now let&#8217;s turn our attention to concerns related to social development, self-concept, the world of friendships, and family life. During middle childhood, children are likely to show more independence from their parents and family, think more about the future, understand more about their place in the world, pay more attention to friendships, and want to be accepted by their peers.<\/p>\n<h2>Freud&#8217;s Psychosexual Development: The Latency Stage<\/h2>\n<p>Remember that Freud&#8217;s theory of psychosexual development suggests that children develop their personality through a series of psychosexual stages. In each stage, the erogenous zone is the source of the libidinal energy. So far we have seen the oral stage (ages birth &#8211; 18 months), the anal stage (ages 18 months &#8211; 3 years), and the phallic stage (ages 3 years &#8211; 6 years).<\/p>\n<p>Freud&#8217;s fourth stage of psychosexual development is the latency stage. This stage begins around age 6 and lasts until puberty. In the latency stage, children are actually doing very little psychosexual developing according to Freud. Where pleasure and development occurred through erogenous zones in the first 3 stages, in the latency stage all pleasure from erogenous zones is repressed. In other words, it is latent\u2014hence the stage&#8217;s name. Freud believed that in the latency stage all development and stimulation come from secondary sources since the erogenous forces are repressed. These secondary sources can include education, forming various social relationships, and hobbies.<\/p>\n<h2>Erikson&#8217;s Psychosocial Development: Industry vs. Inferiority<\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_6447\" style=\"width: 549px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6447\" class=\"wp-image-6447\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2014\/09\/23181247\/PIXNIO-47744-5746x3823.jpeg\" alt=\"Elementary students talking at a table and sharing a comic book.\" width=\"539\" height=\"359\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-6447\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. According to Erikson, children in middle childhood may feel industrious,\u00a0 or that they can work hard and be successful, or they may compare themselves to others and feel inferior.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>As we have seen in previous modules, Erikson believes that children&#8217;s greatest source of personality development comes from their social relationships. So far, we have seen 3 psychosocial stages: trust versus mistrust (ages birth &#8211; 18 months), autonomy versus shame and doubt (ages 18 months &#8211; 3 years), and initiative versus guilt (ages 3 years &#8211; around 6 years). During middle childhood comes the stage of industry vs. inferiority.<\/p>\n<p>According to Erikson, children in middle childhood are very busy or industrious.\u00a0They are constantly doing, planning, playing, getting together with friends, and achieving.\u00a0This is a very active time and a time when they are gaining a sense of how they measure up when compared with friends.\u00a0Erikson believed that if these industrious children view themselves as successful in their endeavors, they will get a sense of competence for future challenges.\u00a0If instead, a child feels that they are not measuring up to their peers, feelings of inferiority and self-doubt will develop. These feelings of inferiority can, according to Erikson, lead to an inferiority complex that lasts into adulthood.<\/p>\n<p>To help children have a successful resolution in this stage, they should be encouraged to explore their abilities. They should be given authentic feedback as well. Failure is not necessarily a horrible thing according to Erikson. Indeed, failure is a type of feedback which may help a child form a sense of modesty. A balance of competence and modesty is ideal for creating a sense of competence in the child.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_7b5db919-e80e-44e2-be99-d89a62cac333\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/7b5db919-e80e-44e2-be99-d89a62cac333?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_7b5db919-e80e-44e2-be99-d89a62cac333\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Self-Concept<\/h2>\n<p>Children in middle childhood have a more realistic sense of self than do those in early childhood.\u00a0That exaggerated sense of self as &#8220;biggest&#8221; or &#8220;smartest&#8221; or &#8220;tallest&#8221; gives way to an understanding of one&#8217;s strengths and weaknesses.\u00a0This can be attributed to greater experience in comparing one&#8217;s own performance with that of others and to greater cognitive flexibility.\u00a0A\u00a0child&#8217;s self-concept can be influenced by peers, family, teachers, and the messages they send about a child&#8217;s worth.\u00a0Contemporary children also receive messages from the media about how they should look and act.\u00a0 Movies, music videos, the internet, and advertisers can all create cultural images of what is desirable or undesirable and this too can influence a child&#8217;s self-concept.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Tweens<\/h3>\n<p>The pre-adolescent, or tween, age range of roughly 9-12 is a major force in the marketing world. This group has a spending power of $200 billion,<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Pearson, Bryan. My (Kid's) Generation: 5 Ways Today's Tweens Are Changing Retail. Forbes. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/bryanpearson\/2016\/04\/14\/my-kids-generation-5-ways-todays-tweens-are-changing-retail\/#1011b2dd42ef\" id=\"return-footnote-298-1\" href=\"#footnote-298-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a> and\u00a0are primarily targeted as consumers of media, clothing, and products that make them look &#8220;cool&#8221; and feel independent. This market came under heavy fire a few years ago for being overly sexualized, which led to the creation of a task force by the American Psychological Association to learn more\u2014their <a href=\"https:\/\/www.apa.org\/pi\/women\/programs\/girls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">findings and recommendations to reduce this problem<\/a> are available to read.