{"id":2405,"date":"2016-05-24T20:51:50","date_gmt":"2016-05-24T20:51:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biologyxwaymakerxmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2405"},"modified":"2024-04-26T00:31:19","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T00:31:19","slug":"reading-cancer-and-the-cell-cycle-2","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology1\/chapter\/reading-cancer-and-the-cell-cycle-2\/","title":{"raw":"Cancer and the Cell Cycle","rendered":"Cancer and the Cell Cycle"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Explain how errors in cell division are related to cancer<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nCancer comprises many different diseases caused by a common mechanism: uncontrolled cell growth. Despite the redundancy and overlapping levels of cell cycle control, errors do occur. One of the critical processes monitored by the cell cycle checkpoint surveillance mechanism is the proper replication of DNA during the S phase. Even when all of the cell cycle controls are fully functional, a small percentage of replication errors (mutations) will be passed on to the daughter cells. If changes to the DNA nucleotide sequence occur within a coding portion of a gene and are not corrected, a gene mutation results. All cancers start when a gene mutation gives rise to a faulty protein that plays a key role in cell reproduction. Eventually, the pace of the cell cycle speeds up as the effectiveness of the control and repair mechanisms decreases. Uncontrolled growth of the mutated cells outpaces the growth of normal cells in the area, and a tumor (~<em>oma<\/em>) can result.\r\n<h2>Proto-oncogenes<\/h2>\r\nThe genes that code for the positive cell cycle regulators are called\u00a0<strong>proto-oncogenes<\/strong>. Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that, when mutated in certain ways, become <strong>oncogenes<\/strong>, genes that cause a cell to become cancerous.\r\n<h2>Tumor Suppressor Genes<\/h2>\r\nLike proto-oncogenes, many of the negative cell cycle regulatory proteins were discovered in cells that had become cancerous.\u00a0<strong>Tumor suppressor genes<\/strong> are segments of DNA that code for negative regulator proteins, the type of regulators that, when activated, can prevent the cell from undergoing uncontrolled division. A cell that carries a mutated form of a negative regulator might not be able to halt the cell cycle if there is a problem. Tumor suppressors are similar to brakes in a vehicle: malfunctioning brakes can contribute to a car crash. Mutated p53 genes have been identified in more than one-half of all human tumor cells.\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>In Summary: Cancer and the Cell Cycle<\/h3>\r\nThis video reviews the ways that cancer is a by-product of broken DNA replication:\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/RZhL7LDPk8w\r\n\r\nCancer is the result of unchecked cell division caused by a breakdown of the mechanisms that regulate the cell cycle. The loss of control begins with a change in the DNA sequence of a gene that codes for one of the regulatory molecules. Faulty instructions lead to a protein that does not function as it should. Any disruption of the monitoring system can allow other mistakes to be passed on to the daughter cells. Each successive cell division will give rise to daughter cells with even more accumulated damage. Eventually, all checkpoints become nonfunctional, and rapidly reproducing cells crowd out normal cells, resulting in a tumor or leukemia (blood cancer).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/07539d0b-4879-456d-aa99-2a725006b2e8\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Explain how errors in cell division are related to cancer<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Cancer comprises many different diseases caused by a common mechanism: uncontrolled cell growth. Despite the redundancy and overlapping levels of cell cycle control, errors do occur. One of the critical processes monitored by the cell cycle checkpoint surveillance mechanism is the proper replication of DNA during the S phase. Even when all of the cell cycle controls are fully functional, a small percentage of replication errors (mutations) will be passed on to the daughter cells. If changes to the DNA nucleotide sequence occur within a coding portion of a gene and are not corrected, a gene mutation results. All cancers start when a gene mutation gives rise to a faulty protein that plays a key role in cell reproduction. Eventually, the pace of the cell cycle speeds up as the effectiveness of the control and repair mechanisms decreases. Uncontrolled growth of the mutated cells outpaces the growth of normal cells in the area, and a tumor (~<em>oma<\/em>) can result.<\/p>\n<h2>Proto-oncogenes<\/h2>\n<p>The genes that code for the positive cell cycle regulators are called\u00a0<strong>proto-oncogenes<\/strong>. Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that, when mutated in certain ways, become <strong>oncogenes<\/strong>, genes that cause a cell to become cancerous.<\/p>\n<h2>Tumor Suppressor Genes<\/h2>\n<p>Like proto-oncogenes, many of the negative cell cycle regulatory proteins were discovered in cells that had become cancerous.\u00a0<strong>Tumor suppressor genes<\/strong> are segments of DNA that code for negative regulator proteins, the type of regulators that, when activated, can prevent the cell from undergoing uncontrolled division. A cell that carries a mutated form of a negative regulator might not be able to halt the cell cycle if there is a problem. Tumor suppressors are similar to brakes in a vehicle: malfunctioning brakes can contribute to a car crash. Mutated p53 genes have been identified in more than one-half of all human tumor cells.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>In Summary: Cancer and the Cell Cycle<\/h3>\n<p>This video reviews the ways that cancer is a by-product of broken DNA replication:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Cancer | Cells | MCAT | Khan Academy\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/RZhL7LDPk8w?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Cancer is the result of unchecked cell division caused by a breakdown of the mechanisms that regulate the cell cycle. The loss of control begins with a change in the DNA sequence of a gene that codes for one of the regulatory molecules. Faulty instructions lead to a protein that does not function as it should. Any disruption of the monitoring system can allow other mistakes to be passed on to the daughter cells. Each successive cell division will give rise to daughter cells with even more accumulated damage. Eventually, all checkpoints become nonfunctional, and rapidly reproducing cells crowd out normal cells, resulting in a tumor or leukemia (blood cancer).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_07539d0b-4879-456d-aa99-2a725006b2e8\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/07539d0b-4879-456d-aa99-2a725006b2e8?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_07539d0b-4879-456d-aa99-2a725006b2e8\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2405\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Biology. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax CNX. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@10.8\">http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@10.8<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@10.8<\/li><li>Cell cycle regulation, cancer, and stem cells. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Sal Khan. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Khan Academy. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/video?v=RZhL7LDPk8w\">http:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/video?v=RZhL7LDPk8w<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Biology. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":12,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Biology\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax CNX\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@10.8\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@10.8\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Cell cycle regulation, cancer, and stem cells\",\"author\":\"Sal Khan\",\"organization\":\"Khan Academy\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/video?v=RZhL7LDPk8w\",\"project\":\"Biology\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"d4b92718-86e4-4ea3-a1d3-25e6ac6100de, 36388023-8bac-48c7-9327-5dd2263202b2","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2405","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":205,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2405","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2405\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6795,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2405\/revisions\/6795"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/205"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2405\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2405"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2405"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2405"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2405"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}