{"id":168,"date":"2021-01-26T22:18:42","date_gmt":"2021-01-26T22:18:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-managerialaccounting\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=168"},"modified":"2021-08-04T00:42:16","modified_gmt":"2021-08-04T00:42:16","slug":"introduction-to-budgeting","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-managerialaccounting\/chapter\/introduction-to-budgeting\/","title":{"raw":"Equivalent Units","rendered":"Equivalent Units"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Understand and calculate equivalent units of production<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe formula for<strong> equivalent units<\/strong> is:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Number of actual units in process * % complete<\/p>\r\nIn other words, a unit that is 25% done is the equivalent of \u00bc of a completed unit.\r\n\r\n<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-1712 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5469\/2021\/01\/14230918\/alexandre-jaquetoni-6yelWDI3RE8-unsplash-200x300.jpg\" alt=\"Stacked logs\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" \/>Let\u2019s put this into context using a plywood mill. In this example, direct materials (logs) are 100% complete because they are added at the beginning of the process. Let\u2019s assume for the sake of simplicity that it takes about 50 days to process logs into sheets of plywood that are then ready to move on to the finishing department where they are sanded and the edges are trimmed. The mill starts up the machines at the beginning of the month, putting in enough logs to make 1,000 sheets of plywood. At the end of the month, the process is about 60% complete.\r\n\r\nTherefore, in terms of direct materials, the 1,000 sheets of plywood are 100% complete because all the logs came in at the beginning of the process.\r\n\r\nIn terms of conversion costs, however, the 1,000 sheets of plywood are only 60% complete, so they are the equivalent of 600 completed sheets in terms of accumulating costs.\r\n<div align=\"left\">\r\n<table class=\"fin-table acctstatement fw\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Actual Units in Production<\/td>\r\n<td>Processing Complete<\/td>\r\n<td>EUs<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Direct Materials<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"r highlight\">1,000<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"c highlight\">100%<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"r\">1,000<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Conversion Costs<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"r highlight\">1,000<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"c highlight\">60%<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"r\">600<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nLet\u2019s now look at a slightly more involved example.\r\n\r\nDad\u2019s Perfect Pies actually only makes pie crusts. In January, the company put into production enough raw materials (butter and flour) to make 3,000 crusts in four batches, as follows:\r\n<div align=\"left\">\r\n<table class=\"fin-table acctstatement fw\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th class=\"r\" scope=\"col\"><span class=\"u-sr-only\">Date<\/span><\/th>\r\n<th class=\"r\" scope=\"col\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Shells started<\/span><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>6-Jan<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"r\">750<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>15-Jan<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"r\">750<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>21-Jan<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"r\">750<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>28-Jan<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"r\">750<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"r line-single line-double\"><span class=\"u-sr-only\">Single Line<\/span>3,000<span class=\"u-sr-only\">Double line&lt;\/span<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nThe first three batches were finished and transferred over to the baking department.\r\n<div align=\"left\">\r\n<table class=\"fin-table acctstatement fw\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Units started and completed<\/td>\r\n<td>% complete<\/td>\r\n<td>EUs<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Direct Materials<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"r highlight\">2,250<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"r highlight\">100%<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"c\">2,250<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Conversion Costs<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"r highlight\">2,250<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"r highlight\">100%<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"c\">2,250<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nUnits transferred in, completed, and then transferred out are 100% complete, and the Equivalent Units and Actual Units will always be the same for those items.\r\n\r\nThe last batch was started on the 28th and was only halfway done at the end of the month; therefore, it stayed in the mixing department as work-in-process:\r\n<div align=\"left\">\r\n<table class=\"fin-table acctstatement fw\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Units started but not completed<\/td>\r\n<td>% complete<\/td>\r\n<td>EUs<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Direct Materials<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"r highlight\">\u00a0750<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"r highlight\">100%<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"c\">750<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Conversion Costs<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"r highlight\">\u00a0750<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"r highlight\">50%<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"c\">375<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nNotice that since the materials are added first, those 750 pie shells are 100% complete as to direct materials and so the equivalent units are 750, but for conversion costs, the pie shells are only halfway done, so we convert them from 750 half-units to 375 equivalent whole units in order to allocate costs.