{"id":383,"date":"2014-09-29T20:48:51","date_gmt":"2014-09-29T20:48:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/lifespandevelopment1x1\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=383"},"modified":"2024-04-30T19:51:22","modified_gmt":"2024-04-30T19:51:22","slug":"defining-late-adulthood","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/chapter\/defining-late-adulthood\/","title":{"raw":"Defining Late Adulthood","rendered":"Defining Late Adulthood"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe age categories of late adulthood<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Defining Late Adulthood:\u00a0Age or Quality of Life?<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2254\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2014\/09\/07012803\/Ernestine-Shepherd-e1339431406886.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-2254 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2014\/09\/07012803\/Ernestine-Shepherd-e1339431406886-300x245.jpg\" alt=\"Ernestine Shephard in a bikini flexing her muscles for a bodybuilding shoot.\" width=\"300\" height=\"245\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. 82-year old bodybuilder Ernestine Shepherd is quoted saying, \u201cYou\u2019re not getting old; you\u2019re getting ready.\u201d[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333;\">We are considered in late adulthood from the time we reach our mid-sixties until death.\u00a0Because we are living longer, late adulthood is getting longer. Whether we start counting at 65, as demographers may suggest, or later, there is a greater proportion of people alive in late adulthood than anytime in world history.\u00a0A 10-year-old child today has a 50 percent chance of living to age 104. Some demographers have even speculated that the first person ever to live to be 150 is alive today.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\nAbout 15.2 percent of the U.S. population or 49.2 million Americans are 65 and older.[footnote]US Census Bureau. (2018, April 10). The Nation's Older Population Is Still Growing, Census Bureau Reports. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.census.gov\/newsroom\/press-releases\/2017\/cb17-100.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.census.gov\/newsroom\/press-releases\/2017\/cb17-100.html<\/a>[\/footnote]\u00a0This number is expected to grow to 98.2 million by the year 2060, at which time people\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">in this age group will comprise nearly one in four U.S. residents. Of this number, 19.7 million will be age 85 or older. Developmental changes<\/span>\u00a0vary considerably among this population, so it is further divided into categories of\u00a065 plus,\u00a085 plus, and\u00a0centenarians\u00a0for comparison by the census.[footnote]US Census Bureau. (2018, August 03). Newsroom. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.census.gov\/newsroom\/facts-for-features\/2017\/cb17-ff08.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.census.gov\/newsroom\/facts-for-features\/2017\/cb17-ff08.html<\/a>[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333;\">Demographers use chronological age categories to classify individuals in late adulthood.\u00a0Developmentalists, however,\u00a0divide this population in to categories based on physical and psychosocial\u00a0well-being, in order to describe one's functional age. The \"young old\" are healthy and active. The \"old old\" experience some health problems and difficulty with daily living activities. The \"oldest old\" are frail and often in need of care. A 98 year old woman who still lives independently, has no major illnesses, and is able to take a daily walk would be considered as having a functional age of \"young old\". Therefore, <em>o<\/em><\/span><em>ptimal aging\u00a0<\/em>refers to those who enjoy better health and social well-being than average.\r\n\r\nNormal aging\u00a0refers to those who seem to have the same health and social concerns as most of those in the population. However, there is still much being done to understand exactly what<em> normal aging<\/em> means. <em>Impaired aging<\/em>\u00a0refers to those who experience poor health and dependence to a greater extent than would be considered normal. Aging successfully involves making adjustments as needed in order to continue living as independently and actively as possible. This is referred to as\u00a0selective optimization with compensation. <b>Selective Optimization With Compensation<\/b>\u00a0is a strategy for improving health and well being in older adults and a model for successful aging. It is recommended that seniors select and\u00a0optimize\u00a0their best abilities and most intact functions while compensating for declines and losses. This means, for example, that a person who can no longer drive, is able to find alternative transportation<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">,<\/span>\u00a0or a person who is compensating for having less energy, learns how to reorganize the daily routine to avoid overexertion. Perhaps nurses and other allied health professionals working with this population will begin to focus more on helping patients remain independent by optimizing their best functions and abilities rather than on simply treating illnesses. Promoting health and independence are\u00a0essential\u00a0for successful aging.