{"id":406,"date":"2014-09-29T21:27:10","date_gmt":"2014-09-29T21:27:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/lifespandevelopment1x1\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=406"},"modified":"2024-04-30T19:54:56","modified_gmt":"2024-04-30T19:54:56","slug":"the-process-of-dying","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/chapter\/the-process-of-dying\/","title":{"raw":"The Process of Dying","rendered":"The Process of Dying"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Explain physiological death<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe social and psychological death<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Aspects of Death<\/h2>\r\nOne way to understand death and dying is to look more closely at physiological death, social death, and psychological death.\u00a0These deaths do not occur simultaneously, nor do they always occur in a set order.\u00a0Rather, a person's physiological, social, and psychological deaths can occur at different times.[footnote]Butow, P. (2017). Psychology and end of life. Australian Psychologist, 52(5), 331-334.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<strong>Physiological death<\/strong>\u00a0occurs when the vital organs no longer function.\u00a0The digestive and respiratory systems begin to shut down during the gradual process of dying.\u00a0A dying person no longer wants to eat as digestion slows, the digestive track loses moisture, and chewing, swallowing, and elimination become painful processes. Circulation slows and mottling, or the pooling of blood, may be noticeable on the underside of the body, appearing much like bruising.\u00a0Breathing becomes more sporadic and shallow and may make a rattling sound as air travels through mucus- filled passageways. <strong>Agonal breathing<\/strong> refers to gasping, labored breaths caused by an abnormal pattern of brainstem reflex. The person often sleeps more and more and may talk less, although they may continue to hear. The kinds of symptoms noted prior to death in patients under hospice care (care focused on helping patients die as comfortably as possible) are noted below.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_658\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"591\"]<img class=\"wp-image-658\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/29212710\/image.png\" alt=\"Bar graph of hospice care patients' symptoms at the last hospice care visit before death, 2007. 51% reported difficulty breathing, 33% reported pain, 25% restlessness, 24% anorexia, and 10% constipation.\" width=\"591\" height=\"441\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> These are common symptoms reported prior, but close to, death.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nWhen a person is\u00a0<strong>brain dead<\/strong>, or no longer has brain activity, they are clinically dead.\u00a0Physiological death may take 72 or fewer hours. This is different than a <strong>vegetative state<\/strong>, which occurs when the cerebral cortex no longer registers electrical activity but the brain stem<del>s<\/del> continues to be active. Individuals who are kept alive through life support may be classified this way.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch it<\/h3>\r\nThis video explains the difference between a vegetative state, a coma, and being brain dead.\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/cFVL4AQO2hM[\/embed]\r\n\r\nYou can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Lifespan+Development\/Transcriptions\/IsABrainDeadPersonActuallyDead_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for \"Is A Brain Dead Person Actually Dead?\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<strong>Social death\u00a0<\/strong>begins much earlier than physiological death.\u00a0Social death occurs when others begin to withdraw from someone who is terminally ill or has been diagnosed with a terminal illness.\u00a0Those diagnosed with conditions such as AIDS or cancer may find that friends, family members, and even health care professionals begin to say less and visit less frequently.\u00a0Meaningful discussions may be replaced with comments about the weather or other topics of light conversation.\u00a0Doctors may spend less time with patients\u00a0after their prognosis becomes poor.\u00a0Why do others begin to withdraw?\u00a0Friends and family members may feel that they do not know what to say or that they can offer no solutions to relieve suffering.\u00a0They withdraw to protect themselves against feeling inadequate or from having to face the reality of death.\u00a0Health professionals, trained to heal, may also feel inadequate and uncomfortable facing decline and death.\u00a0A patient who is dying may be referred to as \"circling the drain,\" meaning that they are approaching death.\u00a0People in nursing homes may live as socially dead for years with no one visiting or calling.\u00a0Social support is important for quality of life and those who experience social death are deprived from the benefits that come from loving interaction with others.\r\n\r\n<strong>Psychological death<\/strong>\u00a0occurs when the dying person begins to accept death and to withdraw from others and regress into the self.\u00a0This can take place long before physiological death (or even social death if others are still supporting and visiting the dying person) and can even bring physiological death closer.