Journal Entries

Learning Outcomes

  • Prepare journal entries for a process costing system

A graphic showing the progression from left to right from the Mixing Department to the Baking Department to the Packaging Department to Finished Goods. Under each department is shown the formula Direct Materials + Direct Labor + Factory Overhead (for that department) = Work in Process (for that department). Under Finished Goods, it states Total cost of the batch includes work in process costs from all three departments.

Costs are recorded in the accounting records in various ways according to company policies, but in essence, each cost related to a product is accumulated in work-in-process until the goods are finished. When the product is sold, the cost of the product is moved from Finished Goods Inventory to Cost of Goods Sold.

Let’s trace some representative transactions through Dad’s Perfect Pies accounting system.

First, for the sake of simplicity, let’s assume that as of the start of business on January 1, there were only two general ledger accounts with balances: the checking account and the owner’s capital account. All journal entries and ledger accounts are expressed in dollars, but the dollar signs in this example have been omitted, which is customary in accounting records.

A t-account for Checking Account shows a debit of $100,000 beginning and ending balance. A t-account for Owner's Capital shows a credit of $100,000 beginning and ending balance.
On January 2nd, the company paid rent on the facility and machines. For purposes of this example, we’ll limit the transactions to factory overhead. Normally, all kinds of expenses would be posted to this account, and there would also be general, selling, and administrative expenses that would be posted to other expense accounts not related to the manufacturing process.

Date Account/Explanation Debit Credit
Jan 02 Factory Overhead 3,500
    Checking Account 3,500
Rent on manufacturing facility

 

This would then be posted on the appropriate ledger pages:

A journal entry dated January 2 shows a debit of $3,500 to Factory Overhead and a credit of $3,500 to Checking Account with the note "Rent on manufacturing facility". The debit portion of the journal entry points to a t-account for Factory Overhead that shows the debit of $3,500 dated Jan 2. The credit portion of the journal entry points to a t-account for Checking Account that shows a beginning balance of $100,000, a credit of $3,500 dated Jan 2, and an ending debit balance of $96,500. The Owner's Capital t-account is also shown with a credit balance of $100,000.

That same day the company bought two tons of flour @ $0.60/lb, one ton of butter at $1.20/lb, and 3200 pie tins @.25 each. The supplier extended the company credit terms of 30 days.

Date Account/Explanation Debit Credit
Jan 02 Raw Materials – direct 5,600
   Accounts Payable 5,600
Purchased materials on account

 

A journal entry dated January 2 shows a debit of $5,600 to Raw Materials - direct and a credit of $5,600 to Accounts Payable with the note “Purchased materials on account”. The debit portion of the journal entry points to a t-account for Raw Materials - direct that shows the debit of $5,600 dated Jan 2. The credit portion of the journal entry points to a t-account for Accounts Payable that shows the credit of $5,600 dated Jan 2. The Checking Account, Factory Overhead, and Owner's Capital t-accounts are also shown with their respective balances of $96,500 debit, $3,500 debit, and $100,000 credit.

Then the company bought sugar, salt, and other indirect raw materials:

Date Account/Explanation Debit Credit
Jan 02 Raw Materials – indirect 600
    Accounts Payable 600
Purchased materials on account.

 

A journal entry dated January 2 shows a debit of $600 to Raw Materials - indirect and a credit of $600 to Accounts Payable with the note “Purchased materials on account”. The debit portion of the journal entry points to a t-account for Raw Materials - indirect that shows the debit of $600 dated Jan 2. The credit portion of the journal entry points to a t-account for Accounts Payable that shows the credit of $600 dated Jan 2, which in addition to the $5,600 credit leads to an ending credit balance of $6,200. The Checking Account, Raw Materials - direct, Factory Overhead, and Owner's Capital t-accounts are also shown with their respective balances of $96,500 debit, $5,600 debit $3,500 debit, and $100,000 credit.

And on January 3rd, the Mixing Department production manager submitted a raw materials requisition order to the inventory manager for 500 pounds of flour and 375 pounds of butter—enough raw materials to mix up a batch of 750 pie crusts. This results in a journal entry that moves the cost of the materials from raw materials to work in process. Five hundred pounds of flour that cost $0.60 per pound = $300, and 375 pounds of butter at $1.20 per pound = $450, which is $750 total, which comes to $1 in raw materials per pie shell (each shell takes ⅔ pound of flour and half a pound of butter). These would then be the equivalent of standard costs and standard quantities.

