Learning Outcomes
- Allocate manufacturing overhead to cost objects using a single, plant-wide rate
Once we have determined our allocation rate, we apply that rate to each product or product line in order to assign costs to individual items or batches.
Allocating Based on Direct Machine Hours
In our example, Yore Company’s automated process turns out a basic purse every nine hours, but the more complicated deluxe purse takes 32.5 hours of machine time. Our machines will run for 28,800 hours to produce 3,200 basic purses (9 * 3,200) and another 18,200 hours to produce 560 deluxe purses (32.5 * 560) for a total of 47,000 hours. Imagine 65 machines running 24 hours a day. Forty of them are producing nothing but basic purses and the other 25 are producing deluxe purses.
Allocate fixed manufacturing overhead using a plant-wide overhead allocation rate based on direct-machine hours: | |||||||
Formula for allocating fixed overhead: | allocation rate | times | direct machine hours | equals | overhead allocated to individual product | ||
Allocation to Basic Purse product line | $4.000 | X | 28,800 | = | $115,200.00 | ||
Allocation to Deluxe Purse product line | $4.000 | X | 18,200 | = | $72,800.00 | ||
Total allocation base | Single Line $188,000.00Double line | total fixed overhead to be allocated | |||||
The standard overhead rate based on direct machine hours (DMH) would be $4.00 per machine-hour ($188,000/47,000 machine-hours). Based on that rate, we would allocate $36.00 to each basic purse ($4/DMH * 9 hours) and $130.00 to each deluxe purse ($4/DMH * 32.5 hours).
Determine the per-unit costs for each product | |||||||
Formula used to allocate overhead to individual products | overhead allocated to product lines | divided by | # of units produced | equals | overhead allocated to individual product | ||
Allocation to Basic Purses | $115,200.000 | / | 3,200 | = | $36.00 | ||
Allocation to Deluxe Purses | $72,800.000 | / | 560 | = | $130.00 |
The full cost of each purse would be:
Single Allocation Rate (DMH) | Basic | Deluxe |
---|---|---|
Direct Materials | $ 100.00 | $ 210.00 |
Direct Labor* | 82.50 | 200.00 |
Manufacturing Overhead | 36.00 | 130.00 |
Per unit cost | Single Line$ 218.50Double line | Single Line$ 540.00Double line |
* basic = 4.125 hours * $20/hour, deluxe = 10 hours * $20/hour
This would result in a gross profit per unit of:
Single Allocation Rate (DMH) | ||
---|---|---|
Sales Price | $ 245.00 | $ 515.00 |
Less: Direct Variable Costs | 182.50 | 410.00 |
Single Line62.50 | Single Line105.00 | |
Less: Allocated Fixed Costs | 36.00 | 130.00 |
Gross profit per unit | Single Line$ 26.50Double line | Single Line$ (25.00)Double line |
To check our work, let’s multiply the gross profit per purse by unit sales to compute total gross profit by product line and by total:
Basic | Deluxe | ||
---|---|---|---|
Gross profit per unit | $ 26.50 | $ (25.00) | |
Times number of units sold | 3,200 | 560 | |
Total gross profit | Single Line $ 84,800Double line | Single Line $ (14,000)Double line | |
Total gross profit – basic | $ 84,800.00 | ||
Total gross profit – deluxe | (14,000.00) | ||
Total gross profit, all products | Single Line$ 70,800.00Double line |
Notice that under this allocation method, using direct machine hours instead of units, we have a dramatically different outcome. Under this allocation method, it looks like the deluxe purse is actually losing money.
Allocating Based on Direct Labor
Let’s say we consider our operation to be labor-intensive rather than capital-intensive (automated). In that case, we might choose to allocate fixed overhead based on direct labor hours (DLH) or direct labor dollars (DL$). If our standard direct labor cost is the same for both purses, these two calculations will produce the same results, so in this lesson, we’ll use DL$. However, if workers producing deluxe purses are more highly paid than workers producing basic purses, the outcome between the two direct labor methods would be different.
Let’s review our standard costs again:
Basic | Deluxe | |
---|---|---|
Planned production | 3,200 | 560 |
Standard/Budget to make one purse | ||
Direct Machine Hours | 9.000 | 32.500 |
Direct Labor Hours | 4.125 | 10.000 |
Direct Labor Cost per Hour | $ 20.00 | $ 20.00 |
Direct Materials | $ 100.00 | $ 210.00 |
Workers turn out a basic purse every 4.125 hours, but the more complicated deluxe purse takes 10 hours of labor. Our line workers put in 13,200 hours to produce 3,200 basic purses (4.125 * 3,200) and another 5,600 hours to produce 560 deluxe purses (10 * 560) for a total of 18,800 hours. This would be 78 laborers working in three shifts, running the machines and finishing the products by hand, 24 hours a day (26 direct labor workers each shift). Eighteen of those laborers are working on basic purses, and 8 are working on deluxe.
At a standard rate of $20 for wages and benefits, the Direct Labor Dollars for basic and deluxe purses will be $264,000 and $112,000, respectively (13,200 hours * $20/hour = $264,000, and 5,600 hours * $20/hour = $112,000) for a total DL$ base of $376,000.
A standard overhead rate based on direct labor dollars (DL$) would be $0.50 per DL$ ($188,000/376,000). Based on that rate, we would allocate $41.25 to each basic purse ($0.50/DL$ * $82.50/purse) and $100.00 to each deluxe purse ($0.50/DL$ * $200.00/purse).