\u00a0People have some control over the timing of their death and can hold on until after important occasions or die quickly after having lost someone important to them. In some cases, individuals can give up their will to live. This is often at least partially attributable to a lost sense of identity. [footnote]Butow, P. (2017). Psychology and end of life. Australian Psychologist, 52(5), 331-334.[\/footnote] The individual feels consumed by the reality of making final decisions, planning for loved ones\u2014especially children, and coping with the process of their own physical death.\r\n\r\nInterventions based on the idea of self-empowerment enable patients and families to identify and ultimately achieve their own goals of care, thus producing a sense of empowerment. Self-empowerment for terminally ill individuals has been associated with a perceived ability to manage and control things such as medical actions, changing life roles, and psychological impacts of the illness. [footnote]Butow, P. (2017). Psychology and end of life. Australian Psychologist, 52(5), 331-334.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nTreatment plans that are able to incorporate a sense of control and autonomy into the dying individual's daily life have been found to be particularly effective in regards to general attitude as well as depression level. For example, it has been found that when dying individuals are encouraged to recall situations from their lives in which they were active decision makers, explored various options, and took action, they tend to have better mental health than those who focus on themselves as victims. Similarly, there are several theories of coping\u00a0that suggest <strong>active coping<\/strong> (seeking information, working to solve problems) produces more positive outcomes than <strong>passive coping<\/strong> (characterized by avoidance and distraction). Although each situation is unique and depends at least partially on the individual's developmental stage, the general consensus is that it is important for caregivers to foster a supportive environment and partnership with the dying individual, which promotes a sense of independence, control, and self-respect. <span style=\"color: #339966;\">\r\n<\/span>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/5a196f41-9ceb-4286-aa8d-ddb662721f42\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/48cbc860-90f6-4de5-b4dd-b931298309df\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/ef7dbc52-d5b6-4dc2-84e6-dfa2341c148a\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n[glossary-page]\r\n[glossary-term]active coping:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]seeking information, working to solve problems; tends to produce more positive outcomes than passive coping[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]agonal breathing:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]gasping, labored breaths caused by an abnormal pattern of brainstem reflex[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]brain dead:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]when all brain function ceases to occur[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]clinical death:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]when the individual is brain dead[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]passive coping:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]characterized by avoidance and distraction; outcomes tend not be as positive as with active coping[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]physiological death:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]when vital organs no longer function[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]psychological death:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]when a dying person begins to accept death and to withdraw from others and regress into the self[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]social death:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]when others begin to withdraw from someone who is terminally ill or has been diagnosed with a terminal illness[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[glossary-term]vegetative state:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]the cerebral cortex no longer registers electrical activity but the brain stem continues to be active[\/glossary-definition]\r\n[\/glossary-page]\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Explain physiological death<\/li>\n<li>Describe social and psychological death<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Aspects of Death<\/h2>\n<p>One way to understand death and dying is to look more closely at physiological death, social death, and psychological death.\u00a0These deaths do not occur simultaneously, nor do they always occur in a set order.\u00a0Rather, a person&#8217;s physiological, social, and psychological deaths can occur at different times.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Butow, P. (2017). Psychology and end of life. Australian Psychologist, 52(5), 331-334.\" id=\"return-footnote-406-1\" href=\"#footnote-406-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Physiological death<\/strong>\u00a0occurs when the vital organs no longer function.\u00a0The digestive and respiratory systems begin to shut down during the gradual process of dying.\u00a0A dying person no longer wants to eat as digestion slows, the digestive track loses moisture, and chewing, swallowing, and elimination become painful processes. Circulation slows and mottling, or the pooling of blood, may be noticeable on the underside of the body, appearing much like bruising.