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>The Society of Children<\/h2>\n<p>Friendships during middle childhood take on new importance as judges of one&#8217;s worth, competence, and attractiveness.\u00a0Friendships provide the opportunity for learning social skills such as how to communicate with others and how to negotiate differences.\u00a0Children get ideas from one another about how to perform certain tasks, how to gain popularity, what to wear, what to say, what to listen to, and how to act.\u00a0This\u00a0society of children\u00a0marks a transition from a life focused on the family to a life concerned with peers.\u00a0 In peer relationships, children learn how to initiate and maintain social interactions with other children. They learn skills for managing conflict, such as turn-taking, compromise, and bargaining. Play and communication also involve the mutual, sometimes complex, coordination of goals, actions, and understanding.<\/p>\n<h3>Social Comparison and Bullying<\/h3>\n<p>However, peer relationships can be challenging as well as supportive (Rubin, Coplan, Chen, Bowker, &amp; McDonald, 2011). Being accepted by other children is an important source of affirmation and self-esteem, but peer rejection can foreshadow later behavior problems (especially when children are rejected due to aggressive behavior). With increasing age, children confront the challenges of bullying, peer victimization, and managing conformity pressures.<\/p>\n<p>Social comparison with peers is an important means by which children evaluate their skills, knowledge, and personal qualities, but it may cause them to feel that they do not measure up well against others. For example, a boy who is not athletic may feel unworthy of his football-playing peers and revert to shy behavior, isolating himself and avoiding conversation. Conversely, an athlete who doesn\u2019t \u201cget\u201d Shakespeare may feel embarrassed and avoid reading altogether.<\/p>\n<p>Most children want to be liked and accepted by their friends.\u00a0Some popular children are nice and have good social skills.\u00a0These\u00a0<strong>popular-prosocial<\/strong>\u00a0children tend to do well in school and are cooperative and friendly.\u00a0<strong>Popular-antisocial<\/strong>\u00a0children may gain popularity by acting tough or spreading rumors about others (Cillessen &amp; Mayeux, 2004).\u00a0Rejected children\u00a0are sometimes excluded because they are shy and withdrawn.\u00a0The\u00a0<strong>withdrawn-rejected<\/strong>\u00a0children are easy targets for bullies because they are unlikely to retaliate when belittled (Boulton, 1999).\u00a0Other rejected children are ostracized because they are aggressive, loud, and confrontational.\u00a0The\u00a0<strong>aggressive-rejected<\/strong>\u00a0children may be acting out of a feeling of insecurity.\u00a0Unfortunately, their fear of rejection only leads to behavior that brings further rejection from other children.\u00a0Children who are not accepted are more likely to experience conflict, lack confidence, and have trouble adjusting. Other categories in the\u00a0most commonly used sociometric system, developed by Coie &amp; Dodge, includes <strong>neglected<\/strong> children, who tend to go unnoticed but are not especially liked or disliked by their peers; <strong>average<\/strong> children, who receive an average number of positive and negative votes from their peers, or <strong>controversial<\/strong> children, who may be strongly liked and disliked by quite a few peers.<\/p>\n<p>Also, with the approach of adolescence, peer relationships become focused on psychological intimacy, involving personal disclosure, vulnerability, and loyalty (or its betrayal)\u2014which significantly affects a child\u2019s outlook on the world. Each of these aspects of peer relationships requires developing very different social and emotional skills than those that emerge in parent-child relationships. They also illustrate the many ways that peer relationships influence the growth of personality and self-concept.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>The CDC defines bullying as any unwanted aggressive behavior by another youth or group of youths that involves an observed or perceived power imbalance and is repeated multiple times or is highly likely to be repeated. Watch this video to learn how to teach kids how to recognize bullying and how to prevent it.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Stop Bullying. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/violenceprevention\/youthviolence\/bullyingresearch\/fastfact.html.\" id=\"return-footnote-298-2\" href=\"#footnote-298-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Ways to Stop Bullying\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ynTuA_tlZDE?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Lifespan+Development\/Transcriptions\/WaysToStopBullying_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for &#8220;Ways to Stop Bullying&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_178a62eb-38e5-4795-bac2-2ca855ddc0db\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/178a62eb-38e5-4795-bac2-2ca855ddc0db?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_178a62eb-38e5-4795-bac2-2ca855ddc0db\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<div class=\"titlepage\">\n<dl>\n<dt>aggressive-rejected:<\/dt>\n<dd>children who are ostracized because they are aggressive, loud, and confrontational<\/dd>\n<dt>average:<\/dt>\n<dd>children who receive an average number of positive and negative nominations from their peers<\/dd>\n<dt>controversial:<\/dt>\n<dd>children who are either strongly liked or strongly disliked by quite a few peers<\/dd>\n<dt>neglected:<\/dt>\n<dd>children who tend to go unnoticed but are not especially liked or disliked by their peers<\/dd>\n<dt>popular-antisocial:<\/dt>\n<dd>children who gain popularity by acting tough or spreading rumors about others<\/dd>\n<dt>popular-prosocial:<\/dt>\n<dd>children who are popular because they are nice and have good social skills<\/dd>\n<dt>withdrawn-rejected:<\/dt>\n<dd>children who are excluded because they are shy and withdrawn<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-298\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Psyc 200 Lifespan Psychology. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Laura Overstreet. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/opencourselibrary.org\/econ-201\/\">http:\/\/opencourselibrary.org\/econ-201\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Social and Personality Development in Childhood. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Ross Thompson. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: University of California, Davis. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nobaproject.com\/modules\/social-and-personality-development-in-childhood\">https:\/\/nobaproject.com\/modules\/social-and-personality-development-in-childhood<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: The Noba Project. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Sociometric Status. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sociometric_status\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sociometric_status<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Ways to Stop Bullying. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: watchwellcast. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/ynTuA_tlZDE\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/ynTuA_tlZDE<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Boys at table. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Amanda Mills. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Pixnio. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pixnio.com\/people\/children-kids\/grouping-of-schoolboys-seated-at-a-table-studying-reference-material-prior-to-beginning-a-drawing#\">https:\/\/pixnio.com\/people\/children-kids\/grouping-of-schoolboys-seated-at-a-table-studying-reference-material-prior-to-beginning-a-drawing#<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>First paragraph on Middle Childhood. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Center for Disease Control and Prevention. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/childdevelopment\/positiveparenting\/pdfs\/middle-childhood-6-8-w-npa.pdf\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/childdevelopment\/positiveparenting\/pdfs\/middle-childhood-6-8-w-npa.pdf<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-298-1\">Pearson, Bryan. My (Kid's) Generation: 5 Ways Today's Tweens Are Changing Retail. Forbes. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/bryanpearson\/2016\/04\/14\/my-kids-generation-5-ways-todays-tweens-are-changing-retail\/#1011b2dd42ef\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/bryanpearson\/2016\/04\/14\/my-kids-generation-5-ways-todays-tweens-are-changing-retail\/#1011b2dd42ef<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-298-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-298-2\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Stop Bullying. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/violenceprevention\/youthviolence\/bullyingresearch\/fastfact.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/violenceprevention\/youthviolence\/bullyingresearch\/fastfact.html<\/a>. <a href=\"#return-footnote-298-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":74,"menu_order":10,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Psyc 200 Lifespan Psychology\",\"author\":\"Laura Overstreet\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/opencourselibrary.org\/econ-201\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"Boys at table\",\"author\":\"Amanda Mills\",\"organization\":\"Pixnio\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/pixnio.com\/people\/children-kids\/grouping-of-schoolboys-seated-at-a-table-studying-reference-material-prior-to-beginning-a-drawing#\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"First paragraph on Middle Childhood\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Center for Disease Control and Prevention\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/childdevelopment\/positiveparenting\/pdfs\/middle-childhood-6-8-w-npa.pdf\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Social and Personality Development in Childhood\",\"author\":\"Ross Thompson\",\"organization\":\"University of California, Davis\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/nobaproject.com\/modules\/social-and-personality-development-in-childhood\",\"project\":\"The Noba Project\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Sociometric Status\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sociometric_status\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Ways to Stop Bullying\",\"author\":\"watchwellcast\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/ynTuA_tlZDE\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"35c9acbf-804d-492e-b9dc-d0a69c807ef4, 17012303-5b49-4e55-af62-1936e1e289fd, aab89d0a-cdc4-4473-9baa-68439f9c8a0b","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-298","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":265,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/298","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/74"}],"version-history":[{"count":48,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/298\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7794,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/298\/revisions\/7794"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/265"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/298\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=298"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=298"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=298"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=298"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}