Date Account/Explanation Debit Credit
Jan 03 Work in Process 750
    Raw materials – direct 750
Started batch 1 – moved raw materials into production

 

A journal entry dated January 3 shows a debit of $750 to Work in Process and a credit of $750 to Raw Materials - direct with the note “Started batch 1 - moved raw materials into production”. The debit portion of the journal entry points to a t-account for Work in Process - Mixing that shows the debit of $750 dated Jan 3. The credit portion of the journal entry points to a t-account for Raw Materials - direct that shows the credit of $750 dated Jan 3, which in addition to the $5,600 debit leads to an ending debit balance of $4,850. The Checking Account, Raw Materials - indirect, Accounts Payable, Factory Overhead, and Owner's Capital t-accounts are also shown with their respective balances of $96,500 debit, $600 debit, $6,200 credit, $5,600 debit, $3,500 debit, and $100,000 credit.

By crediting the asset account Raw Materials – direct and debiting the asset account Work in Process – Mixing, the cost of the raw materials are “reassigned” from the inventory pool to the process.

Several t-accounts are shown with activity and ending balances. An arrow points from the t-account for Raw Materials - direct that shows the credit of $750 dated Jan 3, and points to a debit of $750 dated Jan 3 on the Work in Process - Mixing t-account.

You can review the rules of debit and credit by watching this video:

You can view the transcript for “Debits and Credits MADE EASY with ADEx LER” here (opens in new window).

The company started another batch on January 15th:

Date Account/Explanation Debit Credit
Jan 15 Work in Process 750
    Raw materials – direct 750
Started batch 2 – moved raw materials into production

 

A third batch on the 21st:

Date Account/Explanation Debit Credit
Jan 21 Work in Process 750
    Raw materials – direct 750
Started batch 3 – moved raw materials into production

 

And a fourth batch on the 28th:

Date Account/Explanation Debit Credit
Jan 28 Work in Process 750
    Raw materials – direct 750
Started batch 4 – moved raw materials into production

 

Resulting in the following ledger balances:

See caption for link to long description.

See the image long description here.

At the end of the month, a physical count of the indirect raw materials (sugar, salt, etc.) revealed that there was $200 (at original cost) of supplies left in those bins, so the accountants made the following entry to factory overhead:

Date Account/Explanation Debit Credit
Jan 31 Factory Overhead 400
    Raw materials – indirect 400
adjust raw materials inventory

 

Which, when posted, moved the cost of indirect raw materials to factory overhead:

Several t-accounts are shown with activity and ending balances. An arrow points from the t-account for Raw Materials - indirect that shows the credit of $400 dated Jan 31, and points to a debit of $400 dated Jan 31 on the Factory Overhead t-account.

Meanwhile, the baking/packaging department used 2,400 pie tins that cost $0.25 each. They add them at the end of the process as they are packaging because the pie shells are cooked upside-down on a baking mold. The tins are part of final preparation for freezing and shipping. Although the tins were used as each batch was completed, we’ll just make one journal entry at the end of the period.

Date Account/Explanation Debit Credit
Jan 31 Work-in-process – Baking/Packaging 600
    Raw materials – direct 600
Record raw materials used in packaging

 

Several t-accounts are shown with activity and ending balances. An arrow points from the t-account for Raw Materials - direct that shows the credit of $600 dated Jan 31, and points to a debit of $600 dated Jan 31 on the Work in Process - Baking/Packaging t-account.

Also on the 31st, the payroll department calculated the wages owed to workers. Based on the time cards, wages were split as follows:

Date Account/Explanation Debit Credit
Jan 31 Work-in-process – Mixing 1,440
Work-in-process – Baking/Packaging 1,100
Factory Overhead 900
    Wages Payable 3,440
To accrue factory wages

 

A journal entry dated January 31 shows a debit of $1,440 to Work in Process - Mixing, a debit of $1,100 to Work in Process - Baking/Packaging, a debit of $900 to Factory Overhead, and a credit of $3,440 to Wages Payable with the note “To accrue factory wages”. Each line item in the journal entry points to the corresponding debit or credit on its respective t-account.

The company allocated Manufacturing Overhead to the Mixing Department based on Direct Machine Hours at a rate of $0.50 per hour. Machine hours for January were 3,600, resulting in an allocation of $1,800 of factory overhead to the mixing department.