\u00a0Breathing becomes more sporadic and shallow and may make a rattling sound as air travels through mucus- filled passageways. <strong>Agonal breathing<\/strong> refers to gasping, labored breaths caused by an abnormal pattern of brainstem reflex. The person often sleeps more and more and may talk less, although they may continue to hear. The kinds of symptoms noted prior to death in patients under hospice care (care focused on helping patients die as comfortably as possible) are noted below.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_658\" style=\"width: 601px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-658\" class=\"wp-image-658\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1496\/2014\/09\/29212710\/image.png\" alt=\"Bar graph of hospice care patients' symptoms at the last hospice care visit before death, 2007. 51% reported difficulty breathing, 33% reported pain, 25% restlessness, 24% anorexia, and 10% constipation.\" width=\"591\" height=\"441\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-658\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> These are common symptoms reported prior, but close to, death.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>When a person is\u00a0<strong>brain dead<\/strong>, or no longer has brain activity, they are clinically dead.\u00a0Physiological death may take 72 or fewer hours. This is different than a <strong>vegetative state<\/strong>, which occurs when the cerebral cortex no longer registers electrical activity but the brain stem<del>s<\/del> continues to be active. Individuals who are kept alive through life support may be classified this way.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch it<\/h3>\n<p>This video explains the difference between a vegetative state, a coma, and being brain dead.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Is A Brain Dead Person Actually Dead?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/cFVL4AQO2hM?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Lifespan+Development\/Transcriptions\/IsABrainDeadPersonActuallyDead_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for &#8220;Is A Brain Dead Person Actually Dead?&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Social death\u00a0<\/strong>begins much earlier than physiological death.\u00a0Social death occurs when others begin to withdraw from someone who is terminally ill or has been diagnosed with a terminal illness.\u00a0Those diagnosed with conditions such as AIDS or cancer may find that friends, family members, and even health care professionals begin to say less and visit less frequently.\u00a0Meaningful discussions may be replaced with comments about the weather or other topics of light conversation.\u00a0Doctors may spend less time with patients\u00a0after their prognosis becomes poor.\u00a0Why do others begin to withdraw?\u00a0Friends and family members may feel that they do not know what to say or that they can offer no solutions to relieve suffering.\u00a0They withdraw to protect themselves against feeling inadequate or from having to face the reality of death.\u00a0Health professionals, trained to heal, may also feel inadequate and uncomfortable facing decline and death.\u00a0A patient who is dying may be referred to as &#8220;circling the drain,&#8221; meaning that they are approaching death.\u00a0People in nursing homes may live as socially dead for years with no one visiting or calling.\u00a0Social support is important for quality of life and those who experience social death are deprived from the benefits that come from loving interaction with others.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Psychological death<\/strong>\u00a0occurs when the dying person begins to accept death and to withdraw from others and regress into the self.\u00a0This can take place long before physiological death (or even social death if others are still supporting and visiting the dying person) and can even bring physiological death closer.\u00a0People have some control over the timing of their death and can hold on until after important occasions or die quickly after having lost someone important to them. In some cases, individuals can give up their will to live. This is often at least partially attributable to a lost sense of identity. <a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Butow, P. (2017). Psychology and end of life. Australian Psychologist, 52(5), 331-334.\" id=\"return-footnote-406-2\" href=\"#footnote-406-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a> The individual feels consumed by the reality of making final decisions, planning for loved ones\u2014especially children, and coping with the process of their own physical death.<\/p>\n<p>Interventions based on the idea of self-empowerment enable patients and families to identify and ultimately achieve their own goals of care, thus producing a sense of empowerment. Self-empowerment for terminally ill individuals has been associated with a perceived ability to manage and control things such as medical actions, changing life roles, and psychological impacts of the illness. <a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Butow, P. (2017). Psychology and end of life. Australian Psychologist, 52(5), 331-334.