The full cost of each purse would be:
Single Allocation Rate (DL$) | ||
---|---|---|
Direct Materials | $ 100.00 | $ 210.00 |
Direct Labor | 82.50 | 200.00 |
Manufacturing Overhead | 41.25 | 100.00 |
Per unit cost | Single Line$ 223.75Double line | Single Line$ 510.00Double line |
This would result in a gross profit per unit of:
Single Allocation Rate (DL$) | ||
---|---|---|
Sales Price | $ 245.00 | $ 515.00 |
Less: Direct Variable Costs | 182.50 | 410.00 |
Single Line62.50 | Single Line105.00 | |
Less: Allocated Fixed Costs | 41.25 | 100.00 |
Gross profit per unit | Single Line$ 21.25Double line | Single Line$ 5.00Double line |
To check our work, let’s multiply the gross profit per purse by unit sales to compute total gross profit by product line and by total:
Basic | Deluxe | ||
---|---|---|---|
Gross profit per unit | $ 21.25 | $ 5.00 | |
Times number of units sold | 3,200 | 560 | |
Total gross profit | Single Line $ 68,000Double line | Single Line $ 2,800Double line | |
Total gross profit – basic | $ 68,000.00 | ||
Total gross profit – deluxe | $ 2,800.00 | ||
Total gross profit, all products | Single Line$ 70,800.00Double line |
Notice that the total gross profit remains the same no matter how we allocated fixed manufacturing overhead to product lines. What is changing is the gross profit for each type of product.
Description | Amount | Amount | Total |
---|---|---|---|
Sales | $ 1,072,400.00 | ||
Subcategory, Variable manufacturing costs | |||
Direct Materials, basic | $ 320,000 | ||
Direct Labor, basic | 264,000 | ||
Total direct costs, basic | Single Line | 584,000.00 | |
Direct Materials, deluxe | 117,600 | ||
Direct Labor, deluxe | 112,000 | ||
Total direct costs, deluxe | Single Line | 229,600.00 | |
Fixed manufacturing costs | 188,000.00 | ||
Cost of Goods Manufactured and Sold | Single Line | 1,001,600.00 | |
Gross Profit | Single Line70,800.00 | ||
Subcategory, Selling, General, and Administrative Costs | |||
Variable Selling, General, and Administrative | 18,800.00 | ||
Fixed Selling, General, and Administrative | 35,600.00 | ||
Total Selling, General, and Administrative | 54,400.00 | ||
Net income from operations | Single Line$ 16,400.00Double line | ||
Here is a recap of our results so far:
Basic | Deluxe | |
---|---|---|
Subcategory, Simple Average (total fixed manufacturing overhead divided by number of units) | ||
Sales Price | $ 245.00 | $ 515.00 |
Less: Direct Variable Costs | 182.50 | 410.00 |
Single Line62.50 | Single Line105.00 | |
Less: Allocated Fixed Costs | 50.00 | 50.00 |
Gross profit per unit | Single Line$ 12.50Double line | Single Line$ 55.00Double line |
Subcategory, Single Allocation Rate (DMH) | ||
Sales Price | $ 245.00 | $ 515.00 |
Less: Direct Variable Costs | 182.50 | 410.00 |
Single Line62.50 | Single Line105.00 | |
Less: Allocated Fixed Costs | 36.00 | 130.00 |
Gross profit per unit | Single Line$ 26.50Double line | Single Line$ (25.00)Double line |
Subcategory, Single Allocation Rate (DL$) | ||
Sales Price | $ 245.00 | $ 515.00 |
Less: Direct Variable Costs | 182.50 | 410.00 |
Single Line 62.50 | Single Line105.00 | |
Less: Allocated Fixed Costs | 41.25 | 100.00 |
Gross profit per unit | Single Line$ 21.25Double line | Single Line$ 5.00Double line |
Again, notice that dividing fixed manufacturing overhead by number of units makes the gross profit for the deluxe purse significantly higher than if fixed manufacturing overhead is allocated according to direct labor. By allocating fixed manufacturing overhead by machine hours, the deluxe purse is actually costing more to produce than it is selling for.
Allocating based on a single rate for the entire organization has pros and cons:
Dividing by number of total units of all products:
- Simple.
- May not accurately reflect the use of resources because it allocates fixed manufacturing overhead evenly over all products.
Allocating based on direct machine hours:
- May be more accurate for automated processes (e.g. where fixed manufacturing overhead includes depreciation on machines, repairs and maintenance, etc.).
- Slightly more complicated than simply dividing fixed manufacturing overhead by number of units of everything produced.
Allocating based on direct labor hours:
- May be more accurate for labor-intensive processes (e.g. where people are doing most of the work by hand).
- Slightly more complicated than simply dividing fixed manufacturing overhead by number of units of everything produced.
- May or may not give desired results if hourly labor costs are higher for certain product lines.
Allocating based on direct labor dollars:
- May be more accurate for labor-intensive processes (e.g. where people are doing most of the work by hand).
- Slightly more complicated than simply dividing fixed manufacturing overhead by number of units of everything produced.
- May or may not give desired results if hourly labor costs are higher for certain product lines.
We used a single rate to allocate all of the factory overhead to each product line, but we can also use a single rate for each department:
You can view the transcript for “Allocating Support Costs using the Single Rate Method” here (opens in new window).
We’ll study how this works in the next section, but first check your understanding of using a single rate to allocate fixed manufacturing overhead to products.