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It:\u00a0Aging Successfully<\/h3>\r\nSystematic examination of old age is a new field inspired by the unprecedented number of people living longer. Developmental psychologists Paul and Margret Baltes have proposed a model of adaptive competence for the entire life span, but the emphasis here is on old age. Their model SOC (Selection, Optimization, and Compensation) is illustrated with engaging vignettes of people leading fulfilling lives, including writers Betty Friedan and Joan Erikson, and dancer Bud Mercer. Segments of the cognitive tests used by the Baltes in assessing the mental abilities of older people are shown. Although the video clip show below is old and dated, it remains an intellectually appealing video in which the Baltes discuss\u00a0personality components that generally lead to positive aging experiences.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=3935403&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=g2JXyl-gek4&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-rby9119c-g2JXyl-gek4\" width=\"800px\" height=\"520px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nYou can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Lifespan+Development\/Transcriptions\/AgingSuccessfullyThePsychologicalAspectsofGrowingOld_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for \"Aging Successfully: The Psychological Aspects of Growing Old (Davidson Films, Inc.)\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/4d00e646-65d1-47e8-8f6a-16cf2a96228c\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 1.15em; font-weight: 600;\">Age Categories<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<b>Senescence,<\/b>\u00a0or\u00a0<b>biological<\/b>\u00a0<b>aging,<\/b>\u00a0is the gradual deterioration of\u00a0functional\u00a0characteristics.[footnote]Senescence. (n.d.). Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/senescence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/senescence<\/a>[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4932\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"499\"]<img class=\"wp-image-4932\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2014\/09\/17021529\/adult-aged-bench-blur-depth-of-field-elderly-1559483-pxhere.com_.jpg\" alt=\"Elderly man reading the newspaper on a park bench.\" width=\"499\" height=\"332\" \/> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. The word senescence, can be traced back to Latin\u00a0senex,\u00a0meaning \"old.\" Lots of other English words come from\u00a0senex\u2014senile, senior, senate, etc. The word senate to describe a legislative assembly dates back to ancient Rome, where the\u00a0Senatus\u00a0was originally a council of elders composed of the heads of patrician families. There's also the much rarer\u00a0senectitude, which, like\u00a0senescence,\u00a0refers to the state of being old (specifically, to the final stage of the normal life span).[\/caption]\r\n<h3><span style=\"color: #333333;\">The Young Old<em>\u2014<\/em>65 to 74<\/span><\/h3>\r\nThese 18.3 million Americans tend to report greater health and social well-being than older adults.\u00a0Having good or excellent health is reported by 41 percent of this age group (Center for Disease Control, 2004).\u00a0Their lives are more similar to those of midlife adults than those who are 85 and older.\u00a0This group is less likely to require long-term care, to be dependent or to be poor, and more likely to be married, working for pleasure rather than income, and living independently.\u00a0About 65 percent of men and 50 percent of women between the ages of 65-69 continue to work full-time (He et al., 2005).\r\n\r\nPhysical activity tends to decrease with age, despite the dramatic health benefits enjoyed by those who exercise.\u00a0People with more education and income are more likely to continue being physically active.\u00a0And males are more likely to engage in physical activity than are females.\u00a0The majority of the young-old continue to live independently.\u00a0Only about 3 percent of those 65-74 need help with daily living skills as compared with about 22.9 percent of people over 85.\u00a0(Another way to consider this is that 97 percent of people between 65-74 and 77 percent of people over 85 do not require assistance!)\u00a0This\u00a0age group is less likely to experience heart disease, cancer, or stroke than the old, but nearly as likely to experience depression (U.S. Census, 2005).\r\n<h3><span style=\"color: #333333;\">The Old Old\u201475 to 84<\/span><\/h3>\r\nThis age group is more likely to experience limitations on physical activity due to chronic disease such as arthritis, heart conditions, hypertension (especially for women), and hearing or visual impairments.\u00a0Rates of death due to heart disease, cancer, and cerebral vascular disease are double that experienced by people 65-74.\u00a0Poverty rates are 3 percent higher (12 percent) than for those between 65 and 74. However, the majority of these 12.9 million Americans live independently or with relatives.\u00a0Widowhood is more common in this group-especially among women.\r\n<h3><span style=\"color: #333333;\">The Oldest Old\u201485 plus<\/span><\/h3>\r\nThe number of people 85 and older is 34 times greater than in 1900 and now includes 5.7 million Americans.\u00a0This group is more likely to require long-term care and to be in nursing homes.