Date Account/Explanation Debit Credit
Jan 31 Work-in-process – Mixing 1,800
    Factory Overhead 1,800
Allocate factory overhead

 

Several t-accounts are shown with activity and ending balances. An arrow points from the t-account for Factory Overhead that shows the credit of $1,800 dated Jan 31, and points to a debit of $1,800 dated Jan 31 on the Work in Process - Mixing t-account.

We can now create the production cost report for the mixing department to determine the cost of product transferred out to baking/packaging:

Dad’s Perfect Pies
Production Cost Report – Mixing Department
Month Ended January 31
Equivalent Units
Subcategory, UNITS Physical Units Single LineDirect Materials Single LineConversion Costs
Subcategory, Units to account for: Single Line Single Line Single Line
      Beginning work-in-process 0
      Started in production 3,000
Total units to account for Single Line3,000Double line
Subcategory, Units accounted for:
      Completed and transferred out 2,250 2,250 2,250
      Ending work-in-process 750 750 450
Total units accounted for Single Line3,000Double line Single Line3,000Double line Single Line2,700Double line
Subcategory, COSTS Direct Materials Conversion Costs Total Costs
Subcategory, Costs to account for:
      Beginning work-in-process $      – $       – $     –
      Costs added during the period $  3,000 $   3,240 $ 6,240
Total costs to account for Single Line$  3,000 Single Line$   3,240 Single Line$ 6,240Double line
Divided by: Total EUP   3,000   2,700
Cost per equivalent unit Single Line$   1.00Double line Single Line$    1.20Double line
Subcategory, Costs accounted for:
      Completed and transferred out $  2,250 $   2,700 $ 4,950
      Ending work-in-process $    750 $     540 $ 1,290
Total costs accounted for Single Line$  3,000Double line Single Line$   3,240Double line Single Line$ 3,240Double line

 

And then journalize and post the transfer:

Date Account/Explanation Debit Credit
Jan 31 Work-in-process – Baking/Packaging 4,950
    Work-in-process – Mixing Dept 4,950
Record transfer of pie shells

Several t-accounts are shown with activity and ending balances. An arrow points from the t-account for Work in Process - Mixing that shows the credit of $4,950 dated Jan 31, and points to a debit of $4,950 dated Jan 31 on the Work in Process - Baking/Packaging t-account.

Next, we allocate factory overhead to the baking/packaging department. In this example, we’ll use a rate of $30/machine-hour against 100 machine hours for a total allocation of $3,000. Using standard costs like this usually leaves some under or over-allocated factory overhead that we would eventually have to account for, but in this example, we will be allocating all of the factory overhead with no leftover.

Date Account/Explanation Debit Credit
Jan 31 Work-in-process – Baking/Packaging 3,000
    Factory Overhead 3,000
Allocate factory overhead to baking

 

Several t-accounts are shown with activity and ending balances. An arrow points from the t-account for Factory Overhead that shows the credit of $3,000 dated Jan 31, and points to a debit of $3,000 dated Jan 31 on the Work in Process - Baking/Packaging t-account.

And now we can complete the production cost report for the baking/packaging department:

Dad’s Perfect Pies
Production Cost Report – Baking/Packaging Department
Month Ended January 31
Equivalent Units
Subcategory, UNITS Physical Units Single LineTransferred In Single LineDirect Materials Single LineConversion Costs
Subcategory, Units to account for: Single Line Single Line Single Line Single Line
Beginning work-in-process 0
Transferred in from mixing 2,250
Total units to account for Single Line2,250Double line
Subcategory, Units accounted for:
Completed and transferred out 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000
Ending work-in-process 250 250 0 50
Total units accounted for Single Line2,250Double line Single Line2,250Double line Single Line2,000Double line Single Line2,050Double line
Subcategory, COSTS Transferred In Direct Materials Conversion Costs Total Costs
Subcategory, Costs to account for: Single Line Single Line Single Line Single Line
Beginning work-in-process $       – $      – $      – $     –
Costs added during the period $   4,950 $    600 $  4,100 $ 9,650
Total costs to account for Single Line$   4,950 Single Line$    600 Single Line$  4,100 Single Line$ 9,650
Divided by: Total EUP       2,250      2,000     2,050
Cost per equivalent unit Single Line$    2.20Double line Single Line$   0.30Double line Single Line$   2.00Double line
Subcategory, Costs accounted for:
Completed and transferred out $   4,400 $    600 $  4,000 $ 9,000
Ending work-in-process $     550 $      – $    100 $   650
Total costs accounted for Single Line$   4,950Double line Single Line$    600Double line Single Line$  4,100Double line Single Line$ 9,650Double line

 

Notice that the total costs to be accounted for are taken from the general ledger account and that we are transferring out 2,000 completed units at a total cost of $9,000, which is $4.50 per unit.