\r\n\r\nHere is another way to look at the same data:\r\n\r\nDad\u2019s Perfect Pies Mixing Department\r\n<div align=\"left\">\r\n<table class=\"fin-table gridded\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"col\"><\/th>\r\n<th class=\"r\" scope=\"col\">Physical Units<\/th>\r\n<th class=\"r\" scope=\"col\">Material EUs<\/th>\r\n<th class=\"r\" scope=\"col\">Conversion EUs<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Units accounted for:<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\u00a0 Completed and transferred out<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"r\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 2,250<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"r\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 2,250<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"r\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 2,250<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\u00a0 Ending work-in-process<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"r\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 750<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"r\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 750<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"r\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 375<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Equivalent Units of Production<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"r\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 3,000<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"r\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 3,000<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"r\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 2,625<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe formula is simple, but the application can be a bit confusing. The trick is to make sure you completely understand how to calculate Equivalent Units and to take the allocation of costs base on EUs step-by-step, which is what we will do in the next section.\r\n\r\nHere is a brief video explanation of this concept:\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/youtu.be\/IMhBXeb0IsY[\/embed]\r\n\r\nYou can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Managerial+Accounting\/Transcripts\/20TheConceptofEquivalentUnitsofProduction_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \"20-- The Concept of Equivalent Units of Production\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\nThere is an exception to the basic concept of EUs as # of physical units times % complete, but we\u2019ll address that when we get to the FIFO production cost report.\r\n\r\nBefore we apply the concept of equivalent units to process costing, check your understanding of how equivalent units are calculated.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Practice QuestionS<\/h3>\r\n[ohm_question hide_question_numbers=1]219048-219049[\/ohm_question]\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Understand and calculate equivalent units of production<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>The formula for<strong> equivalent units<\/strong> is:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Number of actual units in process * % complete<\/p>\n<p>In other words, a unit that is 25% done is the equivalent of \u00bc of a completed unit.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1712 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5469\/2021\/01\/14230918\/alexandre-jaquetoni-6yelWDI3RE8-unsplash-200x300.jpg\" alt=\"Stacked logs\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" \/>Let\u2019s put this into context using a plywood mill. In this example, direct materials (logs) are 100% complete because they are added at the beginning of the process. Let\u2019s assume for the sake of simplicity that it takes about 50 days to process logs into sheets of plywood that are then ready to move on to the finishing department where they are sanded and the edges are trimmed. The mill starts up the machines at the beginning of the month, putting in enough logs to make 1,000 sheets of plywood. At the end of the month, the process is about 60% complete.<\/p>\n<p>Therefore, in terms of direct materials, the 1,000 sheets of plywood are 100% complete because all the logs came in at the beginning of the process.<\/p>\n<p>In terms of conversion costs, however, the 1,000 sheets of plywood are only 60% complete, so they are the equivalent of 600 completed sheets in terms of accumulating costs.<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<table class=\"fin-table acctstatement fw\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Actual Units in Production<\/td>\n<td>Processing Complete<\/td>\n<td>EUs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Direct Materials<\/td>\n<td class=\"r highlight\">1,000<\/td>\n<td class=\"c highlight\">100%<\/td>\n<td class=\"r\">1,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Conversion Costs<\/td>\n<td class=\"r highlight\">1,000<\/td>\n<td class=\"c highlight\">60%<\/td>\n<td class=\"r\">600<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s now look at a slightly more involved example.<\/p>\n<p>Dad\u2019s Perfect Pies actually only makes pie crusts. In January, the company put into production enough raw materials (butter and flour) to make 3,000 crusts in four batches, as follows:<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<table class=\"fin-table acctstatement fw\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"r\" scope=\"col\"><span class=\"u-sr-only\">Date<\/span><\/th>\n<th class=\"r\" scope=\"col\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Shells started<\/span><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>6-Jan<\/td>\n<td class=\"r\">750<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>15-Jan<\/td>\n<td class=\"r\">750<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>21-Jan<\/td>\n<td class=\"r\">750<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>28-Jan<\/td>\n<td class=\"r\">750<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td class=\"r line-single line-double\"><span class=\"u-sr-only\">Single Line<\/span>3,000<span class=\"u-sr-only\">Double line&lt;\/span<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The first three batches were finished and transferred over to the baking department.<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<table class=\"fin-table acctstatement fw\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Units started and completed<\/td>\n<td>% complete<\/td>\n<td>EUs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Direct Materials<\/td>\n<td class=\"r highlight\">2,250<\/td>\n<td class=\"r highlight\">100%<\/td>\n<td class=\"c\">2,250<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Conversion Costs<\/td>\n<td class=\"r highlight\">2,250<\/td>\n<td class=\"r highlight\">100%<\/td>\n<td class=\"c\">2,250<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Units transferred in, completed, and then transferred out are 100% complete, and the Equivalent Units and Actual Units will always be the same for those items.