\u00a0However, of the 38.9 million American over 65, only 1.6 million require nursing home care. Sixty-eight percent live with relatives and 27 percent live alone (He et al., 2005; U. S. Census Bureau, 2011).\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"188\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS841hYy-9jxHbrlri3ysHI5dl6Qyl-ID7x-m1h5PvPzkCsFVXjbw\" alt=\"Kirk Douglas\" width=\"188\" height=\"268\" \/> <strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. Kirk Douglas, actor and filmmaker, who lived to be a centenarian.[\/caption]\r\n<h2>The Centenarians<\/h2>\r\n<strong>Centenarians<\/strong>, or people aged 100 or older, are both rare and distinct from the rest of the older population. Although uncommon, the number of people living past age 100 is on the rise; between the year 2000 and 2014, then number of centenarians increased by over 43.6%, from 50,281 in 2000 to 72,197 in 2014.[footnote]Xu, Giaquan, M.C. (2016). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Mortality Among Centenarians in the United States, 2000\u25002014. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/databriefs\/db233.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/databriefs\/db233.pdf<\/a>.[\/footnote] In 2010, over half (62.5 percent) of the 53,364 centenarians were age 100 or 101.[footnote]US Census Bureau. (2018, August 03). Newsroom. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.census.gov\/newsroom\/facts-for-features\/2017\/cb17-ff08.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.census.gov\/newsroom\/facts-for-features\/2017\/cb17-ff08.html<\/a>[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nThis number is expected to increase to 601,000 by the year 2050 (U. S. Census Bureau,\u00a02011).\u00a0The majority is between ages 100 and 104 and eighty percent are women.\u00a0Out of almost 7 billion people on the planet, about 25 are over 110.\u00a0Most live in Japan, a few live the in United States and three live in France (National Institutes of Health, 2006).\u00a0These \"super-Centenarians\" have led varied lives and probably do not give us any single answers about living longer.\u00a0Jeanne Clement smoked until she was 117.\u00a0She lived to be 122.\u00a0She also ate a diet rich in olive oil and rode a bicycle until she was 100.\u00a0Her family had a history of longevity. Pitskhelauri (in Berger, 2005) suggests that moderate diet, continued work and activity, inclusion in family and community life, and exercise and relaxation are important ingredients for long life.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Blue Zones<\/h3>\r\nRecent research on longevity reveals that people in some regions of the world live significantly longer than people elsewhere. Efforts to study the common factors between these areas and the people who live there is known as<strong> blue zone research<\/strong>.\u00a0Blue zones are regions of the world where Dan Buettner claims people live much longer than average. The term first appeared in his November 2005 National Geographic magazine cover story, \"The Secrets of a Long Life.\" Buettner identified five regions as \"Blue Zones\": Okinawa (Japan); Sardinia (Italy); Nicoya (Costa Rica); Icaria (Greece); and the Seventh-day Adventists in Loma Linda, California. He offers an explanation, based on data and first hand observations, for why these populations live healthier and longer lives than others.\r\n\r\nThe people inhabiting blue zones share common lifestyle characteristics that contribute to their longevity. The Venn diagram below highlights the following six shared characteristics among the people of Okinawa, Sardinia, and Loma Linda blue zones. Though not a lifestyle choice, they also live as isolated populations with a related gene pool.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"500\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/12\/Vendiagram.gif\/1200px-Vendiagram.gif\" alt=\"A Venn diagram shows three intersecting circles, each representing a different blue zone. One circle is labeled \u201cLoma Linda, United States\u201d, one is labeled \u201cSardinia, Italy\u201d, and the last is labeled \u201cOkinawa, Japan.\u201d The diagram shows the healthy habits each region shares that contribute to a longer lifespan. All three regions share the following attributes: family, no smoking, plant-based diet, constant moderate physical activity, social engagement, and legumes. Sardinia and Loma Linda share the following attributes: eating whole grains and being culturally isolated. Sardinia and Okinawa share the following attributes: empowering women, having sunshine, and gardening. Okinawa and Loma Linda share the following attributes: high soy consumption, no alcohol consumption, and practicing faith. Loma Linda has the following attributes: Healthy social circles and eating nuts. Sardinia has the following attributes: consuming lava beans and high polyphenol wine. Okinawa has the following attributes: residents don\u2019t experience \u201ctime urgency, there is likability, and they use turmeric.\" width=\"500\" height=\"327\" \/> <strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. Blue zones share many common healthy habits contributing to longer lifespans.