Date Account/Explanation Debit Credit
Jan 31 Finished Goods Inventory 9,000
    Work-in-process – Baking/Packaging 9,000
Record cost of completed units transferred to storage

 

Several t-accounts are shown with activity and ending balances. An arrow points from the t-account for Work in Process - Baking/Packaging that shows the credit of $9,000 dated Jan 31, and points to a debit of $9,000 dated Jan 31 on the Finished Goods Inventory t-account.

To finish off the cycle, let’s say we sold 1,600 pie shells at $6 per shell, to a wholesaler/distributor on the last day of the month.

Date Account/Explanation Debit Credit
Jan 31 Accounts Receivable 9,600
  Sales Revenue 9,600
Cost of Goods Sold 7,200
  Finished Goods Inventory 7,200
Record sale of 1600 pie crusts to wholesaler @ $6

 

Obviously, there would be many more transactions in a real business, even a small one like this, and there would be selling, general, and administrative costs as well. But we’ll end this example here, with the posting of the sale that records the revenue earned but not yet collected and the cost of the 1,600 shells sold being transferred from Finished Goods to Cost of Goods Sold.

A journal entry dated January 31 shows a debit of $9,600 to Accounts Receivable, a credit of $9,600 to Sales Revenue, a debit of $7,200 to Cost of Goods Sold, and a credit of $7,200 to Finished Goods Inventory with the note “Record sale of 1600 pie crust to wholesaler @ $6”. Each line item in the journal entry points to the corresponding debit or credit on its respective t-account.

 

A graphic titled Process Costing System is shown. On the left is a yellow area containing direct materials, direct labor and manufacturing overhead. To the right are three orange areas labeled Work In Process Inventory, which are further identified as Mixing, Molding, and Packaging. Arrows point from the yellow area to all three orange areas. Arrows also point from Mixing to Molding to Packaging. To the right of Packaging is an arrow pointing to a green area labeled as Finished Goods Inventory. To the right of that is an arrow pointing to a purple area labeled as Cost of Goods Sold. The Work in Process and Finished Goods Inventory areas are labeled as being on the Balance Sheet, and the Cost of Goods Sold area is labeled as being on the Income Statement.

Here are the final account tallies from the general ledger showing that debits equal credits:

Dad’s Perfect Pies
Trial Balance
Jan 31
DR CR
Checking Account 96,500
Accounts Receivable 9,600
Raw Materials – direct 2,000
Raw Materials – indirect 200
Work in Process – Mixing 1,290 see production cost report
Work in Process – Baking/Packaging 650 see production cost report
Finished Goods 1,800 400 finished pie shells at $4.50 ea
Accounts Payable 6,200
Wages Payable 3,440
Owner’s Capital 100,000
Sales Revenue 9,600 1600 shells @$6.00 each
Cost of Goods Sold 7,200 1600 shells @ $4.50 each
Factory Overhead
Single Line119,240Double line Single Line119,240Double line

 

And a reconciliation of the direct raw materials purchased, used, and remaining:

Direct Materials Inventory Count – Jan 31
Flour Butter Tins
Purchased, in pounds 4,000 2,000 3,200
used for batch 1 (500) (375) (800)
used for batch 2 (500) (375) (800)
used for batch 3 (500) (375) (800)
used for batch 4 (500) (375) 0
Left Single Line2,000 Single Line500 Single Line800
Cost $0.60 $1.20 $0.25
Remaining ($2,000 total) Single Line$1,200.00Double line Single Line$600.00Double line Single Line$200.00Double line

 

Notice that the $1,290 of ending work-in-process for the mixing department ties to the production cost report, as does the ending work in process of $650 for the baking/packaging department.

By reconciling and proving each account, financial and managerial accountants verify that the information fairly represents the actual costs and results of operations.

You can view the transcript for “Process Costing Journal Entries” here (opens in new window).

Before we take a final look at the production cost report from an analysis standpoint, check your understanding of the recording process that gives us the accurate information we need to track costs.

Practice Question