{"id":2650,"date":"2016-06-06T20:54:17","date_gmt":"2016-06-06T20:54:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biologyxwaymakerxmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2650"},"modified":"2024-04-26T00:28:11","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T00:28:11","slug":"outcome-translation","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology1\/chapter\/outcome-translation\/","title":{"raw":"Introduction to Translation","rendered":"Introduction to Translation"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>What you'll learn to do: Summarize the process of translation<\/h2>\r\nTake a moment to look at your hands. The bone, skin, and muscle you see are made up of cells. And each of those cells contains many millions of proteins. As a matter of fact, proteins are key molecular \"building blocks\" for every organism on Earth!\r\n\r\nHow are these proteins made in a cell? For starters, the instructions for making proteins are \"written\" in a cell\u2019s DNA in the form of genes. Basically, a gene is used to build a protein in a two-step process:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Step 1: <strong>Transcription<\/strong> (which we just learned about)! Here, the DNA sequence of a gene is \"rewritten\" in the form of RNA. In eukaryotes like you and me, the RNA is processed (and often has a few bits snipped out of it) to make the final product, called a messenger RNA or mRNA.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Step 2: <strong>Translation<\/strong>! In this stage, the mRNA is \"decoded\" to build a protein (or a chunk\/subunit of a protein) that contains a specific series of amino acids.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<h2>What you&#8217;ll learn to do: Summarize the process of translation<\/h2>\n<p>Take a moment to look at your hands. The bone, skin, and muscle you see are made up of cells. And each of those cells contains many millions of proteins. As a matter of fact, proteins are key molecular &#8220;building blocks&#8221; for every organism on Earth!<\/p>\n<p>How are these proteins made in a cell? For starters, the instructions for making proteins are &#8220;written&#8221; in a cell\u2019s DNA in the form of genes. Basically, a gene is used to build a protein in a two-step process:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Step 1: <strong>Transcription<\/strong> (which we just learned about)! Here, the DNA sequence of a gene is &#8220;rewritten&#8221; in the form of RNA. In eukaryotes like you and me, the RNA is processed (and often has a few bits snipped out of it) to make the final product, called a messenger RNA or mRNA.<\/li>\n<li>Step 2: <strong>Translation<\/strong>! In this stage, the mRNA is &#8220;decoded&#8221; to build a protein (or a chunk\/subunit of a protein) that contains a specific series of amino acids.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2650\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li><strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Shelli Carter and Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Overview of translation. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Khan Academy. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/gene-expression-central-dogma\/translation-polypeptides\/a\/translation-overview\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/gene-expression-central-dogma\/translation-polypeptides\/a\/translation-overview<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"\",\"author\":\"Shelli Carter and Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Overview of translation\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Khan Academy\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/gene-expression-central-dogma\/translation-polypeptides\/a\/translation-overview\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"4b4adefc-1b80-4871-8d3c-3ffb55f34504","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2650","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":316,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2650","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2650\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6775,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2650\/revisions\/6775"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/316"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2650\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2650"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2650"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2650"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2650"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}