[\/caption]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Family \u2013 put ahead of other concerns<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Less smoking<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Semi-vegetarianism \u2013 the majority of food consumed is derived from plants<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Constant moderate physical activity \u2013 an inseparable part of life<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Social engagement \u2013 people of all ages are socially active and integrated into their communities<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Legumes \u2013 commonly consumed<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIn his book, Buettner provides a list of nine lessons, covering the lifestyle of blue zones people:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Moderate, regular physical activity.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Life purpose.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Stress reduction.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Moderate caloric intake.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Plant-based diet.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Moderate alcohol intake, especially wine.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Engagement in spirituality or religion.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Engagement in family life.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Engagement in social life.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/1aa7f4d0-7df2-40ce-8e15-c5fd5221797f\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n[glossary-page]\r\n[glossary-term]blue zones:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]regions of the world where Dan Buettner claims people live much longer than average[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]centenarians:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]people aged 100 or older[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC):[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]a strategy for improving health and well being in older adults and a model for successful aging[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]senescence:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]biological aging and the gradual deterioration of functional abilities[\/glossary-definition]\r\n[\/glossary-page]\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe age categories of late adulthood<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Defining Late Adulthood:\u00a0Age or Quality of Life?<\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_2254\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2014\/09\/07012803\/Ernestine-Shepherd-e1339431406886.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2254\" class=\"wp-image-2254 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2014\/09\/07012803\/Ernestine-Shepherd-e1339431406886-300x245.jpg\" alt=\"Ernestine Shephard in a bikini flexing her muscles for a bodybuilding shoot.\" width=\"300\" height=\"245\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2254\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. 82-year old bodybuilder Ernestine Shepherd is quoted saying, \u201cYou\u2019re not getting old; you\u2019re getting ready.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #333333;\">We are considered in late adulthood from the time we reach our mid-sixties until death.\u00a0Because we are living longer, late adulthood is getting longer. Whether we start counting at 65, as demographers may suggest, or later, there is a greater proportion of people alive in late adulthood than anytime in world history.\u00a0A 10-year-old child today has a 50 percent chance of living to age 104. Some demographers have even speculated that the first person ever to live to be 150 is alive today.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>About 15.2 percent of the U.S. population or 49.2 million Americans are 65 and older.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"US Census Bureau. (2018, April 10). The Nation's Older Population Is Still Growing, Census Bureau Reports. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.census.gov\/newsroom\/press-releases\/2017\/cb17-100.html\" id=\"return-footnote-383-1\" href=\"#footnote-383-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0This number is expected to grow to 98.2 million by the year 2060, at which time people\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">in this age group will comprise nearly one in four U.S. residents. Of this number, 19.7 million will be age 85 or older. Developmental changes<\/span>\u00a0vary considerably among this population, so it is further divided into categories of\u00a065 plus,\u00a085 plus, and\u00a0centenarians\u00a0for comparison by the census.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"US Census Bureau. (2018, August 03). Newsroom. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.census.gov\/newsroom\/facts-for-features\/2017\/cb17-ff08.html\" id=\"return-footnote-383-2\" href=\"#footnote-383-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #333333;\">Demographers use chronological age categories to classify individuals in late adulthood.