\" id=\"return-footnote-406-3\" href=\"#footnote-406-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Treatment plans that are able to incorporate a sense of control and autonomy into the dying individual&#8217;s daily life have been found to be particularly effective in regards to general attitude as well as depression level. For example, it has been found that when dying individuals are encouraged to recall situations from their lives in which they were active decision makers, explored various options, and took action, they tend to have better mental health than those who focus on themselves as victims. Similarly, there are several theories of coping\u00a0that suggest <strong>active coping<\/strong> (seeking information, working to solve problems) produces more positive outcomes than <strong>passive coping<\/strong> (characterized by avoidance and distraction). Although each situation is unique and depends at least partially on the individual&#8217;s developmental stage, the general consensus is that it is important for caregivers to foster a supportive environment and partnership with the dying individual, which promotes a sense of independence, control, and self-respect. <span style=\"color: #339966;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_5a196f41-9ceb-4286-aa8d-ddb662721f42\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/5a196f41-9ceb-4286-aa8d-ddb662721f42?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_5a196f41-9ceb-4286-aa8d-ddb662721f42\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_48cbc860-90f6-4de5-b4dd-b931298309df\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/48cbc860-90f6-4de5-b4dd-b931298309df?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_48cbc860-90f6-4de5-b4dd-b931298309df\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_ef7dbc52-d5b6-4dc2-84e6-dfa2341c148a\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/ef7dbc52-d5b6-4dc2-84e6-dfa2341c148a?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_ef7dbc52-d5b6-4dc2-84e6-dfa2341c148a\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<div class=\"titlepage\">\n<dl>\n<dt>active coping:<\/dt>\n<dd>seeking information, working to solve problems; tends to produce more positive outcomes than passive coping<\/dd>\n<dt>agonal breathing:<\/dt>\n<dd>gasping, labored breaths caused by an abnormal pattern of brainstem reflex<\/dd>\n<dt>brain dead:<\/dt>\n<dd>when all brain function ceases to occur<\/dd>\n<dt>clinical death:<\/dt>\n<dd>when the individual is brain dead<\/dd>\n<dt>passive coping:<\/dt>\n<dd>characterized by avoidance and distraction; outcomes tend not be as positive as with active coping<\/dd>\n<dt>physiological death:<\/dt>\n<dd>when vital organs no longer function<\/dd>\n<dt>psychological death:<\/dt>\n<dd>when a dying person begins to accept death and to withdraw from others and regress into the self<\/dd>\n<dt>social death:<\/dt>\n<dd>when others begin to withdraw from someone who is terminally ill or has been diagnosed with a terminal illness<\/dd>\n<dt>vegetative state:<\/dt>\n<dd>the cerebral cortex no longer registers electrical activity but the brain stem continues to be active<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-406\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Psyc 200 Lifespan Psychology. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Laura Overstreet. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/opencourselibrary.org\/econ-201\/\">http:\/\/opencourselibrary.org\/econ-201\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Sarah Carter, Ph.D., for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Is A Brain Dead Person Actually Dead?. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Seeker. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=cFVL4AQO2hM\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=cFVL4AQO2hM<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-406-1\">Butow, P. (2017). Psychology and end of life. Australian Psychologist, 52(5), 331-334. <a href=\"#return-footnote-406-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-406-2\">Butow, P. (2017). Psychology and end of life. Australian Psychologist, 52(5), 331-334. <a href=\"#return-footnote-406-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-406-3\">Butow, P. (2017). Psychology and end of life. Australian Psychologist, 52(5), 331-334. <a href=\"#return-footnote-406-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":142489,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Psyc 200 Lifespan Psychology\",\"author\":\"Laura Overstreet\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/opencourselibrary.org\/econ-201\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"Sarah Carter, Ph.D., for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Is A Brain Dead Person Actually Dead?\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Seeker\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=cFVL4AQO2hM\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"b843f9a7-a519-4601-aad2-6910ea98a95e, a2541895-a436-42e4-a8d1-9ff569349458, c9d7a73e-10e0-47b3-97c4-1baa54304212","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-406","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":397,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/406","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/142489"}],"version-history":[{"count":46,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/406\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7867,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/406\/revisions\/7867"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/397"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/406\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=406"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=406"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=406"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-lifespandevelopment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=406"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}