<\/p>\n<p>The last batch was started on the 28th and was only halfway done at the end of the month; therefore, it stayed in the mixing department as work-in-process:<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<table class=\"fin-table acctstatement fw\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Units started but not completed<\/td>\n<td>% complete<\/td>\n<td>EUs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Direct Materials<\/td>\n<td class=\"r highlight\">\u00a0750<\/td>\n<td class=\"r highlight\">100%<\/td>\n<td class=\"c\">750<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Conversion Costs<\/td>\n<td class=\"r highlight\">\u00a0750<\/td>\n<td class=\"r highlight\">50%<\/td>\n<td class=\"c\">375<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Notice that since the materials are added first, those 750 pie shells are 100% complete as to direct materials and so the equivalent units are 750, but for conversion costs, the pie shells are only halfway done, so we convert them from 750 half-units to 375 equivalent whole units in order to allocate costs.<\/p>\n<p>Here is another way to look at the same data:<\/p>\n<p>Dad\u2019s Perfect Pies Mixing Department<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<table class=\"fin-table gridded\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><\/th>\n<th class=\"r\" scope=\"col\">Physical Units<\/th>\n<th class=\"r\" scope=\"col\">Material EUs<\/th>\n<th class=\"r\" scope=\"col\">Conversion EUs<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Units accounted for:<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0 Completed and transferred out<\/td>\n<td class=\"r\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 2,250<\/td>\n<td class=\"r\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 2,250<\/td>\n<td class=\"r\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 2,250<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0 Ending work-in-process<\/td>\n<td class=\"r\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 750<\/td>\n<td class=\"r\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 750<\/td>\n<td class=\"r\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 375<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Equivalent Units of Production<\/td>\n<td class=\"r\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 3,000<\/td>\n<td class=\"r\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 3,000<\/td>\n<td class=\"r\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 2,625<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The formula is simple, but the application can be a bit confusing. The trick is to make sure you completely understand how to calculate Equivalent Units and to take the allocation of costs base on EUs step-by-step, which is what we will do in the next section.<\/p>\n<p>Here is a brief video explanation of this concept:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"20-- The Concept of Equivalent Units of Production\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/IMhBXeb0IsY?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Managerial+Accounting\/Transcripts\/20TheConceptofEquivalentUnitsofProduction_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for &#8220;20&#8211; The Concept of Equivalent Units of Production&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>There is an exception to the basic concept of EUs as # of physical units times % complete, but we\u2019ll address that when we get to the FIFO production cost report.<\/p>\n<p>Before we apply the concept of equivalent units to process costing, check your understanding of how equivalent units are calculated.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Practice QuestionS<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm219048\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=219048-219049&theme=oea&iframe_resize_id=ohm219048\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-168\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Equivalent Units. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Joseph Cooke. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Stacked logs. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Unsplash. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/6yelWDI3RE8\">https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/6yelWDI3RE8<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>20-- The Concept of Equivalent Units of Production. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Larry Walther. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/IMhBXeb0IsY\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/IMhBXeb0IsY<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":364389,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Equivalent Units\",\"author\":\"Joseph Cooke\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"20-- The Concept of Equivalent Units of Production\",\"author\":\"Larry Walther\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/IMhBXeb0IsY\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"arr\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Stacked logs\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Unsplash\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/6yelWDI3RE8\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc0\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-168","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":31,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-managerialaccounting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/168","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-managerialaccounting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-managerialaccounting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-managerialaccounting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/364389"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-managerialaccounting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/168\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2467,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-managerialaccounting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/168\/revisions\/2467"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-managerialaccounting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/31"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-managerialaccounting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/168\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-managerialaccounting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=168"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-managerialaccounting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=168"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-managerialaccounting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=168"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-managerialaccounting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=168"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}