\u00a0Developmentalists, however,\u00a0divide this population in to categories based on physical and psychosocial\u00a0well-being, in order to describe one&#8217;s functional age. The &#8220;young old&#8221; are healthy and active. The &#8220;old old&#8221; experience some health problems and difficulty with daily living activities. The &#8220;oldest old&#8221; are frail and often in need of care. A 98 year old woman who still lives independently, has no major illnesses, and is able to take a daily walk would be considered as having a functional age of &#8220;young old&#8221;. Therefore, <em>o<\/em><\/span><em>ptimal aging\u00a0<\/em>refers to those who enjoy better health and social well-being than average.<\/p>\n<p>Normal aging\u00a0refers to those who seem to have the same health and social concerns as most of those in the population. However, there is still much being done to understand exactly what<em> normal aging<\/em> means. <em>Impaired aging<\/em>\u00a0refers to those who experience poor health and dependence to a greater extent than would be considered normal. Aging successfully involves making adjustments as needed in order to continue living as independently and actively as possible. This is referred to as\u00a0selective optimization with compensation. <b>Selective Optimization With Compensation<\/b>\u00a0is a strategy for improving health and well being in older adults and a model for successful aging. It is recommended that seniors select and\u00a0optimize\u00a0their best abilities and most intact functions while compensating for declines and losses. This means, for example, that a person who can no longer drive, is able to find alternative transportation<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">,<\/span>\u00a0or a person who is compensating for having less energy, learns how to reorganize the daily routine to avoid overexertion. Perhaps nurses and other allied health professionals working with this population will begin to focus more on helping patients remain independent by optimizing their best functions and abilities rather than on simply treating illnesses. Promoting health and independence are\u00a0essential\u00a0for successful aging.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It:\u00a0Aging Successfully<\/h3>\n<p>Systematic examination of old age is a new field inspired by the unprecedented number of people living longer. Developmental psychologists Paul and Margret Baltes have proposed a model of adaptive competence for the entire life span, but the emphasis here is on old age. Their model SOC (Selection, Optimization, and Compensation) is illustrated with engaging vignettes of people leading fulfilling lives, including writers Betty Friedan and Joan Erikson, and dancer Bud Mercer. Segments of the cognitive tests used by the Baltes in assessing the mental abilities of older people are shown. Although the video clip show below is old and dated, it remains an intellectually appealing video in which the Baltes discuss\u00a0personality components that generally lead to positive aging experiences.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=3935403&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=g2JXyl-gek4&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-rby9119c-g2JXyl-gek4\" width=\"800px\" height=\"520px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Lifespan+Development\/Transcriptions\/AgingSuccessfullyThePsychologicalAspectsofGrowingOld_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for &#8220;Aging Successfully: The Psychological Aspects of Growing Old (Davidson Films, Inc.)&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_4d00e646-65d1-47e8-8f6a-16cf2a96228c\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/4d00e646-65d1-47e8-8f6a-16cf2a96228c?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_4d00e646-65d1-47e8-8f6a-16cf2a96228c\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 1.15em; font-weight: 600;\">Age Categories<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><b>Senescence,<\/b>\u00a0or\u00a0<b>biological<\/b>\u00a0<b>aging,<\/b>\u00a0is the gradual deterioration of\u00a0functional\u00a0characteristics.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Senescence. (n.d.). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/senescence\" id=\"return-footnote-383-3\" href=\"#footnote-383-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_4932\" style=\"width: 509px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4932\" class=\"wp-image-4932\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3707\/2014\/09\/17021529\/adult-aged-bench-blur-depth-of-field-elderly-1559483-pxhere.com_.jpg\" alt=\"Elderly man reading the newspaper on a park bench.\" width=\"499\" height=\"332\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-4932\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. The word senescence, can be traced back to Latin\u00a0senex,\u00a0meaning &#8220;old.&#8221; Lots of other English words come from\u00a0senex\u2014senile, senior, senate, etc. The word senate to describe a legislative assembly dates back to ancient Rome, where the\u00a0Senatus\u00a0was originally a council of elders composed of the heads of patrician families. There&#8217;s also the much rarer\u00a0senectitude, which, like\u00a0senescence,\u00a0refers to the state of being old (specifically, to the final stage of the normal life span).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #333333;\">The Young Old<em>\u2014<\/em>65 to 74<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>These 18.3 million Americans tend to report greater health and social well-being than older adults.\u00a0Having good or excellent health is reported by 41 percent of this age group (Center for Disease Control, 2004).\u00a0Their lives are more similar to those of midlife adults than those who are 85 and older.\u00a0This group is less likely to require long-term care, to be dependent or to be poor, and more likely to be married, working for pleasure rather than income, and living independently.\u00a0About 65 percent of men and 50 percent of women between the ages of 65-69 continue to work full-time (He et al., 2005).<\/p>\n<p>Physical activity tends to decrease with age, despite the dramatic health benefits enjoyed by those who exercise.\u00a0People with more education and income are more likely to continue being physically active.\u00a0And males are more likely to engage in physical activity than are females.\u00a0The majority of the young-old continue to live independently.\u00a0Only about 3 percent of those 65-74 need help with daily living skills as compared with about 22.9 percent of people over 85.\u00a0(Another way to consider this is that 97 percent of people between 65-74 and 77 percent of people over 85 do not require assistance!)\u00a0This\u00a0age group is less likely to experience heart disease, cancer, or stroke than the old, but nearly as likely to experience depression (U.S. Census, 2005).<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #333333;\">The Old Old\u201475 to 84<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>This age group is more likely to experience limitations on physical activity due to chronic disease such as arthritis, heart conditions, hypertension (especially for women), and hearing or visual impairments.\u00a0Rates of death due to heart disease, cancer, and cerebral vascular disease are double that experienced by people 65-74.\u00a0Poverty rates are 3 percent higher (12 percent) than for those between 65 and 74. However, the majority of these 12.9 million Americans live independently or with relatives.\u00a0Widowhood is more common in this group-especially among women.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #333333;\">The Oldest Old\u201485 plus<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The number of people 85 and older is 34 times greater than in 1900 and now includes 5.7 million Americans.\u00a0This group is more likely to require long-term care and to be in nursing homes.\u00a0However, of the 38.9 million American over 65, only 1.6 million require nursing home care. Sixty-eight percent live with relatives and 27 percent live alone (He et al., 2005; U. S. Census Bureau, 2011).<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 198px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS841hYy-9jxHbrlri3ysHI5dl6Qyl-ID7x-m1h5PvPzkCsFVXjbw\" alt=\"Kirk Douglas\" width=\"188\" height=\"268\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. Kirk Douglas, actor and filmmaker, who lived to be a centenarian.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>The Centenarians<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Centenarians<\/strong>, or people aged 100 or older, are both rare and distinct from the rest of the older population. Although uncommon, the number of people living past age 100 is on the rise; between the year 2000 and 2014, then number of centenarians increased by over 43.6%, from 50,281 in 2000 to 72,197 in 2014.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Xu, Giaquan, M.C. (2016). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Mortality Among Centenarians in the United States, 2000\u25002014. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/databriefs\/db233.pdf.\" id=\"return-footnote-383-4\" href=\"#footnote-383-4\" aria-label=\"Footnote 4\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[4]<\/sup><\/a> In 2010, over half (62.5 percent) of the 53,364 centenarians were age 100 or 101.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"US Census Bureau. (2018, August 03). Newsroom. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.census.gov\/newsroom\/facts-for-features\/2017\/cb17-ff08.html\" id=\"return-footnote-383-5\" href=\"#footnote-383-5\" aria-label=\"Footnote 5\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>This number is expected to increase to 601,000 by the year 2050 (U. S. Census Bureau,\u00a02011).\u00a0The majority is between ages 100 and 104 and eighty percent are women.\u00a0Out of almost 7 billion people on the planet, about 25 are over 110.\u00a0Most live in Japan, a few live the in United States and three live in France (National Institutes of Health, 2006).\u00a0These &#8220;super-Centenarians&#8221; have led varied lives and probably do not give us any single answers about living longer.\u00a0Jeanne Clement smoked until she was 117.\u00a0She lived to be 122.\u00a0She also ate a diet rich in olive oil and rode a bicycle until she was 100.\u00a0Her family had a history of longevity. Pitskhelauri (in Berger, 2005) suggests that moderate diet, continued work and activity, inclusion in family and community life, and exercise and relaxation are important ingredients for long life.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Blue Zones<\/h3>\n<p>Recent research on longevity reveals that people in some regions of the world live significantly longer than people elsewhere. Efforts to study the common factors between these areas and the people who live there is known as<strong> blue zone research<\/strong>.\u00a0Blue zones are regions of the world where Dan Buettner claims people live much longer than average. The term first appeared in his November 2005 National Geographic magazine cover story, &#8220;The Secrets of a Long Life.&#8221; Buettner identified five regions as &#8220;Blue Zones&#8221;: Okinawa (Japan); Sardinia (Italy); Nicoya (Costa Rica); Icaria (Greece); and the Seventh-day Adventists in Loma Linda, California. He offers an explanation, based on data and first hand observations, for why these populations live healthier and longer lives than others.<\/p>\n<p>The people inhabiting blue zones share common lifestyle characteristics that contribute to their longevity. The Venn diagram below highlights the following six shared characteristics among the people of Okinawa, Sardinia, and Loma Linda blue zones. Though not a lifestyle choice, they also live as isolated populations with a related gene pool.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/12\/Vendiagram.gif\/1200px-Vendiagram.gif\" alt=\"A Venn diagram shows three intersecting circles, each representing a different blue zone. One circle is labeled \u201cLoma Linda, United States\u201d, one is labeled \u201cSardinia, Italy\u201d, and the last is labeled \u201cOkinawa, Japan.\u201d The diagram shows the healthy habits each region shares that contribute to a longer lifespan. All three regions share the following attributes: family, no smoking, plant-based diet, constant moderate physical activity, social engagement, and legumes. Sardinia and Loma Linda share the following attributes: eating whole grains and being culturally isolated. Sardinia and Okinawa share the following attributes: empowering women, having sunshine, and gardening. Okinawa and Loma Linda share the following attributes: high soy consumption, no alcohol consumption, and practicing faith. Loma Linda has the following attributes: Healthy social circles and eating nuts. Sardinia has the following attributes: consuming lava beans and high polyphenol wine. Okinawa has the following attributes: residents don\u2019t experience \u201ctime urgency, there is likability, and they use turmeric.\" width=\"500\" height=\"327\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. Blue zones share many common healthy habits contributing to longer lifespans.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Family \u2013 put ahead of other concerns<\/li>\n<li>Less smoking<\/li>\n<li>Semi-vegetarianism \u2013 the majority of food consumed is derived from plants<\/li>\n<li>Constant moderate physical activity \u2013 an inseparable part of life<\/li>\n<li>Social engagement \u2013 people of all ages are socially active and integrated into their communities<\/li>\n<li>Legumes \u2013 commonly consumed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In his book, Buettner provides a list of nine lessons, covering the lifestyle of blue zones people:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Moderate, regular physical activity.<\/li>\n<li>Life purpose.<\/li>\n<li>Stress reduction.<\/li>\n<li>Moderate caloric intake.<\/li>\n<li>Plant-based diet.<\/li>\n<li>Moderate alcohol intake, especially wine.<\/li>\n<li>Engagement in spirituality or religion.<\/li>\n<li>Engagement in family life.<\/li>\n<li>Engagement in social life.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_1aa7f4d0-7df2-40ce-8e15-c5fd5221797f\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/1aa7f4d0-7df2-40ce-8e15-c5fd5221797f?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_1aa7f4d0-7df2-40ce-8e15-c5fd5221797f\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<div class=\"titlepage\">\n<dl>\n<dt>blue zones:<\/dt>\n<dd>regions of the world where Dan Buettner claims people live much longer than average<\/dd>\n<dt>centenarians:<\/dt>\n<dd>people aged 100 or older<\/dd>\n<dt>Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC):<\/dt>\n<dd>a strategy for improving health and well being in older adults and a model for successful aging<\/dd>\n<dt>senescence:<\/dt>\n<dd>biological aging and the gradual deterioration of functional abilities<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-383\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Sonja Ann Miller for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Review, modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Daniel Dickman for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Senescence description. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Senescence\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Senescence<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Kirk Douglas. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kirk_Douglas#\/media\/File:KirkDouglasZubinMehtaMar11.jpg\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kirk_Douglas#\/media\/File:KirkDouglasZubinMehtaMar11.jpg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Psyc 200 Lifespan Psychology. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Laura Overstreet. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/opencourselibrary.org\/econ-201\/\">http:\/\/opencourselibrary.org\/econ-201\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Blue Zones. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blue_Zone\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blue_Zone<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>man on bench. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Pxhere. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pxhere.com\/en\/photo\/1559483\">https:\/\/pxhere.com\/en\/photo\/1559483<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Ernestine Shepard. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/ernestineshepherd.net\/?page_id=2\">http:\/\/ernestineshepherd.net\/?page_id=2<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Fair Use<\/li><li>Aging Successfully: The Psychological Aspects of Growing Old . <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Davidson Films, Inc.. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=g2JXyl-gek4&#038;amp=&#038;feature=youtu.be\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=g2JXyl-gek4&#038;amp=&#038;feature=youtu.be<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-383-1\">US Census Bureau. (2018, April 10). The Nation's Older Population Is Still Growing, Census Bureau Reports. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.census.gov\/newsroom\/press-releases\/2017\/cb17-100.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.census.gov\/newsroom\/press-releases\/2017\/cb17-100.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-383-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-383-2\">US Census Bureau. (2018, August 03). Newsroom. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.census.gov\/newsroom\/facts-for-features\/2017\/cb17-ff08.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.census.gov\/newsroom\/facts-for-features\/2017\/cb17-ff08.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-383-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-383-3\">Senescence. (n.d.). Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/senescence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/senescence<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-383-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-383-4\">Xu, Giaquan, M.C. (2016). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Mortality Among Centenarians in the United States, 2000\u25002014. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/databriefs\/db233.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/databriefs\/db233.pdf<\/a>. <a href=\"#return-footnote-383-4\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 4\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-383-5\">US Census Bureau. (2018, August 03). Newsroom. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.census.gov\/newsroom\/facts-for-features\/2017\/cb17-ff08.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.census.gov\/newsroom\/facts-for-features\/2017\/cb17-ff08.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-383-5\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 5\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":142337,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Ernestine Shepard\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/ernestineshepherd.net\/?page_id=2\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"arr\",\"license_terms\":\"Fair Use\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"Sonja Ann Miller for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Aging Successfully: The Psychological Aspects of Growing Old \",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Davidson Films, Inc.\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=g2JXyl-gek4&amp=&feature=youtu.be\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Senescence description\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Senescence\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Kirk Douglas\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kirk_Douglas#\/media\/File:KirkDouglasZubinMehtaMar11.jpg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Psyc 200 Lifespan Psychology\",\"author\":\"Laura Overstreet\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/opencourselibrary.org\/econ-201\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Blue Zones\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blue_Zone\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Review, modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"Daniel Dickman for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"man on bench\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Pxhere\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/pxhere.com\/en\/photo\/1559483\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc0\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"6d7e596d-5dd2-4023-9b5f-0157372d4326, 3562fcaa-9e4f-40be-9d35-71a2407741db","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-383","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":372,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/383","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/142337"}],"version-history":[{"count":71,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/383\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7848,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/383\/revisions\/7848"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/372"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/383\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=383"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=383"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=383"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=383"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}